Micro 16 Study Area
Which of the following statements regarding MHC proteins is true? MHC allows the body to distinguish between self and nonself. MHC proteins allow the body to distinguish between antigen-presenting cells and self cells. MHC proteins control the recognition of antigens by B cells. If an antigen cannot bind to an MHC molecule, it will not trigger an immune response
MHC allows the body to distinguish between self and nonself. major histocompatibility complex
Which of the following is a true statement concerning T-independent antigens? They are smaller than a T-dependent antigen. They bind to MHC molecules more tightly than do T-dependent antigens. They are large enough to cause crosslinking of B cell receptors. They are found only on bacterial cells.
They are large enough to cause crosslinking of B cell receptors.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lymphatic vessels? They have one-way valves. They are associated with lymph nodes. They are extremely permeable. They flow away from the heart.
They flow away from the heart.
An "immunological synapse" is formed between a T cell and an APC during activation of the T cell. True False
True
B cells are activated with the help of Th2 cells. True False
True
The prefix CD used with types of lymphocytes stands for "cluster of differentiation," including a number that is recognized internationally. True False
True
The prefix CD used with types of lymphocytes stands for "cluster of differentiation." True False
True CD stands for "cluster of differentiation."
T cell receptors are designed to detect which of the following? an antigen bound to a MHC protein MHC proteins antigens T cell cytokines
an antigen bound to a MHC protein
Opsonization is a process that makes use of which of the following? platelets interferons antibodies membrane attack complexes
antibodies
After a(n)_______ cell engulfs an invader, antigenic fragments of the invader appear on the cell surface in conjunction with class II MHC proteins.
antigen presenting
Clonal deletion of T cells induces_______ in those T cells that recognize autoantigens in conjunction with MHC proteins.
apoptosis This process is also referred to as "cell suicide."
A person bitten by a rattlesnake would need which of the following in order to survive? artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunotherapy naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity
artificially acquired passive immunotherapy
The body can accidentally mount an immune response against itself by reacting against molecules called ____
autoantigens
The body can accidentally mount an immune response against itself by reacting against molecules called _______
autoantigens self-antigens
White blood cells such as lymphocytes arise in which of the following? thymus bone marrow liver heart
bone marrow
Clonal deletion occurs at which of the following sites? thymus bone marrow and thymus spleen and thymus bone marrow
bone marrow and thymus
Which of the following is the outer protein covering of most viruses? prion capsid envelope capsomere
capsid
A system of proteins that interact to attack and kill nonspecific invaders is called __________. endotoxins antibodies complement interferon
complement
The generation of a protective immune response by artificial means is a process called __________. inflammation immunization neutralization agglutination
immunization
All of the following are external structures of bacterial cells EXCEPT __________. fimbriae pili capsules inclusions
inclusions
Virus-infected cells produce which of the following as a cellular defense mechanism? interferon endotoxin complement pyrogens
interferon
The speed and effectiveness of the secondary immune response is dependent upon which of the following types of cells? antigen-presenting cells helper T cells plasma cells memory cells
memory cells
The important difference between neutralization and opsonization by antibodies is that __________. neutralization leads to antibody-dependent cellular toxicity, and opsonization leads to phagocytosis neutralization blocks binding sites on the microbe to reduce harm, and opsonization enhances phagocytosis neutralization leads to agglutination, and opsonization leads to precipitation neutralization affects viruses, and opsonization affects bacteria
neutralization blocks binding sites on the microbe to reduce harm, and opsonization enhances phagocytosis
Which of the following is NOT associated with bacterial cell structure? capsules flagella nucleocapsid pili
nucleocapsid
One variable region of an antibody is composed of __________. two heavy chains two heavy chains and two light chains one heavy and one light chain two light chains
one heavy and one light chain
Enhancement of phagocytosis is an antibody function known as __________. agglutination neutralization opsonization killing by oxidation
opsonization
Antibodies may have catalytic properties that allow them to kill bacteria directly by __________. agglutination neutralization oxidation opsonization
oxidation
Inflammation is a part of which line of defense? second line of defense first line of defense third line of defense first and third lines of defense
second line of defense
All of the following are components of the lymphatic system EXCEPT __________. stem cells the spleen the liver the thymus
the liver
Toxins that have been inactivated with heat or chemicals are called __________. toxoids endotoxins vaccines cytotoxins
toxoids
Which of the following would be a source of endogenous antigens? microbial cell walls pili flagella viruses
viruses
Which of the following would be a source of endogenous antigens? viruses microbial cell walls flagella pili
viruses
The clonal deletion of T cells differs from the clonal deletion of B cells in which of the following ways? A T cell survives if its receptor does not bind to autoantigens, and a B cell survives if it recognizes MHC. A T cell that recognizes MHC and not autoantigens survives, and a B cell that does not bind to any autoantigens survives. A T cell survives if it binds to autoantigens, and a B cell survives if it recognizes MHC and autoantigens. A T cell survives if it recognizes MHC and autoantigens, and a B cell survives if it does not bind to any autoantigens.
A T cell that recognizes MHC and not autoantigens survives, and a B cell that does not bind to any autoantigens survives.
Plasma cells belong to which of the following groups of cells? cytotoxic T cells helper T cells B cells macrophages
B cells
Plasma cells belong to which of the following groups of cells? helper T cells B cells macrophages cytotoxic T cells
B cells
Immunoglobulins are made by ________
B cells B lymphocytes
Immunoglobulins are made by ________
B lymphocytes
Which of the following is NOT associated with cytotoxic T cells? CD4 MHC I CD8 IL-2
CD4 T helper cell...AKA
Cytotoxic T cells are distinguished by the presence of a cell-surface glycoprotein called _______
CD8 Cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following statements about class MHC molecules is FALSE? There are two classes of MHC molecules, class I and class II. Class I MHCs are found on all cells and present antigens to CD8 positive T cells. Class II MHCs are found on antigen-presenting cells and present antigens to CD4 positive T cells. Class I and class II MHCs are found on macrophages and bind PAMPs on bacterial cells.
Class I and class II MHCs are found on macrophages and bind PAMPs on bacterial cells.
A patient injected with antiserum against a pathogen will become immune to future infections by that pathogen.
False
IgM is an antibody molecule with five antigen-binding sites. True False
False
In a process called class switching, the plasma cell becomes a memory cell and secretes large quantities of a new class of antibody. True False
False
Lymph is pumped through the lymphatic vessels in a manner similar to that of blood in the blood vessels. True False
False
Most B cells can respond to antigens directly. True False
False
Plasma B cells live for months or years in the circulation. True False
False
T cells get their name from the fact that they mature in the tonsils. True False
False
Peyer's patches in the small intestine are an example of a group of lymphoid tissues and cells abbreviated ______
GALT
Put the following steps of the activation of cytotoxic T cells in the correct sequence: I.helper T cell differentiation II.antigen presentation III.self-stimulation IV.clonal expansion I, III, IV, II IV, III, I, II II, I, III, IV II, I, IV, III
II, I, IV, III
Which of the following classes of antibodies is transferred to newborns through the mother's breast milk? IgM IgG IgA IgD
IgA
A J chain and a secretory component are both part of a specialized type of_______ molecule.
IgA immunoglobulin A
A J chain and a secretory component are both part of______ a specialized type of molecule.
IgA immunoglobulin A
Which of the following classes of antibodies has an unknown function? IgG IgM IgD IgA
IgD
Which of the following classes of antibodies has an unknown function? IgD IgG IgA IgM
IgD
______ are signaling molecules produced by leukocytes for communication with each other.
Interleukins
________ are signaling molecules produced by leukocytes for communication with each other.
Interleukins
How does penicillin trigger allergy in some people? It stays in the circulation too long. The body metabolizes it into other molecules that act as antigens. It is a very large molecule. It becomes attached to a carrier protein in the blood
It becomes attached to a carrier protein in the blood.
The Golgi body performs which of the following functions for the cell? It produces energy. It digests all nutrients that enter the cell. It processes and packages cellular products. It makes lipids.
It processes and packages cellular products.
Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following types of cells? T cells muscle cells dendritic cells dendritic cells and T cells
dendritic cells major histocompatibility complex
What happens inside a phagolysosome? formation of antibodies digestion of engulfed materials and cells synthesis of antimicrobial peptides secretion of interferon
digestion of engulfed materials and cells
Dendritic cells are found in which of the following locations? respiratory tract bone marrow bloodstream epidermis
epidermis
A(n) _______ is a three-dimensional region of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system.
epitope
A(n)______ is a three-dimensional region of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system.
epitope
Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired? helper T cell type II: work with B cells helper T cell type I: secrete cytokines to activate B cells regulatory T cell: repress immune responses cytotoxic T cell: kill virally infected cells or cancer cells
helper T cell type I: secrete cytokines to activate B cells
Which of the following types of cells is depleted during HIV infection? suppressor T cells helper T cells memory B cells cytotoxic T cells
helper T cells
B cells are the centerpiece of the ______ immune response.
humoral
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells via two pathways. Which one of the following is the pathway that uses substances also used by natural killer cells? CD95 cytotoxic pathway T-independent pathway to antibody induction classical complement pathway perforin-granzyme pathway
perforin-granzyme pathway
All of the following are examples of cytokines EXCEPT __________. perforins tumor necrosis factors chemokines interferons
perforins
Many eukaryotic cells, including some cells of the immune system, can engulf foreign particles via a process called __________. phagocytosis binary fission mitosis osmosis
phagocytosis
Disulfide bonds are associated with which of the following? carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids
proteins
An immunoglobulin is a complex protein composed of four polypeptide chains. This is an example of which of the following levels of protein structure? primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure
quaternary structure
Which of the following is NOT an attribute of adaptive immunity? clonality inducibility responsiveness to self specificity
responsiveness to self
Which of the following is NOT an attribute of adaptive immunity? responsiveness to self clonality inducibility specificity
responsiveness to self
In a eukaryotic cell, proteins such as immunoglobulins are made in which of the following locations? rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) mitochondrion nucleus Golgi body
rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
Where are autoantigens found? within normal body cells within virus-infected cells within immune cells within bacterial cells
within normal body cells
Where are autoantigens found? within virus-infected cells within immune cells within bacterial cells within normal body cells
within normal body cells
