MGT Test #3
_____ are the distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, honesty, and appearance.
Traits
Which type of leader clarifies the role and task requirements of subordinates?
Transactional
Andy's subordinates say that they love working for Andy because he inspires them to not only believe in the organization but to believe in their own potential as well. Based on this example, Andy can best be described as what type of leader?
Transformational
on-the-job-training (OJT)
an experienced employee is asked to take a new employee "under his or her wing" and show the newcomer how to perform job duties
In _____, the leader favors a consensual and collaborative process, and influence derives from relationships rather than position power and formal authority.
interactive leadership
structured interviews
interviews that use a set of standardized questions that are asked of every applicant so comparisons can be made easily
avoidance learning
process by which an individual learns a behavior or response to avoid a stressful or unpleasant situation
opt-out
proponents of the _____________ trend say that some women choose to leave the workforce because they decide success isn't worth it in terms of reduced family and personal time, greater stress, and negative health effects
social learning theory
proposes that an individual's motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments, but also from thoughts, beliefs, and observations of other people's behavior
acquired needs theory
proposes that certain types of needs, including the need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power, are acquired during an individual's lifetime of experiences
expectancy theory
proposes that motivation depends on individuals' expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards
goal-setting theory
proposes that specific, challenging goals increase motivation and performance when the goals are accepted by subordinates and these subordinates receive feedback to indicate their progress toward goal achievement
corporate university
an in-house training and education facility that offers broad-based learning opportunities for employees - and frequently for customers, suppliers, and strategic partners as well - throughout their careers
exit interview
an interview conducted with departing employees to determine why they are leaving the company
panel interview
an interview in which the candidate meets with several interviewers who take turns asking questions
glass ceiling
an invisible barrier that exists for women and minorities that limits their upward mobility in organizations
reinforcement
anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited
no
are exit interviews effective?
law of effect
asserts that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated, and unreinforced or negatively reinforced behavior tends to be inhibited
reinforcement theory
based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences
A Level I leader is:
capable.
The _____ has the ability to inspire and motivate people to do more than they would normally do, despite obstacles and personal sacrifice.
charismatic leader
senior-level
companies that promote women to _______________ positions outperform those without women in these positions, both financially and organizationally
Researchers at the Ohio State University identified two major behaviors called:
consideration and initiating structure.
A model of leadership that describes the relationship between leadership styles and specific organizational situations is called a(n) _____ approach.
contingency
-improved team problem solving -increased understanding of the marketplace
corporations that recruit and retain a diverse workforce reap numerous benefits, including:
managing diversity
creating a climate in which the potential advantages of diversity for organizational or group performance are maximized, while the potential disadvantages are minimized
People with an external locus of control are:
easier to manage
When managers who express positive emotions such as happiness, enthusiasm, and appreciation trigger positive emotions in employees, this is known as ______.
emotional contagion
content theories
emphasize the needs that motivate people
selection
employers assess applicants' characteristics in an attempt to determine the "fit" between the job and applicant characteristics
The first step toward better time management is to:
empty your head.
Power resulting from a leader's special knowledge or skill regarding the tasks performed by followers is referred to as _____.
expert power
31. Jason has been unemployed for three months. When his wife asked him why he was not looking for a job, Jason responded, "If I am lucky, I will get my old job back." Jason would be considered as having a(n):
external locus of control
intrinsic rewards
feelings of satisfaction that a person receives in the process of performing a particular action
hygiene factors
focus on lower-level needs and involves the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, including working conditions, pay, and company policies
equity theory
focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another's behavior and to overestimate the influence of internal factors is called the ______.
fundamental attribution error
fear tactics
good managers avoid the use of __________________ to motivate people because this approach damages employee commitment and performance in the long run
The early research on leadership traits was referred to as the:
great man approach.
The ______ occurs when the perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or situation based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable.
halo effect
Research shows that _____are predisposed to being pragmatic, capable of lying to achieve personal goals, more likely to win in win-lose situations, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded.
high Machs
rightsizing
if not managed effectively and humanely, _____________ can lead to decreased morale and performance
According to the Leadership Grid, _____ means the absence of a management philosophy, where managers exert little effort toward interpersonal relationships or work accomplishment.
impoverished management
process theories
include: goal-setting theory, equity theory, and expectancy theory; explain how people select behaviors with which to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful
internships
increasingly popular approach to recruiting because they provide a way to "test-drive" a potential employee
motivators
influences job satisfaction based on fulfilling higher-level needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunities for personal growth
diversity
recognizes a spectrum of differences that influence how employees approach work, interact with each other, derive satisfaction from their work, and define who they are as people in the workplace
rightsizing
reducing the company's workforce intentionally to the point where the number of employees is deemed to be right for the company's current situation
queen bee syndrome
refers to a female boss who not only has no interest in fostering the careers of other women, but might even actively undermine them
job design
refers to applying motivational theories to the structure of work to improve motivation, productivity, and satisfaction
job enrichment
refers to incorporating high-level motivators, such as achievement, recognition, and opportunities for growth, into the work
performance appraisal
refers to observing and assessing employee performance, recording the assessment, and providing feedback to the employee
development
refers to teaching people broader career skills
human resource management (HRM)
refers to the design & application of formal systems to ensure the effective & efficient use of human talent to accomplish organizational goals
human capital
refers to the economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of employees
human resource planning
refers to the forecasting of human resource needs and the projected matching of individuals with anticipated job vacancies
punishment
refers to the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following an undesirable behavior
behavior modification
refers to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior
extinction
refers to withholding positive rewards and essentially ignoring undesirable behavior
Two leadership styles used by Fiedler in his contingency theory were:
relationship-oriented and task-oriented.
Type A behavior pattern is characterized by all of these, except:
relaxed lifestyle.
All of the following are interpersonal influence tactics, except:
rely on the rule of demand.
negative reinforcement
remove an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved
affirmative action
requires that an employer take positive steps to guarantee equal employment opportunities for people within protected groups
Power that results from the authority to reward others is called _____.
reward power
extrinsic rewards
rewards given by another person, such as a manager, and include pay increases, promotions, and praise
Uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role is referred to as ______.
role ambiguity
A high degree of _____means you can accurately assess your own strengths and limitations and have a healthy sense of self-confidence.
self-awareness
20. An individual's strong belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome is referred to as:
self-efficacy
wage and salary surveys
show what other organizations pay incumbents in jobs that match a sample of key jobs selected by the organization
employer brand
similar to a product brand, except that rather than promoting a specific product, its aim is to make the organization seem like a highly desirable place to work
A contingency approach to leadership that links the leader's behavioral style with the task readiness of subordinates is called the _____.
situational theory
A physiological and emotional response to stimuli that place physical or psychological demands on an individual is called ______.
stress
All of the following are leadership qualities, except:
structured.
A(n) _____ for leadership makes the leadership style unnecessary or redundant.
substitute
job analysis
systematic process of gathering and interpreting information about the essential duties, tasks, and responsibilities or a job, as well as about the context within which the job is performed
extreme interviewing
test job candidates' ability to handle problems, cope with change, & work well with others
employment tests
tests given to employees to evaluate their abilities; can include cognitive ability tests, physical ability tests, personality inventories, and other assessments
positive reinforcement
the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior
motivation
the arousal of enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action
ethnorelativism
the belief that groups and subcultures are inherently equal
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own group is inherently superior to other groups
behavior of managers
the biggest factor in determining whether people feel motivated and engaged at work
inclusion
the degree to which an employee feels like an esteemed member of a group in which his or her uniqueness is highly appreciated
empowerment
the delegation of power and authority to subordinates in an organization; involves giving employees information, knowledge, power, and rewards
P→O expectancy
the expectancy that high performance of a task will lead to the desired outcome
E→P expectancy
the expectancy that putting effort into a given task will lead to high performance
frustration-regression principle
the idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need; thus, people may move down as well as up the needs hierarchy
making progress principle
the idea that the single most important factor that can boost motivation, positive emotions, and perceptions during a workday is making progress toward meaningful goals
employability
the new social contract between employers & employees is based on the notion of _______________ & personal responsibility rather than lifelong employment by an organization
job evaluation
the process of determining the value of jobs within an organization through an examination of job content
stereotyping
the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category (ex: female, black, elderly; or male, white, disabled) and then to attribute idelt held generalizations about the group to the individual
prejudice
the tendency to view people who are different as being deficient
valence
the value of outcomes (rewards) to the individual
social learning
to learn informally from others by using social media tools, including mobile technologies, social networking, wikis and blogs, virtual games, and so forth
global
to understand the _________ marketplace, managers need to understand other cultures and deal with them effectively
A(n) _____ leader is distinguished by a special ability to bring about innovation and change.
transformational
pay-for-performance
tying at least a portion of compensation to employee effort and performance; also called incentive pay
training
typically refers to teaching people skills needed in their current job
matching model
underlying the organization's effort to attract employees; the organization and the individual attempt to match the needs, interests, and values that they offer each other
acqui-hiring
when established companies such as Facebook, Google, Yahoo, LinkedIn, and Salesforce.com buy early-stage start-ups, often shutting them down, simply to acquire their engineering talent
engagement
an emotional and mental state in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization
An individual's ______ is the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.
personality
28. Jay is a trusting and forgiving individual who gets along with others because of being good- natured and cooperative. This describes which of the Big Five personality factors?
Agreeableness
______ is the degree to which a person is able to get along with others by being good- natured, cooperative, forgiving, understanding, and trusting.
Agreeableness
Rachel is described by her colleagues as pragmatic, super-competitive, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded. She fits which personality category most closely?
High Mach
Which of the following is a desired characteristic of both leaders and followers?
Honesty
_____ means being unpretentious and modest rather than arrogant and prideful.
Humility
hygiene factors, motivators
2 elements of Herzberg's two-factor theory
giving people more control over their work schedules, giving opportunities to contribute ideas
2 ways that managers meet people's higher-level needs
-4 generation workforce -aging baby boomers -increase in Hispanic & Asian workers -increase in female employees
4 factors transforming the US workforce
The recommended management style from the leadership grid is:
9,9
______ are judgments about what caused a person's behavior-something about the person or something about the situation.
Attributions
______ is the belief that power and status differences should exist within the organization.
Authoritarianism
_____, according to the Leadership Grid, occurs when efficiency in operations is the dominant orientation.
Authority-Compliance
Marion is a great manager and he has a number of special skills. In particular, Marion has the ability to get his subordinates to do more than would be normally expected. Which of the following terms best describes Marion?
Charismatic leader
Beth, a middle manager at Heather's Handbags, uses threats and punishments as ways of influencing the behavior of his subordinates. Which of the following sources of power is Beth relying on?
Coercive power
Which of the following is a follower who participates actively in the organization but does not use critical thinking skills?
Conformist
_____ is the extent to which the leader is mindful of subordinates, respects their ideas and feelings, and establishes mutual trust.
Consideration
_____ followers are critical, independent thinkers and are active in the organization.
Effective
If Ben is tense, nervous, depressed and insecure, he would tend to be rated as low on which of these factors?
Emotional stability
Which of the following is NOT one of Schmidt's five leadership precepts?
Ensure the integrity of the hierarchy
attract, select, develop, maintain
HRM includes activities undertaken to _______, _______, _________, & _________ an effective workforce
_____ is the extent to which the leader is task oriented and directs subordinates' work activities toward goal attainment.
Initiating structure
Colleen Farney at TeleTech shows vast knowledge, intelligence, cognitive ability, and keen decisiveness. Which personal characteristic of leadership is she showing?
Intelligence and ability
27. Frank regretfully missed an important deadline at work. His boss, George, thinks to himself, "Frank missed that deadline because he is lazy; I really need to crack down on him more." This is an example of what kind of attribution?
Internal attribution
______ are stressors associated with relationships in the organization.
Interpersonal demands
_____refers to a positive attitude toward one's job.
Job satisfaction
The leader who stimulates high standards and champions dedication to vision is a _____ leader
Level 4
______ is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then attribute generalizations about the group to the individual.
Stereotyping
In what stage of the perception process are individuals likely to put things into patterns?
Organizing
Which of the following describes the last step in the perception process?
Organizing the selected data into patterns
Which of the following is NOT a manager quality?
Personal power
_____ is the potential ability to influence the behavior of others.
Power
diversity
Reckitt Benckiser attributes a increase in sales and income to the _______________ of its top management team and workforce
______ means being conscious of the internal aspects of one's nature, such as personality traits, beliefs, emotions, attitudes, and perceptions, and appreciating how your patterns affect other people.
Self-awareness
______ is the ability to engage in self-regulating thoughts and behaviors to accomplish all your tasks and handle challenging situations.
Self-management
26. Blaming the teacher for a poor grade on an exam, and taking credit for good grades could be an example of which perceptual bias?
Self-serving bias
_____type people, according to Jung, would rather work with known facts and hard data and prefer routine and order in gathering information.
Sensation
Maliah bases her judgments on impersonal analysis. To resolve problems at work, she uses reason and logic rather than personal values or emotional aspects of the situation. In gathering information, Maliah prefers routine and order. Based on this information, Maliah ranks highly in which Myers-Briggs category?
Sensation-Thinking
______ are stressors arising from the tasks required of a person holding a particular job.
Task demands
Josh evaluates Kandi's performance and gives her an "outstanding" based on his knowledge that she came to work every day earlier than anyone else and therefore she is extremely hardworking. Josh is making which of these errors in perceptual judgment?
The halo effect
Recently, Beagle Boutique was attempting to hire a middle manager. They were looking for an intelligent, confident, and honest individual. Which approach to leadership was Beagle using?
The trait approach
Seeking positions of power and responsibility, Chandra has rapidly moved up the ranks within her organization. Colleagues describe her as someone with a tremendous amount of energy, and a powerful force for leadership within the organization. Based on this description, Chandra has what type of personality?
Type A
______ is a behavior pattern characterized by extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work.
Type A behavior
One of Ruby's few flaws is that she does not consider possibilities beyond what she is told, accepting her supervisor's ideas without thinking. She can best be described as what type of thinker?
Uncritical
Wilson is viewed by his boss as driven, tenacious, and conscientious in the pursuit of his goals. These characteristics fit within which category?
Work-related characteristics
women
__________ are more likely to be more collaborative, less hierarchical, and more relationship-oriented
Maryland
_____________ was the first state to pass a law making it illegal to ask job applicants for their social networking passwords, and other states have either also done so or are considering it
variable compensation, "at-risk" pay
_______________ and __________________ have become key motivational tools, although these practices have been criticized in recent years for rewarding the wrong types of behavior
employee empowerment, engagement
______________________ and _______________ are recent motivational trends that focus less on extrinsic rewards and more on creating a work environment that enables people to achieve intrinsic rewards and meet higher-level needs
job description
a clear and concise summary of the specific tasks, duties, and responsibilities of a particular position in an organization
nondirective interview
a conversation where the interviewer asks broad, open-ended questions and permits the applicant to talk freely with minimal interruption, in an attempt to bring to light information, attitudes, and behavioral characteristics that might be concealed when answering structured questions
monoculture
a culture that accepts only one way of doing things and one set of values and beliefs
job characteristics model
a model of job design that considers core job dimensions, individuals' critical psychological states, and employee growth-need strength
ERG theory
a modification of the needs hierarchy and proposes 3 categories of needs: existence, relatedness, and growth
behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS)
a performance evaluation technique that relates an employee's performance to specific job-related incidents
360-degree feedback
a process that uses multiple raters, including self rating, as a way to increase awareness of strengths and weaknesses and guide employee development
stereotype
a rigid, exaggerated, irrational belief associated with a particular group of people
application form
a selection device that collects information about the applicant's education, previous work experience, and other background characteristics
equity
a situation of _______ exists when the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs equals that of another's
diversity of perspective
achieved when a manager creates a heterogeneous team made up of individuals with diverse backgrounds and skill sets; benefits: higher efficiency, better quality, less duplication of effort among team members, and increased innovation and creativity
recruiting
activities or practices that define the characteristics of applicants to whom selection procedures are ultimately applied
30. Traits of _____seem to be particularly important in today's collaborative organizations.
agreeableness
compensation
all monetary payments and all nonmonetary goods or benefits used to reward employees
internship
an arrangement whereby an intern, usually a high school or college student, exchanges free or low-cost labor for the opportunity to explore whether a particular career is appealing or to gain valuable work experience in a particular field
40
it is estimated that up to _____% of Americans are in part-time, contract, or other types of nonstandard jobs
Leadership is reciprocal, according to your text. This means:
it occurs among people.
motivation
jobs are an important consideration for ____________ because performing their components may provide intrinsic rewards that meet employees' needs
Vision, innovation, nurturing, and personal power are examples of _____ qualities.
leader
Peter has the ability to convince others to work toward the attainment of goals. This ability is known as:
leadership
The ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals is known as _____.
leadership
Ian does not have much of a relationship with his subordinates. They feel obligated to do as he says because he's the boss. This is an example of:
legitimate power
The tendency to place the primary responsibility for one's success or failure either within oneself (internally) or on outside forces (externally) is called the ______.
locus of control
All of the following are tactics for promoting stronger organizational commitment, except:
maintaining a secretive culture.
benefits
make up a large portion of labor costs in the US
engagement
managers create an environment that promotes _____________ by providing employees with a sense of meaning, a sense of connection, and a sense of competence and growth
pay
managers strive to maintain fairness & equality in the ______ system
realistic job previews (RJPs)
managers use _________________________ in recruiting to give applicants all pertinent and realistic information, both positive and negative, about a job and the organization
work redesign
means altering jobs to increase both the quality of employees' work experience and their productivity
pluralism
means an organization accommodates several subcultures; seeks to integrate fully into the organization the employees who otherwise would feel isolated & ignored
simplified
most companies are moving away from ________ jobs and are using job rotation, job enlargement, and job enrichment to provide employees with greater variety, stimulation, and satisfaction
hierarchy of needs theory
most well-known content theory; proposes that people are motivated by 5 categories of needs - physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization - that exist in a heirarchical order
A situational variable that counteracts a leadership style is known as a(n) _____.
neutralizer
stereotype threat
occurs when a person who, when engaged in a task, is aware of a stereotype about his or her identity group suggesting that he or she will not perform well on that task
vicarious learning
occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behavior and get rewarded for them
discrimination
occurs when hiring and promotion decisions are made based on criteria that are not job-relevant; Ex: refusing to hire a black applicant for a job he is qualified to fill and paying a woman a lower wage than a man for the same work
discrimination
occurs when someone acts out their negative attitudes toward people who are the targets of their prejudice
halo effect
occurs when the perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or situation based on one characteristic, either favorable or unfavorable; in other words, a halo blinds the perceiver to other characteristics that should be used in generating a more complete assessment
social media
one way in which HR managers gauge an applicant's suitability for an open position is by checking what the applicant says on _________________ sites
Work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success is referred to as ______.
organizational citizenship
Loyalty to and heavy involvement in one's organization is called ______.
organizational commitment
job specification
outlines the knowledge, skills, education, physical abilities, and other characteristics needed to perform a specific job adequately
contingent workers
people who work for an organization, but not on a permanent or full-time basis
The process people use to make sense of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment is referred to as ______.
perception
Errors in perceptual judgment that arise from inaccuracies in any part of the perception process are called ______.
perceptual distortions
ranking
performance review ___________ systems are increasingly being criticized because they tend to pit employees against one another rather than promoting cooperation and teamwork
