MGT 201 Chapter 15

What are the 5 styles of followship?

1. conformist 2. pragmatic survivor 3. passive 4. effective 5. alienated

What is a charismatic leader?

A leader who has the ability to inspire and motivate people to transcend their expected performance, even to the point of personal sacrifice.

What is the situational model of leadership?

A leadership model that links the leader's behavioral style with the readiness level of followers.

What are contingency approaches?

A model of leadership that describes the relationship between leadership styles and specific situations.

What is a vision?

An attractive, ideal future that is credible yet not readily attainable.

What is consideration?

Describes the extent to which a leader is sensitive to subordinates, respects their ideas and feelings, and establishes mutual trust. Falls in the category of people-oriented behavior.

What is initiating structure?

Describes the extent to which a leader is task oriented and directs subordinates' work activities toward goal accomplishment.

The first dimension is the quality of independent, critical thinking versus dependent, uncritical thinking. What is uncritical thinking?

Failing to consider the possibilities beyond what one is told, accepting others' ideas without thinking.

What is authentic leadership?

Leadership by individuals who know and understand themselves, who espouse and act consistent with higher-order ethical values, and who empower and inspire others with their openness and authenticity.

What are job-centered leaders?

Less effective leaders. these leaders tended to be less concerned with goal achievement and human needs in favor of meeting schedules, keeping costs low, and achieving production efficiency.

What is expert power?

Power that results from a leader's special knowledge or skill in the tasks performed by subordinates.

What is referent power?

Power that results from characteristics that command subordinates' identification with, respect and admiration for, and desire to emulate the leader.

What is reward power?

Power that results from the authority to bestow rewards.

What is legitimate power?

Power that stems from a manager's formal position in an organization and the authority granted by that position.

What is coercive power?

Power that stems from the authority to punish or recommend punishment.

What is leadership?

The ability to influence people toward the attainment of organizational goals.

What is influence?

The effect a person's actions have on the attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior of others. Whereas power is the capacity to cause a change in a person, influence may be thought of as the degree of actual change.

What are employee-centered leaders?

The most effective supervisors were those who established high performance goals and displayed supportive behavior toward subordinates.

what is power?

The potential ability to influence the behavior of others.

The first dimension is the quality of independent, critical thinking versus dependent, uncritical thinking. What is critical thinking?

Thinking independently and being mindful of the effect of one's behavior on achieving goals.

What is interactive leadership?

a leadership style characterized by values such as inclusion, collaboration, relationship building, and caring. Although interactive leadership is associated with women's style of leading, both men and women can be effective interactive leaders.

What is an alienated follower?

a passive, yet independent, critical thinker. Alienated employees are often effective followers who have experienced setbacks and obstacles, perhaps promises broken by their superiors. Thus, they are capable, but they focus exclusively on the shortcomings of their boss. Often cynical, alienated followers are able to think independently, but they do not participate in developing solutions to the problems or deficiencies that they see. These people waste valuable time complaining about their boss without offering constructive feedback.

What is a neutralizer?

a situational variable that counteracts a leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors. For example, if a leader has absolutely no position power or is physically removed from subordinates, the leader's ability to give directions to subordinates is greatly reduced.

What is substitute for leadership?

a situational variable that makes a leadership style redundant or unnecessary. For example, highly professional subordinates who know how to do their tasks do not need a leader who initiates structure for them and tells them what to do.

What is the leadership grid?

a two-dimensional leadership model that measures the leader's concern for people and concern for production to categorize the leader in one of five different leadership styles.

What is level 5 leadership?

an almost complete lack of ego (humility) coupled with a fierce resolve to do what is best for the organization (will). In contrast to the view of great leaders as larger-than-life personalities with strong egos and big ambitions, Level 5 leaders often seem shy and self-effacing. Although they accept full responsibility for mistakes, poor results, or failures, Level 5 leaders give credit for successes to other people. Level 5 leaders build organizations based on solid values that go far beyond just making money, with an unwavering resolve to do whatever is needed to make the company successful over the long term.

Two basic leadership behaviors identified as important for leadership are?

attention to tasks and attention to people.

What is humility?

being unpretentious and modest rather than arrogant and prideful

What is a transactional leader?

clarifies subordinates' roles and task requirements, initiates structure, provides rewards, and displays consideration for followers.

What is a transformational leader?

distinguished by a special ability to bring about innovation and change by creating an inspiring vision, shaping values, building relationships, and providing meaning for followers.

What are traits?

distinguishing personal characteristics, such as intelligence, self-confidence, energy, and independence.

What is a passive follower?

exhibits neither critical, independent thinking nor active participation. Being passive and uncritical, these people show neither initiative nor a sense of responsibility. Their activity is limited to what they are told to do, and they accomplish things only with a great deal of supervision. Passive followers leave the thinking to the boss. Often, this style is the result of a micromanaging boss who encourages passive behavior. People learn that to show initiative, accept responsibility, or think creatively is not rewarded, and may even be punished by the boss, so they grow increasingly passive.

what is a pragmatic survivor?

has qualities of all four extremes—depending on which style fits with the prevalent situation. This type of person uses whatever style best benefits his or her own position and minimizes risk. Pragmatic survivors often emerge when an organization is going through desperate times, and individuals find themselves doing whatever is needed to get through the difficulty. Within any given company, some 25 to 35 percent of people tend to be pragmatic survivors, avoiding risks and fostering the status quo.

What is soft power?

includes expert power and referent power, which are based on personal characteristics and interpersonal relationships more than on a position of authority.

What is an effective follower?

is both a critical, independent thinker and active in the organization. Effective followers behave the same toward everyone, regardless of their position in the organization. They develop an equitable relationship with their leaders and do not try to avoid risk or conflict. These people are capable of self-management, they discern strengths and weaknesses in themselves and their bosses, they are committed to something bigger than themselves, and they work toward competency, solutions, and positive impact.

The second dimension of follower style is active versus passive behavior. A passive follower:

is characterized by a need for constant supervision and prodding by superiors. Passivity is often regarded as laziness; a passive person does nothing that is not required and avoids added responsibility.

What is the difference between management and leadership?

management organizes the production and supply of fish to people, whereas leadership teaches and motivates people to fish. management promotes stability and order within the existing organizational structure and systems. This ensures that suppliers are paid, customers invoiced, products and services produced on time, and so forth. Leadership, on the other hand, promotes vision and change. Leadership means questioning the status quo and being willing to take reasonable risks so that outdated, unproductive, or socially irresponsible norms can be replaced to meet new challenges.

What are strengths?

natural talents and abilities that have been supported and reinforced with learned knowledge and skills.

What is a conformist?

participates actively in a relationship with the boss but doesn't use critical thinking skills. In other words, a conformist typically carries out any and all orders, regardless of the nature of the request. The conformist participates willingly, but without considering the consequences of what he or she is being asked to do—even at the risk of contributing to a harmful endeavor. A conformist is concerned only with avoiding conflict. This follower style might reflect an individual's overdependent attitude toward authority, yet it can also result from rigid rules and authoritarian environments that create a culture of conformity.

The second dimension of follower style is active versus passive behavior. An active follower:

participates fully in the organization, engages in behavior that is beyond the limits of the job, demonstrates a sense of ownership, and initiates problem solving and decision making

A situation would be considered highly unfavorable to the leader when leader-member relationships are what?

poor, tasks are highly unstructured, and the leader has little formal authority. In a highly unfavorable situation, followers have little respect for or confidence and trust in the leader. Tasks are vague and ill-defined and lack clear-cut procedures and guidelines. The leader has little formal authority to direct subordinates and does not have the power to issue rewards or punishments.

A situation would be considered highly favorable to the leader when leader-member relationships are?

positive, tasks are highly structured, and the leader has formal authority over followers. In this situation, followers trust, respect, and have confidence in the leader. The group's tasks are clearly defined, involve specific procedures, and have clear, explicit goals. In addition, the leader has formal authority to direct and evaluate followers, along with the power to reward or punish.

What is hard power?

power that stems largely from a person's position of authority and includes legitimate, reward, and coercive power.

What is servant leadership?

servant leaders operate on two levels: for the fulfillment of their subordinates' goals and needs and for the realization of the larger purpose or mission of their organization. Servant leaders give things away—power, ideas, information, recognition, credit for accomplishments, even money. Servant leaders often work in the nonprofit world because it offers a natural way to apply their leadership drive and skills to serve others. But servant leaders also succeed in business. (e.g. Fred Keller has built a $250 million plastics manufacturing company, Cascade Engineering, by continuously asking one question: What good can we do?)

The favorability of a leadership situation can be analyzed in terms of what three elements?

the quality of relationships between leader and followers, the degree of task structure, and the extent to which the leader has formal authority over followers.