Micro Ch 11 Homework

Infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

Acute Infection

The RN advises the employee that she is at risk for which of the following diseases?

All of these

The persistent cholera epidemic studied by John Snow in London during the mid-1050s, during which he traced the source to a sewage-contaminated community pump.

Common-source epidemic

Select characteristics exhibited by endotoxins, but not exhibited by exotoxins.

Composed of lipopolysaccharide Heat-stable Fever-inducing

In order to prevent the spread of disease to other patients, the RN observes all of the following precautions, except:

Disinfection of needles following injections

The patient developed the infection since hospitalization. Which of the following terms best describes this type of infection?

Healthcare-associated infection

The RN has administered a dose of antibiotics to the mother as ordered. Which of the following statements by the patient demonstrates understanding of the rationale for antibiotics?

I need antibiotics because my child is at risk of infection due to premature rupture of membranes.

Which of the following statements is true regarding reportable diseases? Most of the reportable diseases are difficult to treat and have high mortality rates. Only virally-caused diseases are reportable due to their acute nature. There are over 75 reportable diseases caused by a large variety of microorganisms. Most of the reportable diseases are from tropical areas carried to the United States by foreign travel.

There are over 75 reportable diseases caused by a large variety of microorganisms.

An outbreak of chickenpox among unvaccinated children in a large Amish community

Propagated epidemic

Graph would show a steady increase in number of cases over time, followed by a slow tapering.

Propagated epidemic

An example is influenza complicated by pneumonia

Secondary InfectionSecondary Infection

Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, and may travel via nerves and CSF

Systemic Infection

Select all of the statements that correctly describe the infectious dose.

The infectious dose is the minimum number of organisms that must be present for an infection to proceed. Microbes with low infectious doses are usually highly virulent. Certain infections, like tuberculosis and giardiasis, may proceed even if only a small number of microbial cells are present.

5-As the symptoms of the infection decline, the patient enters a period of recovery called the _________________________ period.

convalescent

By law, certain _________ diseases must be recorded with the public health authorities in order to maintain proper surveillance at the local, state, national, and international levels. hypersensitive propagated chronic reportable

reportable

Select the three most prevalent types of healthcare-associated infections.

surgical site infections urinary tract infections respiratory infections

6-One must note that _________________ of a microbe during these four stages varies for every pathogen.

transmissibility

Move the microbes and statements to their correct category to review portals of entry and the organisms typically involved in these areas of the human body.

----Skin-- Microbes enter via insect bites, conjunctiva, or oral mucous membranes Staphylococcus aureus, Herpes simplex (type 1), West Nile virus ----Gastrointestinal tract-- Microbes enter via food, water or fomites Salmonella, Shigella, Hepatitis A ----Respiratory tract-- Microbes enter via inhalation Influenza, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus ----Urogenital tract-- Microbes enter through mucosa of penis or vagina HIV, Candida albicans, Trichomonas

Label the image to review the major portals of exit.

-bottom left to right Urine Skin cells and open lesions Coughing, sneezing insect bite Removal of blood Feces

Order the four steps of Koch's postulates as they would normally be applied.

2 isolate the suspected microbe from an infected host and cultivate it in pure culture in the laboratory 1 find evidence of particular microbe in every case a particular disease 3 inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate of the potential pathogen and observe the resultant disease 4 reisolate the disease agent from the test subject which now shows signs of disease

The mother displays no evidence of active Hepatitis B disease as her carrier status was discovered with routine prenatal screening. What term best describes her carrier state?

Asymptomatic carrier

Infection that persists over a long period of time (e.g., HIV)

Chronic Infection

Fecal transplants have been approved for use in patients with hard-to-treat ____________________ infection.

Clostridium difficile

Microbes enter the body and remain confined to a specific tissue

Localized Infection

Select the three basic ways in which microbes cause tissue damage.

Microbes release toxins that cause tissue damage. Microbes release enzymes that break down host tissue. Microbes activate a host response that is itself destructive to host tissue.

_________ pathogens, like Candida or Pseudomonas, are not usually pathogenic to healthy persons with normal immune system functions because these microbes do not have well-developed virulence factors. Virulent True Opportunistic Temperate

Opportunistic

The initial infectionSeveral microbes establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site

Primary Infection

Order the four stages in the course of an infection.

Prodromal stage-2 incubation period-1 convalescent period-4 period invasion-3

Which of the following is the first exposure of the infant to environmental microbes? Amniotic fluid in utero is thought to be sterile. The infant is first exposed to environmental microbes

Passage through vaginal canal

Please choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. _________ is the ability of a microbe to cause disease, whereas _________ refers to the relative severity of a disease caused by a particular microorganism. Virulence; opportunistic Virulence; pathogenicity Pathogenicity; opportunistic Pathogenicity; virulence

Pathogenicity; virulence

The patient is experiencing severe diarrhea every 6 hours. Which phase of infection is she most likely experiencing?

Period of invasion

An outbreak of Staphylococcal food poisoning among individuals who attended a family reunion and ate the potato salad.

Point- source epidemic

Graph would show a single prominent spike, restricted to a few days.

Point-source epidemic

If an infant is exposed to Hepatitis B from breast milk, which term best describes the pattern of transmission?

Vertical transmission

Choose the best definition of virulence factors.

characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease

Presence of organisms living in or on the body, but not causing any pathology.

colonization

Fecal transplants involve administration of an enema containing donor feces in an effort to replace the normal _________________ of the gastrointestinal tract.

microbiota

A teacher walking through her first-grade classroom pauses to pick up a used tissue that had ended up on the floor instead of in the waste basket. Unfortunately, after discarding the tissue, she doesn't immediately wash her hands, and acquires a strain of rhinovirus. Several days later she begins to experience symptoms of a cold. Based upon this scenario, please select the mode of disease transmission demonstrated here.

fromite

An infection that is acquired or develops during a person's stay in a hospital or other health facility is called a(n) _____________ or nosocomial infection.

healthcare-associated

During 2007, there were 3.6 new cases of pertussis per 100,000 susceptible individuals in the United States, part of a steady increase that has been occurring since the 1980s. Please select the term that is illustrated by this statistic. mortality prevalence incidence epidemic rate endemic rate

incidence

2-The _______________ period is the first phase, and is the time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms.

incubation

Pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply.

infection

Disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products.

infectious disease

4-During the period of ________________, the infectious agent multiplies at high levels and becomes well established in its target tissue.

invasion

Select the patterns of direct transmission of infectious disease.

kissing, touching mother to fetus (vertical) droplet

Select all of the sites where it was previously known that normal microbiota existed in large populations in/on the human body.

mouth throat large intestine skin vagina

This organism is a gram- ______________ bacterium and causes pseudomembranous colitis, infection of the ____________.

positive, colon

Label the images to examine patterns of infectious disease occurrence.

top left-(green) Endemic Occurrence top right-(red) Epidemic Occurrence bottom left-(blue) Sporadic Occurrence bottom right-(purple) Pandemic Occurrence

Typical treatments for this infection include the use of potent antibiotics such as _______________; however, the use of this drug only results in a ___________ cure rate.

vancomycin, 31%

In 2013, a study was published that indicated a _________ cure rate in patients treated with these transplants.

94%

Graph would show a sustained increase in cases over a period of time.

Common-source epidemic

Select those circumstances in which Koch's postulates cannot be readily applied or would be inappropriate to establish the cause of a disease.

The suspected pathogen cannot be cultured in the laboratory. There is not a suitable experimental host for the suspected pathogen. The disease is polymicrobial, caused by more than one pathogen.

Epidemiology is the study of disease in the __________. individual immunocompromised environment community

community

Select the patterns of indirect transmission of infectious disease.

food, water formats air

1-There are __________ distinct phases of infection and disease.

four

Label the image to examine how microbes cause tissue damage. Please use the pop-up hints to help you place the labels into the correct locations.

-finding a portal of entry Respiratory tract skin -attaching firmly Viral spikes capsules -surviving host defenses Avoiding phagocytosis -causing damage Excessive immune response -exiting host blood

Move the correct terms and/or concepts into their corresponding empty boxes within the figure to complete the concept map.

-left to right Disease, Illness, PathogenesisDisease, Illness, Pathogenesis No illnessNo disease, No pathogenesis, No illness Lack of growthLack of persistence, Lack of growth

Move the terms to their correct description to review the types of carrier states.

-top to bottom Passive carrierPassive carrier Asymptomatic carrierAsymptomatic carrier Convalescent carrierConvalescent carrier Chronic carrierChronic carrier Incubating carrierIncubating carrier

Move the terms or statements to their correct category to review various types of microbial virulence factors.

--Exoenzyme--- Mucinase produced in amoebic dysentery Hyaluronidase produced by streptococci and staphylococci Kinases (streptokinase, staphylokinase) Coagulase produced by staphylococci --Endotoxin--- Fever-inducing Systemic effect on many tissues and organs lipopolysacharide --Exotoxin--- Hemolysins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes Action is specific to one cell type Clostridium tetani tetanospasmin

Place the steps in the correct order to assess your knowledge of Koch's postulates.

1-Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a disease. 2-Isolate the microbe from an infected subject, and characterize the microbe through testing. 3-Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory specimen and observe the same disease. 4-Isolate the same agent from the test subject.

All are important topics to teach an employee, except which of the following?

A patient's infectious status must be known when reporting to employee health so immediate treatment may be initiated.

The infectious agent spreads to other tissues from a local site

Focal Infection

All of the following factors increase the patient's risk for Clostridium difficile infection, except:

Genetic defect

Drag the images to their corresponding class to review how the frequency and distribution of disease are depicted graphically through epidemiological tools called epidemic curves.

Point-source epidemic, a type of common source outbreak in which the period of exposure is brief, and all cases occur within one incubation period bar graph Jan. 16th- the bar is at 60 cases Common-source epidemic, where people are exposed continuously or intermittently to a harmful source and the period of exposure may be brief or long bar graph Jan. 18th- the bar is at 40 cases Propagated epidemic, an outbreak where transmission occurs from person to person; can last longer than common source outbreaks and may have multiple waves bar graph Jan. 18th and 19th- the bar is at 90 cases

If the patient is found to test positive for HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C, which of the following actions is legally required by the hospital facility?

Reporting the patient's positive test result to public health authorities

Select the two major goals of the Human Microbiome Project.

To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease

During a recent survey, 0.014% of the population showed evidence of a particular respiratory infection. Please select the term that is illustrated by this statistic. mortality prevalence incidence epidemic rate endemic rate

prevalence

3-The earliest notable symptoms of most infections appear during a short period known as the ______________ stage.

prodromal

Select characteristics exhibited by exotoxins, but not exhibited by endotoxins.

require very small doses to cause toxic effects secreted from a living cell have very specific targets

Percentage of healthcare-associated infections involving surgical sites

syringe with 19%

Percentage of healthcare-associated infections involving the urinary tract

syringe with 40%

Average rate of healthcare-associated infections in all admitted patients

syringe with 5%

Percentage of all healthcare-associated infections caused by gram-negative intestinal biota

syringe with >50%