MGT 303 Final (Exam 1 & 2 Review)

How accurate is the grapevine?

75%

The following answer choice are quotes from employees about their job at Healthy Eating, a chain of health food stores. Which quote most likely comes from an employee who has a great deal of organizational commitment? A) "I am a great believer in the importance of a healthy diet, so I'm glad I am working for a company that is trying to make simple, healthy food available to all." B) "I like the fact that in my role as a a buyer for Healthy Eating I get to make choices about which food is good enough for us to sell." C) "Even though I only work in the produce department for now, it's good to know that the suggestions I make about how the store could be improved are heard and considered by my managers." D) "The challenging nature of the work and the thoughtful and generous way they treat their staff has made Healthy Eating the best place I have ever worked." E) "With the benefits it provides, it is vital for me to keep my job. In fact, I will stay with Healthy Eating for as long as I possibly can."

A) "I am a great believer in the importance of a healthy diet, so I'm glad I am working for a company that is trying to make simple, healthy food available to all."

Which of the following traits does a decision maker need to have if they are to fully appraise a problem and even see problems that others are not aware of? A) creativity B) rationally C) conceptual style D) intuition E) individuality

A) creativity

What refers to a positive feeling about a job, resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics? A) job satisfaction B) job involvement C) job stability D) organizational commitment E) social investment

A) job satisfaction

Ethan tried to convince his subordinates to accept a new policy by showing them that the policy is consistent with the organizational rules and policies. He also showed them that the people above him had already supported and sanctioned the policy. What influence tactic was Ethan using? A) legitimating tactics B) exchange C) personal appeal D) ingratiation E) consultation

A) legitimating tactics

Zach is devout and very active in his church. He is also a very dedicated employee. His manager offers him a promotion but the new role will require him to work Sundays. Zach would like the promotion, but realizes that it would force him to miss some church activities. In such a situation, Zach is most likely to experience ___ A) role conflict B) emotional contagion C) cognitive dissonance D) emotional labor E) self-concordance

A) role conflict

Because of its impossible forms to assimilate everything we see, we engage in ___: A) selective perception B) cognitive dissonance C) self-serving bias D) emotional labor E) fundamental attribution error

A) selective perception

Individuals high in self-monitoring ___: A) show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors B) are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and believe ends can justify means C) have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and are arrogant D) are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable E) tend to dislike themselves and view themselves as powerless over their environment

A) show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors

Leadership is best defined as ____ A) the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals B) the process of drawing up formal plans and monitoring their implementation C) the process of carrying out the vision and strategy provided by management D) coordination and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems E) the proper use of the influence gained exclusively as a result of one's organizational position

A) the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals

Which of the following statements is true about people with positive core self-evaluations? A) they set ambitious goals B) they lack persistence C) they tend to question their capabilities D) they view themselves as powerless over their environment E) they are less popular co-workers than those with negative core self-evaluations

A) they set ambitious goals

Affirmative action vs. managing diversity

Affirmation action is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education. Managing diversity is an on-going process that unleashes various talents and capabilities which a diverse population bring to an organization, community, or society, so as to create a wholesome, inclusive environment.

Management by Objectives

Aims to improve performance of an organization by clearly defining objectives that are agreed to by both management and employees

Which model represents the theory that effective group performance depends on the proper match between a leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader? A) leader-member exchange (LMX) model B) Fiedler's contingency model C) Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership model D) full range of leadership model E) authentic leadership

B) Fiedler's contingency model

Which of the following best represents a friendship group? A) employees who band together to have their vacation schedules altered B) a group of people who have interest in the same rock band C) an elementary school principal and her 18 teachers D) the six members of an airline flight crew E) employees who come together to seek improved working conditions

B) a group of people who have interest in the same rock band

According to class discussion, ___ refers to an employee's emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in an organization. A) normative commitment B) affective commitment C) continuance commitment D) emotional commitment E) cognitive dissonance

B) affective commitment

Fiona was telling her friend about the freedom and discretion given to her in scheduling and deciding the procedures used to complete the tasks assigned to her. Which of the following job characteristics was she talking about? A) feedback B) autonomy C) task significance D) skill variety E) task identity

B) autonomy

The ___ bias can explain why managers doing performance appraisals give more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier A) self-serving B) availability C) distinction D) confirmation E) hindsight

B) availability

As a senior serving as the student representative on the Ethics Advisory Board of your university, you strongly feel that cheating on college examinations is unethical. You have never cheated on any exam in your academic career. However, this semester your best friend was desperate for your help, and you allowed him to take a quick "peek" on your answer sheet. Since then, you feel uncomfortable every time you think of the situation. Which of the following concepts best explains your psychological discomfort? A) job detachment B) cognitive dissonance C) emotional labor D) emotional dissonance E) affective detachment

B) cognitive dissonance

The Boeing Company created a team made up of employees from production, planning, quality control, tooling, design engineering, and information systems to automate shims on the company's C-17 program. This team is most likely to be an example of a ___ team A) command B) cross-functional C) self-managed D) problem-solving E) task

B) cross-functional

Which of the following occurs when organizations give financial incentives to prevent dissatisfied employees from quitting? A) employees' level of affective commitment increases B) employees' level of continuance commitment increases C) employees' level of emotional dissonance increases D) employees' level of emotional intelligence decreases E) employees' level of normative commitment decreases

B) employees' level of continuance commitment increases

Jim, a VP at a large company, helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals and expresses appreciation and support. In the light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Jim, as a leader, is ___ A) task oriented B) high in consideration C) high in initiating structure D) low in relationship orientation E) production oriented

B) high in consideration

All of the following are examples of nonverbal communication except: A) intonations and emphasis B) instant messaging C) physical distance between the sender and the receiver D) facial expressions E) hand gestures

B) instant messaging

Guillermo's wife was recently diagnosed with breast cancer. Guillermo had to take a considerable amount of time off work to care for their children, and he was late in completing his portion of a large project. Guillermo never feared that his job was in jeopardy because of his absences or his delay in completion of work. Name the major job attitude to the above stated example. A) psychological empowerment B) perceived organizational support C) organizational commitment D) employee engagement E) job involvement

B) perceived organizational support

Activities that influence the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within an organization are known as ____ A) human resources B) political behaviors C) sexual harassment D) influential power moves E) interactive initiatives

B) political behaviors

You are a marketing director for a large food manufacturer. Lately, you have noticed that you are spending a great deal more time at work, sometimes 14 hours a day, because your best friend, who is head of produce development, continues to ask you to serve on taste test panels for new products. Which type(s) of conflict are you experiencing? A) task B) relationship C) process D) both A and B E) A, B and C

B) relationship

An employment interviewer who expects a female job applicant to put her family ahead of her career is likely to see that in all female applicants, regardless of whether they actually feel that way. This is an example of _____ A) information overload B) selective perception C) emotional labor D) filtering E) communication apprehension

B) selective perception

As a manager Laurel has established a new work group to tackle a particular project. She has introduced all the members to each other and the group has elected a leader. However, lately Laurel had noticed that some group members are procrastinating on their duties. Two cliques have formed within the group and they are frequently arguing with and challenging the group leader's opinions. Which of the following stages of the group development process is Laurel observing? A) forming B) storming C) performing D) norming E) adjourning

B) storming

Which of the following statements represents findings from studies of the age-turnover relationship? A) the older you get, the less likely you are to be satisfied with your job B) the older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job C) the older you get, the more likely you are to equip yourself with new skills D) the older you get, the more likely you are to take a leave of absence E) the older you get, the less likely you are to be productive on the job

B) the older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job

Rumors would most likely flourish in situations when ___ A) there is no ambiguity B) there is anxiety C) the issue at hand is trivial D) the management encourages transparency regarding all significant organizational issues E) the organization uses self-managed teams

B) there is anxiety

Leaders who clarify role and task requirements to accomplish established goals exhibit a(n) ___ style of leadership A) transformational B) transactional C) charismatic D) authentic E) situational

B) transactional

Which of the following is not a consequence of discrimination for employers? A) reduced productivity B) workplace diversity C) reduced citizenship behavior D) negative conflict E) increased turnover

B) workplace diversity

Generally, which of the following methods of communication should be used for communicating a complex and lengthy message when the message has to pass through a number of people? A) grapevine communication B) written communication C) oral communication D) nonverbal communication E) filtered communication

B) written communication

Which of the following is an example of upward communication? A) a team leader sends an email to one of her team members giving him feedback about his performance B) a team leader sends an email to his team members pointing out problems that need attention C) a team member sends an email to his team leader informing her about the problems faced by him on the current project D) a manger sends an email to all members in the organization informing them about new policies and procedures E) a team member send an email to his colleague informing him about the latest changes in the specifications of the project

C) a team member sends an email to his team leader informing her about the problems faced by him on the current project

Which of the following statements is true according to the two-factor theory? A) the hygiene factors tend to be intrinsic factors B) factors that lead to job satisfaction are extrinsic factors C) adequate hygiene factors ensure that people are not dissatisfied D) recognition is a hygiene factor E) hygiene factors lead to job satisfaction

C) adequate hygiene factors ensure that people are not dissatisfied

When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon? A) pygmalion effect B) emotional dissonance C) attribution theory D) two-factor theory E) the framing effect

C) attribution theory

Which of the following is not an example of organizational citizenship behavior? A) telling your friends about the company's great work environment B) contributing to a fund for a co-worker to help with medical bills C) discouraging a friend from applying for a job at the company D) working over the weekend to make sure a project gets done E) volunteering to help a colleague meet a deadline

C) discouraging a friend from applying for a job at the company

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "E or I" stand for? A) evidence-based/intuitive B) emotional/insensitive C) extraverted/introverted D) emotional/intuitive E) empathetic/innovative

C) extraverted/introverted

It was Marisol's first day at work. At first she was very nervous, but when she was introduced to her cubicle neighbor, Hanna, she was reassured by Hanna's soothing smile. Marisol thought that a person with such a beautiful smile could not be bad, and that she would enjoy having her in such close proximity. Which of the following concepts best describes this example? A) contrast effect B) fundamental attribution error C) halo effect D) selective perception E) self-serving bias

C) halo effect

With reference to the team effectiveness model, what does the personality factor of team composition focus on? A) members' knowledge and skills B) members' leadership qualities C) members' conscientiousness and openness to experience D) members' role allocation E) members' cultural and demographic diversity

C) members' conscientiousness and openness to experience

The ____ technique reduces the roadblocks to group decision making by separating idea generation from evaluation, promoting balanced participation among members, and incorporating mathematical voting techniques in order to reach consensus A) brainstorming B) satisficing C) nominal group D) Delphi E) scenario-building

C) nominal group

Which of the following statements is true regarding goals?: A) goal commitment is most likely to occur when the individual has an external locus of control B) generalized goals produce a higher level of output as compared to specific goals C) people do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals D) if factors such as acceptance of the goals are held constant, the more simple the goal, the higher the level of performance E) assigned goals appear to generate greater goal commitment in lower rather than higher power-distance cultures

C) people do better when they get feedback on how well they progressing toward their goals

James approaches his supervisor with data and a logical presentation supporting his request for additional personnel. Which of the following power tactics is used by James? A) consultation B) legitimacy C) rational persuasion D) inspirational appeal E) exchange

C) rational persuasion

According to research findings, which of the following is more likely to be motivating for the employees in the long run? A) commissions B) merit-based pay C) recognition D) bonuses E) stock options

C) recognition

The periodic shift of an employee from one task to another with similar skill requirements at the same organizational level is called job __: A) enlargement B) expansion C) rotation D) sharing E) enrichment

C) rotation

Functional conflict: A) usually involved verbal attacks B) is more likely to trigger defense mechanisms and a competitive orientation among team members C) serves the interests of the organization D) is a method of alternative dispute resolution E) threatens the organization's interests

C) serves the interests of the organization

Which of the following terms indicates the tendency of individuals to spend less effort when working collectively? A) groupthink B) collective efficacy C) social loafing D) groupshift E) clustering

C) social loafing

Participative management is a method of management where: A) representatives of workers form work councils and these councils must be consulted when management makes decisions about employees B) few representatives of workers sit on a company's board of directors C) subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors D) low-level workers meet occasionally with the CEO to discuss problems within their department E) low-level workers are responsible for making corporate policy decisions

C) subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors

Diane and Clark are two employees in an organization who recently started working together. Diane is an older, long-tenured woman raised in rural Kansas, who achieved her current level in the organization by starting as a high school graduate and working her way up the hierarchy. Clarke is a young, recently hired male college graduate with a business degree, raised in a Spanish-speaking neighborhood in Miami. However, both are deeply committed to their families, share a common way of thinking about important work problems, like to work collaboratively, and are interested in international assignments in the future. Which of the following describes the diversity between these two? A) lateral-level diversity B) deep-level diversity C) surface-level diversity D) individual-level diversity E) hierarchical-level diversity

C) surface-level diversity

Work should be performed by an individual if ____ A) the work is complex and requires different perspectives B) the work creates a common purpose or set of goals for the people in the group that is more than the aggregate of individual goals C) the work is simple and does not require diverse input D) several tasks that are interdependent are to be performed for completing the work E) performing the work requires understanding a new system that impacts multiple work areas

C) the work is simple and odes not require diverse input

Once an individual reaches a level of comfortable living, the relationship between pay and job satisfaction ____: A) becomes stronger B) turns positive C) virtually disappears D) becomes negative E) weakens, but only slightly

C) virtually disappears

Which of the following factors encourages politicking? A) clear performance evaluation systems B) role clarity C) zero-sum reward allocation practices D) increase in organizational resources E) low pressures for performance

C) zero-sum reward allocation practices

COVER model

C- codes O- outcomes V- values E- editorial R- rules

Two Factor Theory/Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory

Certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors causes dissatisfaction

Self-Determination Theory

Concerned with the motivation behind choices people make without external influence and interference

Which of the following statements is true regarding a task group? A) it is an informal group B) a task group's boundaries are limited to its immediate hierarchical superior C) all task groups are command groups D) a task group can cross command relationships E) all interest groups are task groups

D) a task group can cross command relationships

A sales manager who threatens to fire any salesperson who uses a company car for personal purposes is relying on ___ power A) referent B) expert C) legitimate D) coercive E) reward

D) coercive

We tend to accept at face value information that is consistent with our preconceived views, while we are critical and skeptical of information that challenges these views. This represents the ___ bias. A) distinction B) impact C) hindsight D) confirmation E) self-serving

D) confirmation

Most of us follow our doctor's advice because our doctor has ___ power A) legitimate B) reward C) referent D) expert E) coercive

D) expert

You have observed that the group tends to come to consensus very quickly and there appears to be an illusion of unanimity. You conclude that they may be suffering from ____ A) negative affect B) groupshift C) cognitive dissonance D) groupthink E) positivity offset

D) groupthink

Carl needs a day off from his work. But he is apprehensive that David, his manager will not grant the leave. Carl knows that David wants to shed a few pounds and has been hitting the gym for the past month. Before asking for the leave, Carl compliments David on his build and physique. What kind of an influence tactic did Carl use? A) rational persuasion B) coalition tactic C) inspirational appeal D) ingratiation E) consultation

D) ingratiation

Communication that takes place among members of work groups at the same level is known as ___ communication A) diagonal B) grapevine C) upward D) lateral E) downward

D) lateral

You need to hire an analyst for an important project team. It is essential that the new employee work well on the already established team in order to meet the project's challenging deadlines. The most talented candidate doesn't have any team experience and when asked in the interview about his team experience he replied, "I prefer to work alone. I'm much more efficient alone." What should you do? A) hire him and train him B) hire him and hope that he learns C) hire him and redesign the job D) look for a different candidate E) hire him and assign him a mentor

D) look for a different candidate

In equity theory, individuals assess the __: A) cost-benefit ratio B) efficiency-effectiveness trade-off C) quantity-quality trade-off D) outcome-input ratio E) quality of outcome

D) outcome-input ratio

Human beings are complex, and few, if any, simple and inverse principles explain organizational behavior. Nevertheless, it does not mean that OB cannot offer reasonably accurate explanations of human behavior or make valid predictions. It does mean that OB concepts must ____ A) focus of the reliability and validity of research data B) attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships C) be consistently applicable across a wide range of situations D) reflect situational, or contingency, conditions E) avoid assumptions

D) reflect situational, or contingency, conditions

Sarah and Bill were recently hired at the local manufacturing plant. Before being hired, they were interviewed by the team members with whom they were going to work. The team contained members from various areas of the manufacturing process. As part of the training process, Sarah and Bill met the other team members a number of times, and learned how to perform several administrative tasks, including scheduling work assignment for the team. Sarah and Bill's new team is an example of a ____ A) project team B) advice team C) virtual team D) self-managed team E) centralized team

D) self-managed team

Which of the following statements is true regarding surface-level diversity? A) surface-level diversity will overcome fundamental differences and promote harmony B) surface-level diversity can co-exist with deep-level diversity within an organization C) surface-level diversity does not affect employees' perceptions D) surface-level diversity, not thoughts and feelings, is mostly reflected in demographics E) surface-level diversity in the workforce can be eliminated by effective diversity management

D) surface level diversity, not thoughts or feelings, is mostly reflected in demographics

Samantha is an emergency medical technician. Yesterday, due to an emergency, she was called to a house where a man suffered a heart attack. She was able to resuscitate the man, and while her colleagues were transporting him to the ambulance she spent 10 minutes calming the 12-year-old daughter, who was home alone with the father at that time. Based on this description, it's safe to say that Samantha's job is high in __: A) task identity B) feedback C) reward D) task significance E) skill variety

D) task significance

Although discrimination has come under great legal and public scrutiny over the past years, still thousands of cases of discrimination occur every year. Which action would not be considered a form of discrimination? A) exclusion B) conflict C) incivility D) profiling E) all are forms of discrimination

E) all are forms of discrimination

Which of the following statements is true regarding group decision making? A) if creativity is important then individuals tend to be more effective than groups B) group decision making tends to decrease the acceptance of the solution C) group decisions are typically less time consuming than individual decisions D) group decisions are generally less accurate than the decision of the average individual in a group E) groups generate more complete information and knowledge than individuals

E) groups generate more complete information and knowledge than individuals

What are the three levels of analysis in organization behavior? A) profit structure, organizational complexity, and job satisfaction B) individuals, profit structure, and job satisfaction C) individuals, groups, and job satisfaction D) groups, structure, and profit structure E) individuals, groups, and structure

E) individuals, groups, and structure

According to class discussion, which of the following proposes that diverse work groups lead to better task relevant processes and decision making? A) social categorization theory B) workforce demographics C) Maslow's hierarchy of needs D) organizational socialization theory E) information/decision-making theory

E) information/decision-making theory

____ is needed to perform mental activities-thinking, reasoning, and problem solving A) dynamic flexibility B) extent flexibility C) static strength D) dynamic strength E) intellectual ability

E) intellectual ability

____ is the study of the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations. A) leadership B) organizational strategy C) performance management D) employee relations E) organizational behavior

E) organizational behavior

____ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. A) cognitive dissonance B) environmental analysis C) social verification D) emotional labor E) perception

E) perception

Based on the dimensions of cooperativeness and assertiveness, the conflict handling intentions are classified into five categories. Which of the following is not one of these five conflict-handling intentions? A) collaborating B) competing C) accommodating D) avoiding E) resisting

E) resisting

Whenever Jane is successful she takes full credit for her success, but whenever she is unsuccessful she attributes her failure to bad luck or blames one of her fellow employees. She is guilty of the ___ A) fundamental attribution error B) attribution bias C) confirmation bias D) distinction bias E) self-serving bias

E) self-serving bias

Scott is dissatisfied at work. He feels he is paid too little and asked to do too much. To compensate for his perceived unjust pay, he regularly takes work supplies home for personal use, such as computer ink cartridges, staplers, and reams of paper. Scott's behavior is an example of: A) employee OCB B) customer satisfaction C) absenteeism D) turnover E) work place deviance

E) work place deviance

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Five different kinds of human needs, beginning with the most basic: survival. Physiological needs, such as food and shelter, are followed by needs related to safety. Next, there are needs of love and belonging. Fourth, humans have needs of esteem, such as the need for being respected. The final need in the hierarchy is the need for self-actualization

Goal-Setting Theory

Five goal setting principles that can improve our chances of success: Clarity, Challenge, Commitment, Feedback and Task complexity

Intuition

Gut feelings

Equity Theory/Organizational Justice

Individuals are motivated by fairness

Job enrichment

Involves redesigning jobs so that they are more challenging to the employee and have less repetitive work

Bounded rationality

Make satisfying choices in complex situations, rather than maximizing or optimizing

Self-Efficacy Theory

One's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task

Big five personality traits

Openness- being insightful, imaginative and have a wide variety of interests Conscientiousness- reliable, prompt, organized, methodic and thorough Extraversion- energetic, talkative, and assertive Agreeableness- kind, affectionate, and sympathetic Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)- moody and tense

Job Engagement

Property of the relationship between an organization and its employees. An "engaged employee" is defined as one who is fully absorbed by and enthusiastic about their work and so takes positive action to further the organization's reputation and interests

Expectancy Theory

Proposes an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be

Most effective way to increase ethical behavior

Role model behavior

Communication process

Sender initiates the message which is then encoded by the sender. The message moves through the channel (medium of travel) and is received by the receiver. The receiver then decodes the message. During the travel from sender to receiver, there may be noise which could result from communication barriers. Once the message is decoded, the feedback is the result/check to see how successful the transferring was from sender to receiver

Work group

Summation of each group members individual contribution that has a goal to share information with one another and skills are random and varied

Machiavellianism

The employment of cunning and duplicity in a business setting. Consists of three factors: maintaining power, harsh management tactics and manipulative behaviors

Work team

The individual efforts that result in a level of performance that is greater than the sum of those individual inputs. Goal is perform collectively, have positive synergy, skills are complementary & accountability is on the individual as well as mutually on team

Theory X and Theory Y

Theory X managers tend to take a pessimistic view of their people, and assume that they are naturally unmotivated and dislike work. Theory Y managers have an optimistic, positive opinion of their people, and they use a decentralized, participative management style

Rational-decision making

Using analysis, facts and a step-by-step process to come to a decision

Distributive bargaining

Win lose

Integrative bargaining

Win win situation that builds long term relationships

Traditionalist view of conflict

conflict is very bad

Managed conflict view of conflict

more important to resolve issues naturally without conflict forming

Interactionist view of conflict

some conflict is good and encouraged