mgt 405 chapter 2
Which theory is a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services?
Management science
"Authority should go with knowledge. Whether it is up the line or down."
Mary Parker Follett
What theory has the premise that there is no best way to organize and that the organizational structures and control systems that managers choose will be based on factors occurring in the the external environmental?
contingency
Managers whose attitudes regarding employees are consistent with Theory Y
create work settings that allow workers to exercise initiative.
Frederick W. Taylor is best known for defining the techniques of
scientific management
Job ______ is the process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time
specialization
Henri Fayol's principle of equity refers to
the justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled.
According to Fayol, _____ should not be concentrated at the top of the chain of command.
authority
Managers have the formal ______ to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.
authority
Fayol's principle of ______ gives managers the informal power to use their personal expertise, technical knowledge, and moral worth in order to lead their subordinates to commit to the organization.
authority and responsibility
Which of the following is the study of how managers should personally behave for motivating employees, encouraging them to perform at high levels, and committing to achieving organizational goals?
behavorial management
The term "______" was originally defined by Weber as a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.
bureaucracy
_______ refers to the concentration of authority at the top of the organizational chart instead of being distributed throughout the managerial hierarchy.
centralization
Line of authority is the _____ of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization.
chain
_______ is the idea that the organizational structures and control systems that are chosen by managers depend on characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates.
contingency theory
When an employee acts in a specific way in a certain circumstance because of formal, written instructions, his or her behavior results from following ______.
rules
According to F.W. Taylor, ______ management is the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency.
scientific
The _______ theory was introduced in the latter part of the 19th century shortly after the industrial revolution had occurred in Europe and America.
scientific management
Fayol suggested that workers be given more ______ to counteract the boredom that many workers feel arising from too much specialization.
job duties
Teece uses the term _______ to describe a company's ability to identify and assess opportunities outside the company.
sensing
Company Z has an organizational hierarchy with salespeople at the bottom, who report to regional sales managers, who in turn report to a director of marketing. The director of marketing reports to the CEO. This is an example of which of Fayol's principles of management?
line of authority
One focus of the ______ theory is that managers must use rigorous quantitative techniques in order to make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.
management science
A system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers is a(n) ______ system.
open
_______ is the study of the factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations.
organizational behavior
Fayol recommended the use of _______ to show the position and duties of each employee and to indicate which positions an employee might move to or be promoted to in the future.
organizational chart
The theory of _____________ capabilities explains how companies must be stable enough to deliver value to customers yet resilient and flexible enough to shift focus when situations demand a different approach.
dynamic
Which theorist believed that whoever had the knowledge, whether it be the manager or the workers, should also have the authority in any given situation?
follett
Which of Teece's managerial activities would a company embrace if it wanted to use company resources to capture value for the organization from previously determined opportunities?
seizing
According to Henri Fayol, esprit de corps refers to
shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group.
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), rules, and norms are important in a bureaucratic system because _____.
they guide performance by specifying the best ways to accomplish tasks
The organizational environment refers to how managers control their organization's relationship with its ______ environment.
external
Managers who accept the assumptions of Theory X
counteract workers' natural tendencies to avoid work.
A critical message of the contingency theory is that _____
"There is no one best way to organize"
Behavioral management is the study of how managers should personally behave: (Choose all that apply.)
to encourage employees to perform at high levels. to motivate employees to be committed to organizational goals.
When Apple created the iPod, it shifted its focus from computers to consumer electronics, demonstrating Teece's concept of
transforming
______production refers to small workshops run by skilled workers who produce hand-manufactured
Crafts or craft
________are unique to each company and are more than likely rooted in the organization's past experiences.
Dynamic capabilities
Paula starts a new bakery business. Because she must meet specific requirements from the state health department, Paula decides to use a mechanistic structure for management. What demonstrates Paula's choice to organize and control the business with a mechanistic structure?
Employees are closely supervised and follow well-defined rules and standard operating procedures.
Authority gives managers the power to make decisions regarding resources, both human and inanimate; however, it does not always hold managers accountable for their actions.
False (Authority makes managers accountable for their actions. It also puts them in a position of being in a position to make decisions about organizational resources, both human and inanimate.)
Theory Y managers believe that workers are lazy, dislike work and will try to do as little as possible.
False (Theory X promotes this belief.)
True or false: Standard operating procedures are generalized guidelines about how to perform a certain aspect of a task.
False, Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task.
If a manager heaps praise on an employee for a job well done, and the employee's work continues to improve, what effect could this be attributed to?
Hawthorne
Research known as the _____ studies, began as an attempt to investigate how characteristics of the work setting—specifically, the level of lighting, or illumination—affect worker fatigue and performance.
Hawthorne
The finding that a manager's behavior or leadership approach can affect workers' level of performance is known as the ______ effect.
Hawthorne, Researchers found that their presence influenced workers' behavior because the workers enjoyed being the subjects of the study and wanted to please the researchers. Thus, the fact that managers' relationships with their workers can have an effect on the workers' behavior is known as the Hawthorne effect.
What is the movement that suggested training managers in behavioral leadership in order to encourage employee cooperation and increase their productivity?
Human relations
The Hawthorne effect suggests that managers' behavior toward their employees ______.
affects the level of a worker's performance
In a bureaucratic system, when specifying the best ways to accomplish organizational tasks or increase performance, behavioral guidelines must be set. Which of the following are not important to include when defining these guidelines? (Choose two that apply.)
Line of Authority Industry ratios
The idea that whoever has the knowledge, whether it be the manager or the workers, should also have the authority in that situation is characteristic of which management theorist?
Mary Parker Follett
Who developed the principles of bureaucracy, a formal system of organization that was designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness?
Max Weber
The set of forces and conditions that are external to an organization's boundaries, but that affect a manager's ability to purchase and use resources is referred to as the ______ environment.
Organizational
______ focuses on matching people and tasks to maximize efficiency.
Scientific management
Which theory is a set of positive assumptions about workers that leads to the conclusion that a manager's task is to create an environment that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self-direction?
Theory Y
What practice was advocated by Mary Parker Follett?
Workers should be allowed to exercise initiative in their everyday work lives.
What is the Hawthorne effect?
Workers' productivity is affected more by their manager's personal behavior than by the work setting.
What is the theory of management that examines how to create an organizational structure and control system that results in an organization that is highly efficient and effective?
administrative management
Ellie Rollin's manager has been in a horrendous mood since the third quarter report came out. No matter what she does, the feedback from her manager is discouraging. According to the Hawthorne effect, Ellie's work performance is likely to ______.
decrease
Fayols' principle of ______ states that all organizational members are entitled to justice, impartiality, and fairness.
equity
True or false: A system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers is a closed system.
false
In an organization, rules are
formal, written instructions to achieve specific goals.
The ______ approach is a management approach that advocates the idea that a manager's attitude toward employees can affect productivity; the self-fulfilling prophecy is an example.
human relations
The ______ movement advocates that supervisors should receive behavioral training in order to manage subordinates in a way that elicits their cooperation.
human relations
The ________movement advocates that supervisors should receive behavioral training in order to manage subordinates in a way that elicits their cooperation.
human relations
The ______movement advocates for managers to be trained to supervise their staff in a way that will engender their cooperation and increase their productivity.
human relations
norms are
informal codes of conduct among employees in a particular company.
An organization that lacks a unity of direction does not have a(n) ______ plan, which, according to Fayol, leads to an organization that is inefficient, ineffective, unfocused, and working at cross-purposes.
single (According to the unity of direction, an organization needs a single plan to guide managers and workers towards a unified use of organizational resources. Fayol also believes order is important, but that is another one of his principles.)
Frederick Taylor believed that written rules and standard operating procedures
standardized and simplified jobs, making them more efficient.
_______ is the performance gain caused by two or more departments coordinating their efforts.
synergy
