Micro Bio exam 3

If you only had the option of these 2 technologies, which sequencing platform would, more likely, be able to resolve an existing incomplete genome assembly? A) Sanger B) Illumina

A) Sanger

What does the assembled genome represent here? A. Sequenced fragments from genomes of thousands, possibly millions of cells B. Sequenced fragments from the genome of a single-cell

A. Sequenced fragments from genomes of thousands, possibly millions of cells

In some viruses, the enzyme lysozyme is used to __________. A. make a hole in the bacterial cell wall for release of the mature virus particles B. replicate viral RNA so that transcription occurs at relevant time points C. attach to the cell wall of the bacterium so that entry may occur D. form a scaffold so that mature viral particles can be assembled

A. make a hole in the bacterial cell wall for release of the mature virus particles

The plaque assay is a method for __________. A. quantifying viruses B. quantifying Archaea C. quantifying algae D. quantifying bacteria

A. quantifying viruses

A unique feature that is characteristic of retroviruses is __________. A. the enzyme reverse transcriptase B. both DNA and RNA in the genome C. RNA in the capsid D. a capsid with head, tail, and tail fibers

A. the enzyme reverse transcriptase

What does it mean if cells generate virus-like particles, but the capsid is actually too small to carry the viral genome?Would these particles still count as "viruses"? A) Sure they would B) No they would not

B) No they would not

Gaps provide as much, if not moreuseful information in determiningthe structure of a phylogenetic tree A. True B. False

B. False

Homoplasy refers to similarities among species or strains dueto common ancestry A. True B. False

B. False

Non-coding DNA has no function in the cell A. True B. False

B. False

You instead decide to sequence a new yeast species first by sequencing its proteome. Can you predict nucleotide sequence of coding genes in genome sequence from proteome information? A. Yes B. No

B. No

Which viruses do you think are more likely to mutate faster? A. DNA viruses B. RNA viruses C. Both mutate equally D. Neither do

B. RNA viruses

Which of the following choices is NOT a reason to utilize small subunit rRNA genes in phylogenetic analysis? A. They are large enough to provide an evolutionary history. B. They have no enzymatic function. C. They are functionally constant. D. They are universally distributed.

B. They have no enzymatic function

In the Sanger method of DNA sequencing, how are DNA chains randomly terminated in reactions using DNA polymerase? A. by having a limiting amount of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate in the reaction B. by having a small amount of a dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate in the reaction C. by altering the concentration of DNA polymerase in the reaction D. by stopping the reactions on ice at predetermined time intervals

B. by having a small amount of a dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate in the reaction

Which of the following is NOT part of phenotypic analysis? A. cell wall chemistry B. cellular genome C. physiology of the cell D. cell morphology

B. cellular genome

What is the analysis of pooled environmental DNA called? A. megagenomics B. metagenomics C. microarray analysis D. clonal genomics

B. metagenomics

What is the most likely force that can predominantly explain the difference in phenotype frequencies in light vs dark environments here? A) Mutation B) Genetic Drift C) Selection D) Recombination

C) Selection

Horizontal gene transfer A. only affects the evolution of plasmids. B. is so rare over evolutionary history that it is not considered when examining microbial evolution. C. complicates the construction of phylogenetic trees and the interpretation of specific traits in relation to evolution. D. occurs within bacterial species.

C. complicates the construction of phylogenetic trees and the interpretation of specific traits in relation to evolution.

What kind of virus is a bacteriophage? A) Naked Virus B) Enveloped Virus C)Neither D)Both

D) Both

A virus in its extracellular state is known as a __________. A) capsid B) Virus C) Bacteriophage D) Virion

D) Vision

To what domain would an organism that has ether-linked membrane lipids and no peptidoglycan belong? A. Eukarya B. Bacteria C. Plantae D. Archaea

D. Archaea

One of the hypotheses about eukaryotic cell formation proposes that a nucleus-bearing cell acquired a mitochondrial-precursor cell by endosymbiosis. Which of the following statements reflects a major problem with this hypothesis? A. Mitochondria are found only in cells containing a membrane-bound nucleus. B. Chloroplasts are found only in cells containing a membrane-bound nucleus. C. Bacteria and Archaea do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus. D. Bacteria and Eukarya have similar membrane lipids.

D. Bacteria and Eukarya have similar membrane lipids.

Which virus types will need to bring their own polymerase to transcribe their genome? A. DNA viruses B. RNA viruses C. Both do D. Neither do

D. Neither do

Which of these organisms is likely to have the largest genome? A. an extremophile Archaean due to the demands of surviving in harsh environments B. an autotrophic bacterium C. a chloroplast D. a yeast cell

D. a yeast cell

A gene for a specific trait may have more than one form, allowing the trait to vary. These sequence variants of a gene are called A. ribotypes. B. MLST. C. horizontal gene transfers. D. alleles.

D. alleles.

The field of study that can reveal how genes function, reveal how organisms interact with the environment, and show evolutionary relationships is __________. A. proteomics B. transcriptomics C. genomics D. comparative genomics

D. comparative genomics

In temperate phages such as lambda, the virus __________. A. replicates and then bursts from the host cell B. modifies the host RNA polymerase C. attaches to the outside of the host cell but does not enter it D. establishes a stable relationship with the host cell and does not destroy it

D. establishes a stable relationship with the host cell and does not destroy it

Which of the following processes permits novel functions to develop through continued mutation? A. harmful mutation B. gene deletion C. neutral mutation D. gene duplication

D. gene duplication

Selection has increased the frequency of antibiotic resistance after adding an antibiotic in a single batch culture. Now you remove the antibiotic and the antibiotic resistance decreases. Which of the following evolutionary processes could explain this decrease? a) Mutation b) Genetic Drift c) Selection d) Any of the above

d) Any of the above

Repetitive regions of a region have historically been hard to sequence. What would help most to distinguish between these?ACTGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGCTTAGAvs. ACTGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGCTTAG A. Being able to sequence a long stretch of DNA. B. Putting the sequence in a plasmid and checking for size differences on a gel. C. Sequencing either fragment faster

A. Being able to sequence a long stretch of DNA.

How do you think an organisms gets sequenced? A. The chromosome gets sequenced in fragments and acomputer program puts those fragments together B. The chromosome is unfurled and the sequencing machinereads the entire chromosome from the 5' to the 3' end

A. The chromosome gets sequenced in fragments and acomputer program puts those fragments together

Which of the following is a CORRECT statement? A. The proteome is the total set of proteins that can be produced by an organism; the translatome is the total set of proteins actually produced by the organism under given conditions. B. The proteome is the total set of proteins that can be produced by an organism; the transcriptome is the total set of proteins actually produced by the organism under given conditions. C. The translatome is the total set of proteins that can be produced by an organism; the proteome is the total set of proteins actually produced by the organism under given conditions. D. The genome is the total set of proteins that can be produced by an organism; the translatome is the total set of proteins actually produced by the organism under given conditions.

A. The proteome is the total set of proteins that can be produced by an organism; the translatome is the total set of proteins actually produced by the organism under given conditions

A virus particle is made up of _______ . A. a nucleic acid and protein B. protein only C. RNA only D. DNA only

A. a nucleic acid and protein

What do virus particles attach to? A. a receptor on the cell surface B. the nucleus C. the cytoplasmic membrane D. the bacterial cell wall

A. a receptor on the cell surface

Which genetic material is most closely related to the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes that are required for translation and energy generation? A. bacterial genes B. protozoan nuclear genes C. archaeal genes D. plasmid genes

A. bacterial genes

A monophyletic group is a group that A. has the same fitness level. B. descended from one ancestor. C. possesses one taxonomic trait that is the same. D. shares one phylogenetic marker.

B. descended from one ancestor.

Nomenclature follows the binomial system, which means that the names of organisms are composed of which of the following? A. class name and family epithets B. genus names and species epithets C. species names and genus epithets D. domain names and phylum epithets

B. genus names and species epithets

You sequence an operon using transcriptome data. Can the transcriptome tell us sequence information on the genetic elements that regulate the expression of genes 1,2 and 3 together in the operon? A. Yes B. no

B. no

Sequencing an organism's genome often leads to identification of hypothetical proteins, which are characterized as __________. A. proteins that likely exist with known functions B. proteins that likely exist though their function is unknown C. proteins that are expressed D. proteins that are overexpressed

B. proteins that likely exist though their function is unknown

What is the genome-wide study of the structure, function, and regulation of an organism's proteins called? A. translatiomics B. proteomics C. genomics D. transcriptomics

B. proteomics

What do scientists call the entire complement of RNA produced under a given set of conditions? A. gene profile B. transcriptome C. RNAome D. proteome

B. transcriptome

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer? A. transduction B. vertical inheritance C. conjugation D. transformation

B. vertical inheritance

Are bacterial hosts common for enveloped viruses? A.Yes B.No

B.No

What are the short DNA fragments called that are used to initiate DNA synthesis in the Sanger dideoxy sequencing method? A. dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate B. deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate C. DNA polymerase D. primers

D. primers

In phylogeny, which of the following is NOT a domain? A. Eukarya B. Bacteria C. Plantae D. Archaea

C. Plantae

Can we predict polypeptide sequence from genomes? A.Yes, in Bacteria only B. Yes, in Eukaryotes only C. Yes, in both Bacteria and Eukaryote

C. Yes, in both Bacteria and Eukaryote

An organism's entire complement of genetic information, including noncoding DNA is known as the __________. A. proteome B. transcriptome C. genome D. metabolome

C. genome

Bacteriophage gene expression uses __________. A. virally encoded proteins only B. host cell-encoded proteins only C. host and virally encoded proteins D. bacterial proteins only

C. host and virally encoded proteins

Which of the following is NOT included in the genome? A. genes that encode RNAs B. noncoding regions of DNA C. proteins D. coding regions of DNA

C. proteins

These RNA viruses replicate through a DNA intermediate. A. enveloped viruses B. latent viruses C. retroviruses D. lysogenic viruses

C. retroviruses

Viruses that can infect their host and establish a stable, long-term relationship are known as __________. A. lytic B. naked C. temperate D. enveloped

C. temperate

Which of the following events took place after the endosymbiotic events leading to the formation of mitochondria? A. the development of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase B. the evolution of respiratory metabolism C. the development of multicellular eukaryotes D. a rise in atmospheric oxygen

C. the development of multicellular eukaryotes

Which virus types will need to bring their own ribosometo translate their genome? A. DNA viruses B. RNA viruses C. Both do D. Neither do

D. Neither do

Which technique is frequently used in phylogenetic analysis to obtain sufficient copies of a gene for sequencing? A. cDNA cloning B. FAME C. DNA hybridization D. PCR

D. PCR

The diagram given below shows a graph that represents viral replication. What phase begins as newly synthesized viral nucleic acid molecules are packaged into their protein capsids? A. latent phase B. release phase C. eclipse phase D. maturation phase

D. maturation phase

Homologous sequences descended from the same ancestral sequence found in different species are known as __________. A. ohnologs B. xenologs C. paralogs D. orthologs

D. orthologs