MGT-332-Exam #1: Modules 1-5 (Chapters 1, 3-6)

Amber is a vice president whose performance is being evaluated. Along with a self-evaluation, Amber's manager, peers, direct reports, and customers have been asked to provide evaluations. What type of evaluation is Amber undergoing?

360-degree feedback

What is the definition of personality?

A relatively stable set of characteristics that influences an individual's behavior and lends it consistency

Most motivation theories in use today have been developed by and about

Americans

A psychological tendency expressed when we evaluate a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor is:

An attitude

Which of the following is NOT a type of reinforcement used for OB modification?

Attributional vs. Social Financial Nonfinancial

All of the following statements accurately describe motivation factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory

B. Job enrichment creates job satisfaction. c. Motivation factors lead to positive mental health. d. Motivation factors are the more important of the two sets of factors.

Interactional psychology says that

Behavior is a function of the person and environment

What does Kurt Lewin's equation B = ƒ (P, E) mean?

Behavior is a function of the person and the environment.

Which statement accurately describes the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves two paired stimuli, whereas operant conditioning pairs behavior and response.

Greg smiles at Amber, who automatically smiles back and then feels a little happier. What process has just occurred?

Emotional contagion

The ability to recognize and manage emotions in oneself and others is:

Emotional intelligence

Which of the following statements accurately describes ethical behavior at work?

Ethical behavior requires actions consistent with one's own values, those of society, and those of the company.

In reinforcement theory, _________ weakens behavior by attaching no consequences to it.

Extinction

Which of the following studies was conducted in the 1920s and 1930s and suggested the importance of the informal organization?

Hawthorne

Psychology is the science of

Human behavior

Which of the following is an example of a SMART goal?

I will increase my sales revenues by 20% by the end of the calendar year.

We will learn about the _ concepts, approaches, and processes of OB

Individual, Interpersonal, and organizational

What is a benefit of 360-degree feedback in performance appraisals?

It improves the accuracy of performance appraisals.

All of the following statements about behavior in times of change are true EXCEPT

It is important to ignore failures and focus all energies on new opportunities for success.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the formal organization?

It is influenced by the informal organization.

Learned or acquired needs that are easily perceived are:

Manifest needs

Which of the following is NOT an interdisciplinary influence on OB?

Mathematics

Which of the following examples evaluates human behavior from an internal perspective?

Megan is always late for work because she is lazy and unmotivated.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the mentoring relationship?

Mentor relationships go through four phases: initiation, cultivation, separation, and redefinition.

Which of the following is NOT one of the classifications of theories of motivation?

Mindful

The process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior is:

Motivation

When asked in a job interview for their biggest weakness, Kris says that they are a perfectionist and must always do everything perfectly. What type of impression management is this?

Narcissistic

Which of the following is an example of counterproductive work behavior (CWB)?

Natalia discovers a shortcut that saves her hours of time on routine projects and keeps the discovery to herself.

The study of individual behavior and group dynamics in organization is

Organizational Behavior

All of the following statements about the study of organizational behavior are true EXCEPT

Organizational behavior is an applied discipline, so students are essentially trained in organizational behavior.

Which of the following statements best represents a Theory Y assumption?

People resist organizational needs because of prior experiences.

Which of the following is NOT one of the key constructs in expectancy theory?

Perceptions The followings are correct keys Instrumentality Expectancy Valence

The process of defining, measuring, appraising, providing feedback on, and improving performance is:

Performance management

Which of the following examples attributes success to an internal source?

Satya's bonus was the result of many long days doing research.

Why are ethical dilemmas so prevalent in business?

Since few ethical issues are clear-cut, they require individual interpretation.

What are the three major categories of characteristics that influence social perception?

The target, perceiver, and situation

According to research, how do most individuals respond to changes in their environment?

They become rigid and reactive.

The intersection of actual performance and measured performance is called

True assessment.

All of the following statements accurately describe attribution theory

a. Attribution patterns differ among individuals. c. Many attributions are made during employment interviews when candidates explain the causes of previous performance situations. d. The way you explain your own behavior affects your motivation.

All of the following statements accurately describe work attitudes

a. Demanding jobs over which employees have little control negatively affect work attitudes. b. Attitudes indirectly affect work behavior. d. Attitudes directly affect work behavior.

All of the following statements accurately describe goal setting

a. It increases task performance and work motivation. b. It reduces stress. d. It improves the accuracy and validity of performance evaluation.

All of the following statements accurately describe organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)

a. The impact of one worker's OCBs can spread throughout an entire department. b. OCBs are especially important to organizations using teams. c. Satisfied workers are more likely to engage in OCBs than those unsatisfied with their jobs.

All of the following are major characteristics of a persuasive source

a. expertise b. trustworthiness d. attractiveness

All of the following are reliability problems in performance appraisal systems

a. the ill health of the employee being evaluated c. the mood of the evaluator d. the timing of the evaluation

Genevieve is overjoyed to have been chosen to work on her company's most prestigious and challenging project. She asks her supervisor to set up weekly progress meetings, so she can receive timely feedback and to permit her to work from home two days per week, so she can avoid distractions. According to McClelland's Need Theory, Genevieve has a high need for

achievement

Claire and Raj work similar jobs for the same company. Since Raj has more experience than Claire, he earns a higher salary. Claire reacts to this realization by putting in less effort. She now believes she makes more money per hour of "real" work than Raj, which makes her happy. Claire would be considered

an entitled.

Which discipline is defined as the science of human learned behavior and studies how organizational culture affects performance?

anthropology

Goran secured three bids for a project at work. He was about to award the job to the lowest bidder when his boss demanded he award the job to the highest bidder—a friend of hers from college. Goran feels torn between his strong sense of fairness and his boss' demand. He is experiencing

cognitive dissonance.

Cultural researchers have found that expectancy theory does not hold up well in cultures that are

collectivist

One benefit of individual reward systems over team reward systems is that they encourage

competition

Which of the Big Five personality traits refers to a person who is hardworking, organized, and dependable?

conscientiousness

Personality researchers are most concerned with the set of characteristics that lend ________ to behavior.

consistency

To affect both job satisfaction and performance, rewards must be

contingent on individual performance.

Sydney is a single mother with two children, one of whom has a chronic medical condition. Sydney says she stays at her job because it provides medical benefits she likely would not receive at other companies. This is an example of ________ organizational commitment.

continuance

To master basic objective knowledge, students must engage in

critical thinking.

What is the first step in performance management?

define performance in behavioral terms

What is the best way to gain a competitive edge, especially against international competition?

develop a system focusing on total quality

Which term refers to the assumption that an individual's behavior is accounted for by the situation?

discounting principle

Which of the following terms in Kelley's attribution theory refers to the cue indicating the degree to which an individual behaves the same way in other situations?

distinctiveness

Which characteristic of effective performance appraisal systems refers to the fair evaluation against established criteria, regardless of individual differences?

equitability

Clients, unions, and federal regulators are part of an organization's

external task environment.

While in group meetings, Josef tends to daydream and ignore the business at hand. When Josef does participate, his supervisor compliments his ideas and thanks him. When Josef daydreams, his supervisor says nothing. This is an example of

extinction

What is the single best predictor of work performance across many occupations and across different cultures?

general mental ability

Which of the following is a powerful force and causes the biggest changes in the workplace?

global competition

Which of the following is an element of the informal organization?

group norms

Expectancy theory assumes that

high effort correlates to strong performance, which results in a coveted reward.

All of the following will affect how people perceive you

how you dress, what topics you discuss, your facial expressions

Which of the following is a terminal value?

independence

Which of the following terms refers to the belief that performance is related to rewards?

instrumentality

David McClelland's needs theory involves three ________ needs

manifest

To understand altruistic, fair, and equitable behavior, we must understand an individual's

moral maturity.

Which of the following is a self-enhancing impression management technique?

name-dropping

Aaron knows he works much harder than Byron, has a more advanced university degree, but makes about one-third less money. According to Adams's theory, Aaron is perceiving a situation of

negative inequity.

Sumi is known for her inability to be on time for group meetings. When she is late, her boss nags her about it. When she is on time, her boss says nothing. This is an example of

negative reinforcement.

The power of earning rests on a direct link between

performance and rewards.

Which of the following is an environmental variable in interactional psychology?

personal life

Which motivational theory classification emphasizes the nature of the interaction between the individual and the environment?

process theories

Madison sent a video to a small group of her coworkers. She assumed each would appreciate the video's political humor, but several vehemently complained and asked her never to send anything like that again. Which barrier to social perception is at play here?

projection

While participating in a psychological study on her university campus, Yael was asked to play a word association game. The researcher said a word and Yael had to respond with another, related word as quickly as she could. The researcher summarized her personality based on the results. To measure Yael's personality, the researcher used a

projective test.

Attitudes are best defined as

psychological tendencies expressed by evaluating something with a degree of favor or disfavor.

You are a student in the College of Business at Citywide University, which recently announced that all fees for students in the College of Engineering will double beginning next semester. You believe in quality education at an affordable price and would like to attend the protest rally with your best friends on Saturday, but you decide to attend a family wedding instead. Your decision was likely based on which factor in the attitude-behavior link?

relevance

Drew is committed to his work because of the excellent retirement plan. Which need in Maslow's hierarchy is fulfilled in this example?

safety and security

In America, self-actualization is the pinnacle need on Maslow's hierarchy. When studying cultures with a high need to avoid uncertainty, researchers found workers' pinnacle need to be

safety and security.

Which term refers to the tendency to attribute one's successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes?

self-serving bias

A target uses the peripheral route to persuasion when

she is distracted.

Which theory of learning asserts that learning occurs when we observe other people and model their behavior?

social learning

Trevon interviewed dozens of candidates for a sales job with his company and now must select one of them. He decides to hire Natalie because she graduated from an Ivy League college. He assumes anyone from such a prestigious school is smart and hardworking. Which barrier to social perception is at play here?

stereotype

Which of the following is a hygiene factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation?

supervision

Eighty percent of employers seek which of the following skills in their recruits?

teamwork and collaboration

Organizational behavior is defined as

the study of individual behavior and group dynamics in institutions.

A perceiver will have a positive social perception of the target when

the target matches the perceiver's attitude.

People are more likely to be persuaded into an attitude change when

the tone of the message matches their mood.

Which term refers to materials and resources as they are transformed by the organization's technology component?

throughputs

A B Corp is a company that

uses the power of business as a force for good.