Micro 437 Exam 2

The high heat of the denaturation step breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands.

How do the strands separate during PCR?

prophage

Lysogenic viral DNA integrating into the host genome is referred to as

false

A bacteriophage that lacks its proteinaceous capsid structure is also called a viroid.

blunt ends, overhangs, or sticky ends. Submit

After digesting a DNA sequence, a restriction endonuclease can generate

metabolically inert

All viral particals are...

true

Although various codons often code for the same amino acid, it is important to choose the codon preferred by the expression host itself.

Each base is identified with a different fluorescent color.

Automated sequencing techniques require only one lane on an electrophoresis gel rather than four. What is one method that makes this possible?

true

Codon usage varies from one organism to the next.

Lipid Bilayers/Proteins

Enveloped viral membranes are generally ________ with associated virus-specific ________.

removing virulence genes from a pathogen purifying a specific subunit of a pathogen adding virulence genes from a pathogen to a non-virulent organism

Genetically engineered vaccines can be created by __________.

The entire viral particle can penetrate an animal cell, while only the viral genome can penetrate a bacterial cell.

How is penetration different in animal viruses as compared to bacterial viruses?

the host cell dies during the lytic stage

How is the lytic cycle different from the lysogenic cycle with respect to the infected host cell?

infects and replicates in macrophages and T-helper cells Submit

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) __________.

ligase

In DNA cloning, fragments of DNA need to be joined together (e.g., to add a fragment into a vector). What common enzyme is used for this process?

must first integrate into the host's genome before transcription.

In contrast to positive ssRNA viruses, such as coronaviruses and polioviruses, the genomes of retroviruses

detect pathogens, analyze global gene expression, and detect unwanted food additives or substitutes. Submit

Microarrays can be used to

they can contain genes for antibiotic resistance used for plasmid selection they are easily inserted into cells by transformation they can replicate independently of the chromosome

Plasmids are commonly used as cloning vectors because __________.

Transcriptome

RNA-Seq analysis is a method aimed at defining a(n)

two identical ssRNA molecules

The HIV genome consists of

miniaturization of reaction size and increased computer power.

The advantage(s) of second-generation DNA sequencing compared to the Sanger method are the result of

Titer

The concentration of infectious plaque forming units (pfu) per volume of fluid is known as the viral

transcriptome

The entire complement of RNA produced under a given set of conditions is called a(n)

false

The largest cellular genomes belong to prokaryotes that are parasitic or pathogenic.

true

The loss of CD4 T-helper cells leads to the overt consequences of an HIV infection.

What is a thermocycler?

The machine that controls the heat of the reaction, cycling between the different temperatures of the different steps during PCR

Lambda always circularizes upon entering the host cell

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Lambda is a temperate phage that infects Escherichia coli. Lambda is replicated by the rolling circle mechanism. Lambda always circularizes upon entering the host cell. Lambda is a linear double-stranded DNA phage.

tissue or cell culture

The use of ________ is the easiest and most effective way of studying many animal and plant viruses.

it analyzes RNA, thus it reveals which genes are expressed under different conditions. Submit

Transcriptome analysis is useful in relation to genome analysis because

30%

Typically ________ of ORFs in a genome cannot clearly be assigned a function. These ORFs are usually assigned and predicted to encode hypothetical proteins.

false

Viroids infect only fungi.

false

Viruses are known to infect Bacteria, but no virus has yet been found that infects Archaea.

It is copied every time the host DNA replicates.

What is the fate of the prophage during the lysogenic stage?

The RNA must be converted to cDNA

What is the first step in constructing a metagenomic library from RNA?

94 °C, 60 °C, 72 °C

What is the sequence of the temperatures of a typical PCR reaction?

72 °C

What is the temperature used for the extension step?

Nucleocapsid

When packaged in the virion, the complete complex of nucleic acid and protein is known as the virus

isolate DNA of interest; fragment the DNA; insert DNA into vector; insert vector into host; host replication of recombinant vector

Which choice below lists the steps necessary for genetic cloning in the correct order?

Animals

Which of the following are the hosts for most enveloped viruses?

Exposure to UV light

Which of the following events might trigger induction of a temperate bacteriophage?

Hybridize DNA sequences with slightly mismatched oligonucleotides.

Which of the following is NOT a common step in molecular cloning using plasmids?

The viral nucleocapsid enters the host cell when the viral envelope and host membrane fuse. The cDNA can integrate into the host chromosome. T-helper cells are greatly reduced in number.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about HIV infections? The viral nucleocapsid enters the host cell when the viral envelope and host membrane fuse. The cDNA can integrate into the host chromosome. T-helper cells are greatly reduced in number.

positive ssRNA

Which type of viruses can be directly used for translation?

along with its host while the lytic genes are not expressed.

a prophage replicates...