MGT 315 Exam 2
Reinforcement Theory
behavior is a function of its consequences - to increase frequency of behavior: positive/negative reinforcement - to decrease frequency of behavior: punishment
The EEOC analyzes EEO-1 reports to look for patterns of discrimination, especially in companies with a minimum of _______________ employees
100
The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to keep records of deaths, injuries, and illnesses if the employers have ________ or more full-time or part-time employees.
11
Ramon feels that he has been discriminated against by his employer. He must file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) or a similar state agency within ________ days of the incident.
180
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 prohibits discrimination against employees over the age of
40
The Four-Fifths Rule
states that a test has disparate impact if the hiring rate for the minority group is less than four-fifths (80 percent) of the hiring rate for the majority group
Motivation has a _________ effect on job performance
strong positive
Increases in __________________________ increase the ability of the team to adapt to new situations.
task interdependence
Conjunctive Tasks
tasks for which the team's performance depends on the abilities of the "weakest link"
Deep-level diversity has positive effects on team creativity when
team members are instructed to take the perspective of their teammates
Attribution Bias
tendency to overestimate the role of the person and underestimate the role of the situation
Motivation
the combined effects on behavior of three choices: - direction: the choice to expend effort - intensity: the choice of the level of effort to expend - persistence: the choice to persist at that level
Significance
the degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives of other people, particularly people in the world at large
Core Job Characteristic of Identity
the degree to which the job requires completing a whole, identifiable, piece of work from beginning to end with a visible outcome
Which of the following agencies is responsible for investigating and resolving discrimination complaints, gathering information, and issuing guidelines?
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Five Core Job Characteristics
the five core job characteristics combine to make some jobs more rewarding than others - these include: - variety - identity - significance - autonomy - feedback
Affirmative Action programs viewed more favorably my majority and minority groups when...
the program targets multiple groups & the goal of the program is to increase diversity
Stereotyping
assigning characteristics of a group to every individual in that group
Which of the following is considered a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act?
cosmetic disfigurement
Which of the following is the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs' most potent weapon and its last penalty?
debarment
Perception
process of receiving information and making sense of the world around us
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)
prohibits discrimination against employees over a certain age, firms cannot hire only younger workers unless it is a business necessity without other valid alternatives, firms cannot coerce employees into taking early retirement (if employees accept early retirement they sign an agreement waiving their right to sue under the ADEA)
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
prohibits discrimination against employees with disabilities
Immigration Reform and Control Act
prohibits employment discrimination based on citizenship or national origin unless individual is an illegal alien, employers must complete I-9 after hiring a new employee & collect documents establishing identity
Gautam is the manager at a restaurant and offers to promote Marcy, a hostess at the same restaurant, in return for sexual favors, this is an example of
quid pro quo harassment
Surface-level Diversity
refers to diversity regarding observable attributes such as race, ethnicity, sex, and age
Instrumentality
represents the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome(s)
Greta is responsible for the organization and distribution of relief packages to nations affected by famine throughout the world. According to the job characteristics theory, Greta's job has a high degree of
significance
Three Critical Psychological States
1. Meaningfulness of Work (variety, identity, significance) 2. Responsibility for Work (autonomy) 3. Knowledge of Results (feedback)
Disparate Impact
"facially neutral" employment practice adversely affects different groups
Hostile Working Environment
- behavior makes it difficult for someone of a particular sex to work - suggestive remarks, pornographic pictures, explicit language, jokes and innuendos
Halo/Horns
- if someone is good/bad at one thing, they must be good/bad at other things as well - Halo: we observe a few good traits, a few good decisions, and think that all traits and decisions must be good - Horns: we observe a few bad traits, a few bad decisions, and think that all traits and decisions must be bad
Implications of Groupthink
- incomplete listing of objectives and generation of alternatives - poor information search and biased processing of information - failure to reconsider initial decision or to develop contingency plans - "decision fiasco" incomprehensible to outside observers who benefit from hindsight bias
Affirmative Action
- introduced in a 1961 executive order by JFK, later executive order 11246 by Lyndon Johnson - seeks to redress/make amends for previous discrimination - allows for consideration of group status in making employment decisions, but qualification screening should occur first
ADA Accommodation Taxonomy
- making facilities available - job restructuring - use of modified work schedules - modification of equipment - modification of employment tests - providing readers or interpreters
Equity Theory
- motivation and satisfaction are high when an employee's ratio of "outcomes" to "inputs" matches those of some "comparison other" - acknowledges that motivation also depends on what happens to other employees
Intrinsic Motivation
- motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward - enjoyment, interestingness, accomplishment, knowledge gain, skill development, and personal expression are intrinsic outcomes which foster intrinsic motivation
Social Loafing
- tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working alone - results from members feeling less accountable for team outcomes relative to independent work resulting in individually identifiable outcomes
Valentin, a Latino, and Thomas, a Caucasian, both experienced machinists, apply for two openings at CascadeWorks, Inc. Thomas is hired and CascadeWorks continues to look for candidates to fill the other position. Valentin alleges racial discrimination by CascadeWorks, but CascadeWorks denies this. Which of the following statements would both negate Valenin's case and support CascadeWorks's case?
CascadeWorks deals in building equipment that requires a level 2 machinist and Valentin is not a level 2 machinist.
Equal employment opportunity is enforced primarily by the __________________
EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission), its three major responsibilities are: - investigating and resolving discrimination complaints - gathering information - issuing guidelines
Which scenario depicts an employee who experiences a high level of meaningfulness?
Floyd walks around his pet rescue, patting his employees on the back and reminding them they are improving the lives of animals and people.
Which of the following examples of work involves the core job characteristic of identity?
Min-jun took two years to write a novel, from starting the first draft to getting it published
Charles is an accountant at a large firm. His boss has instituted a plan designed to create high levels of task interdependence. Which of the following is an example of a trade-off resulting from this plan?
The team will be less able to adapt to new situations
Which of the following states that it is illegal for an employer to refuse to hire an individual or otherwise discriminate against this individual with respect to compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?
Title VII of the Civil Rights of 1964
Team
a "supergroup" that has highly defined tasks and roles and demonstrates high group commitment
Quid Pro Quo
a benefit or punishment is made contingent upon employee submitting to sexual advances
Disability
a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities (must have record of having such an impairment, or being regarded as having such)
According to the Civil Rights Act of 1991, once the plaintiff has made a prima facie disparate impact case, the
burden of proof shifts to the defendant, who must show that the employment practice is a "business necessity," which is accomplished by showing that the practice bears a relationship with some legitimate employer goal
Task Conflict
can be beneficial to teams if it stimulates conversations that result in the development and expression of new ideas
Meaningfulness
captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions
Utilization Analysis
compares the race, sex, and ethnic composition of an employer's workforce with that of the available labor supply; for each job group, the employer must identify the percentage of its workforce with that characteristic (e.g., female) and identify the percentage of workers in the relevant labor market with that characteristic
At Bark Shape industries, each employee has a workspace in which to debark logs used to make rustic homes and patio furniture. The policy is that everyone on a team must remain at his or her workstation until everyone has secured the logs they were working on. At the end of the shift, everyone on team C is ready to go home, but they are waiting on Felipe, who still has not secured his logs. Exceeding the time allocated in a shift hurts the production rating of a team. Team C is witnessing a(n) ________ task.
conjunctive
One way to potentially prevent problems associated with too much cohesion is to formally institute the role of a(n) ________, a person who is responsible for evaluating and challenging prevailing points of view in a constructive manner and also bringing in fresh perspectives and ideas to the team.
devil's advocate
A restaurant in mid-town New York City has instituted a policy to hire individuals living in close proximity to the restaurant to reduce instances of employees coming in late. As the area surrounding the hotel is predominantly populated with individuals of Caucasian origin, the Hispanic and African-American communities became underrepresented in the restaurant's workforce. This is an example of
disparate impact
Content Theories
emphasize the reasons for motivated behavior; consider factors that "drive" behavior - ex: job characteristics theory
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
employers may not discriminate on the basis of pregnancy or pregnancy-related conditions
Executive Order 11246, signed by President Lyndon Johnson, required all federal contractors and subcontractors to
engage in affirmative action programs to hire and promote minorities
Employees who feel a sense of ________ are more emotionally attached to their firms and feel a stronger sense of obligation to remain
equity
Brandy has been given a great deal of opportunity to advance her career. She recently got a huge increase in authority and salary, and she was hired to do what she has always claimed was her dream job. However, Brandy is not enthusiastic about coming to work, and when she is there, she spends most of her time complaining about how Maurice got a bigger office and nicer furniture than she did. Brandy's behavior would seem to support ________ theory.
equity - equity theory acknowledges that motivation doesn't just depend on your own beliefs and circumstances but also on what happens to other people
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII)
federal legislation stating it is illegal for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or discharge any individual, or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Civil Rights Act of 1991
federal legislation that added to Title VII: allows for compensatory damages (e.g., financial loss, emotional pain and suffering) AND punitive damages (those beyond compensatory), punitive damages may only be collected when discrimination was intentional
Process Theories
focus on how behavior change occurs; how a person comes to act in a different way - ex: reinforcement theory, expectancy theory, goal-setting theory, equity theory
Which of the following statements is true of disparate treatment and disparate impact?
for there to be discrimination under disparate treatment, there has to be intentional discrimination
Essential Job Functions (ADA)
fundamental duties of the position that must be performed by all job holders
The main provision of the Occupational Safety and Health Act states that each employer should furnish each employee a place of employment free from recognized hazards that cause or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm. This is referred to as the
general duty clause
Jamie owns a small sporting goods store. He has decided to aggressively pursue a policy to make sure employees feel a sense of equity in his store. What result is Jamie most likely going to see as a result of his push for equity?
greater commitment from his employees
John F. Kennedy's decision to go forward with the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, NASA's decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger in unusually cold weather, and Enron's board of directors' decisions to ignore illegal accounting practices are famous examples of
groupthink
Rebecca has a "hot firefighter calendar" hanging in her office and often comments to Donny that she would like to see him in this calendar. This is an example of which form of sexual harassment?
hostile working environment
Debarment
if the OFCCP finds that contractors or subcontractors are not complying with an executive order, its representatives may notify the EEOC (if there is evidence that Title VII has been violated), advise the Department of Justice to institute criminal proceedings, request that the secretary of labor cancel or suspend any current contracts, and forbid the contractors or subcontractors from bidding on future contracts
Blake is determined to finish a building project for Mr. Hicks before the deadline. Blake is certain that if he successfully performs this building project, Mr. Hicks will hire him as a permanent builder for his expanding condominium business. Blake's belief demonstrates
instrumentality
Disparate Treatment
intended to treat people differently based on group membership
Job Characteristics Theory
jobs are more intrinsically enjoyable when work tasks are challenging and fulfilling
Marginal Job Functions (ADA)
less important duties that need not be performed by all job holders
Rocco has been asked to set some effective goals for the workers in his sales department. Rocco wants to get the best performance out of his team that he can, because he is being evaluated on how well they do. How should Rocco go about determining the goals for his team?
make the goals very specific, stating exactly how many sales he wants and when he wants them
Nominal group technique decreases social loafing and production blocking (problems with brainstorming) by
making people write down ideas on their own
The four particularly important dimensions of psychological empowerment include
meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, and impact
Equal Pay Act of 1963
men and women performing equal work in the same organization must receive equal pay (exceptions: differences in seniority, merit, and quality/quantity of production)
In a ____________________ case, the defendant acknowledges that some discrimination may have occurred but argues that the same hiring decision would have been reached even ignoring the discrimination.
mixed-motive
Expectancy Theory
motivation is fostered when an employee believes three things: - that effort will result in performance ("expectancy") - that performance will result in outcomes ("instrumentality") - that those outcomes will be valuable ("valence")
Goal Setting Theory
motivation is fostered when employees are given specific and challenging goals - role of feedback and commitment - relates more to performance than satisfaction argues that assigning employees specific and difficult goals will result in higher levels of performance than assigning no goals
Facially Neutral Employment Practice
one that lacks obvious discriminatory content yet affects one group to a greater extent than other groups, such as an employment test
Employment Discrimination
treatment based on membership in a particular category or class
Which of the following amendments is called the equal protection clause?
twentieth amendment, states that all individuals are entitled to equal protection under the law
Group
two or more people who interact and are dependent upon each other to achieve some common objective
McKenzie has been asked to compare the current workforce of ABC Co. with that of the available labor supply. She creates a spreadsheet with the columns "Race," "Ethnicity," and "Gender." She is doing a ________ analysis.
utilization
