MICRO EXAM 1
Lipids arranged in a bilayer will have the outside of the membrane be ___.
hydrophilic
viroids and satellites
infectious acellular agents composed of only rRNA -causes hepatitis
Iron is generally difficult for microbes to acquire because ___.
it is insoluble
Archaeal cell walls ___.
lack murein and D-amino acids
Chlamydiae organisms are unlike other gram-negative bacteria in that they ___.
lack peptidoglycan
Endospores have ___ membranes surrounding the core.
more than one
Chemotaxis is a process by which bacteria ___.
move toward an attractant or away from a repellent.
Carl Woses
person that was instrumental in demonstrating that bacteria and archaea are two different types of organisms with prokaryotic cell structure through the comparison of rRNA
algae
photosynthetic protists -produce 75% of planet's O2
slime molds
protists that behave like protozoa in one stage of life by like fungi in another -consume decaying vegetation such as logs and mulch
water molds
protists that grow on the surface of freshwater and moist soil
During T4 bacteriophage release, holin will ___.
put holes in the cell membrane
Many bacteria secrete ___ outside of the cell to capture substances like iron and allow those substances to be translocated into the cell.
siderophores
When facilitated diffusion's red-line becomes horizontal, this indicates ___.
solute saturation of carrier molecules
For viruses that infect plant cells, those viruses require ___ in order to infect the cell.
something to damage the cell wall
Most plant viruses have ___ genomes.
ssRNA
Lipids in the membranes arrange ___.
tail to tail (hydrophobic tail to hydrophobic tail)
Historically, prokaryotes were differentiated from eukaryotes by ___.
the absence of a nucleus
hydrogen hypothesis
the endosymbiont was an anaerobic bacterium that produced H2 and CO2 as end products of its metabolism
spontaneous generation
the idea that living organisms could develop from nonliving matter
The length of the capsid of a helical virus like TMV is determined mainly by ___.
the length of viral nucleic acids to be enclosed
The amphipathic character of lipids found in plasma membranes implies ___.
the lipid is asymmetric
The diameter of the capsid of a helical virus like TMV is determined mainly by ___.
the size and shape of the promoter proteins
The morphology of a virus is determined by ___.
the type of capsid symmetry and presence or absence of an envelop
microorganisms
those organisms and acellular biological entities too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye
extant organisms
those organisms present today
Active transport and facilitated diffusion are difference because active transport ___.
uses ATP to power the movement of materials across a membrane
Phospholipids Bacteria
(know that they make up the membrane) - Glycol basis - Fatty acids: ester linkages - Hydrophilic heads interact with water - Tails hydrophobic
Identify any examples of lysogenic conversion.
- (i)Corynebacterium diptheria causing diptheria in people - (i)Salmonella producing novel lipopolysaccharides
When did it happen?
- 4.6 bya: Earth - 3.9 bya: Bacteria arose (prokaryotes) - Earths atmosphere: methane, CO, nitrogen - Light as energy source - 3 bya: Cyanobacteria releases oxygen, photosynthesis - 2 bya: Eukaryotes - 0.5 bya: todays atmosphere 20% oxygen
Identify the components of the bacterial ribosome.
- 55 proteins - 5S rRNA - 23S rRNA - 16S rRNA
Fimbriae can ___.
- Aid in attachment to surfaces - Aid in the uptake of DNA (type IV) - Aid in motility (type IV)
Curing bacterial diseases
- Alexander Fleming: discovers penicillin - Florey and Chain: make penicillin commercially available
Identify the components of the cell wall fro gram-positive bacteria.
- Amino acids - NAG - NAM - Glycine crossbridge - Teichoic acids
The term "prokaryote" may refer to which groups of organisms?
- Archaea - Bacteria
Select all correct statements regarding the RNA component of ribosomal RNA.
- Archaea were originally distinguished from bacteria on the basis of their RNA sequences - Knowing the rRNA sequence of an organism would permit you to identify it as archaeal or bacterial
Match the cellular feature with its correct cell type, archaea or bacteria. Archaea; Bacteria.
- Archaea: lipids are either-linked - Bacteria: cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Which two stages of viral replication occur after viral synthesis?
- Assembly - Release
70S ribosomes are found in which of the following groups?
- Bacteria - Archaea
Contrast
- Bacteria are mostly water (70%) and have little contrast from background in the light microscope
In which ways are archaeal cells like bacterial cells?
- Both cell types are prokaryotic - Both cell types have similar mechanisms for generating energy
Select the two most common forms of viral release.
- Budding - Lysis
The HIV receptor is ___.
- CD4 - CCR5
Identify some characteristics of teichoic acids.
- Can be directly bound to peptidoglycan - Can be lipid-modified (lipoteichoic acid) - Negatively charged
Which of the following extracellular structures are unique to archaea?
- Cannulae - Hami
Slime layer or capsule
- Capsules firmly attached to cell wall, slime layers are not - Capsules exclude small molecules, slime layers do not - Polysaccharide or protein - Helps to form biofilms
Which of the following chemical modifications may be found in the lipids of the archaeal cell membrane?
- Carbohydrates may be attached to the glycerol - Phosphorus may be attached to the glycerol
Macroelements would include which of the following?
- Carbon - Sulfur - Oxygen - Hydrogen - a few others
Methanogens living in the digestive tract of ruminants convert which three chemicals into methane?
- Carbon dioxide - Hydrogen - Acetate
Which gases were present in the atmosphere/oceans of Early Earth?
- Carbon dioxide - Methane - Nitrogen - Hydrogen
In what ways are bacteria DIFFERENT from animals cells?
- Cell wall - Cellular arrangement - Size
Identify any of the following that has an association with the bacterial plasma membrane.
- Cellular respiration - Photosynthesis - Import/export proteins
Select all correct descriptions of viroid structure.
- Circular ssRNA - Relatively short; about 250 to 370 nucleotides long
Select all cell shapes that have been observed among the archaea.
- Cocci - Rods - Spiral shapes
Know bacterial structure and arrangements
- Coccus - Rod - Spirillum - Spirochete - Hypha - Stalk -Budding and appendages bacteria - Filamentous
Select all correct descriptions of archaeal chromosomes.
- Contain numerous proteins - Circular
Identify similarities between eukaryotic and bacterial cell membranes.
- Contains integral proteins - Composed of primarily lipids - Bilayer of lipids - Fluid - Contains peripheral proteins - Selectively permeable Composed of phospholipids
Advanced optics techniques can improve contrast:
- Darkfield - Phase-contrast - Interference microscopy
Prevention of bacterial and viral diseases by vaccination
- Edward Jenner: developed vaccine against smallpox using a related virus from cowpox - Pasteur: developed vaccines against chicken cholera and rabies using attenuated bacteria and virus
Flagella
- For motility - Spin CW and CCW to run and tymble - Driven by Proton Motive Force - Bacteria show taxis: movement toward attractant and away from repellants: chemical, oxygen, light, temperature
Sex pili are a bid different from fimbriae due to ___.
- Found in Eukaryotes - Determine conjugate (something)
Select the three methods used by viruses to gain entry into host cells.
- Fusion of the viral envelope with host cell membrane - Injection of viral nucleic acid into the cell - Endocytosis of the virus into the cell
Electron microscopy allows us to __.
- Get resolution down to .001 μm - Need a magnification of 150,000 to allow our photoreceptors to see everything from electron microscopy
Which type of bacterial motility often uses type IV pili?
- Gliding motility - Twitching motility
LPS layer
- Glycosamine and phosphate dimer and fatty acids are attached through ester and amine bonds - Hydrophobic - O polysaccharide related 40 units, core polysaccharide - Can use sugars to ID bacteria - E. coli O157H7 157 O antibody raised against different E. coli strands - H= flagella, raise antibodies against flagella - O157 antibody reacted with H7 flagella strand antibody
Which SUPPORTING roles do bacteria play in the human body?
- Help digest food in the intestines - Contribute to immune system development - Produces vitamins in the intestines
Which of the following proteins may be found complexed with archaeal chromosomes?
- Histones - Condensin
Identify any of the following that has direct involvement with viral attachment.
- Host receptor - Viral ligand
Select all correct descriptions of T4 phage, as shown in an image.
- Icosahedral head and helical tail - Binal symmetry - Lacks an envelope
Select the three methods that would most likely be successful in cultivating (growing) a plant virus
- Inoculating a culture of protoplasts - Rubbing a mixture of a virus and an abrasive on whole plants - Grafting part of an infected plant onto a healthy plant
Where did Eukarya come from?
- Interaction between archaea and bacteria - Archaea engulfed bacteria - Bacteria became mitochondria in the eukaryotic cell
Microscopy
- Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with an object fives us information about the object For visible light, we detect an image of the object with our eyes
Identify the functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton.
- Involved in cell division - Involved in cellular shape - Involved in the localization of specific proteins within the cell
Select the human diseases that are known to be caused by prions.
- Kuru - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Fatal familial insomnia
Select the characteristics that tend to be most common of organisms found in the domain Bacteria.
- Lack membrane-bound organelles - Peptidoglycan cell wall - Single-celled - Lack a nucleus
Identify the characteristics associated with bacterial caboxysomes found often in cyanobacteria.
- Location for CO2 fixation - Polyhedral protein coat - Type of inclusion body - Carbonic anhydrase
Indicate possible triggers for endospore production.
- Low levels of nutrients - Becoming too cold - Becoming too hot - Presence of hostile chemicals
To use a microscope, we must understand ____.
- Magnification - Resolution - Contrast
Identify the functions of a lipopolysaccharide.
- Makes a permeability barrier - Contributes to the negative charge of the cell - Stabilizes the outer membrane - Protects from environmental toxins (and immunological factors)
Fungi are found in which roles?
- Making bread rise - Producing antibiotics - Decomposing dead plants - Causing plant disease - Making mycorrhizal associations with roots - Causing human disease
Branching of the hydrocarbon chains in archaeal lipids mostly affects which two membrane properties?
- Membrane fluidity - Membrane permeability
What are Bacteria?
- Microbes are too small to be seen with the naked human eye -Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea - Eukaryotes: Algae & plants, Fungi & animals, Protists
Match the following terms with the correct description. Monotrichous; amphitrichous; lophotrikhous; peritrichous.
- Monotrichous: single flagellum - Amphitrichous: flagella located at both ends of the cell - Lophotrichous: a cluster of flagella at one or both ends of the cell - Peritrichous: flagella scattered about the entire surface of the cell
Which characteristics are typical of protozoans?
- Motile -Unicellular - Hunters and grazers - Ingest organic matter
Identification
- Need to assign bacteria to Domain, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species - Done using a combination of phonetic, genotypic and phylogenetic data - We often use numerical taxonomy to identify bacteria - Uses classical traits to generate systematic groupings of bacteria (gram stain, rod or coccus, oxidase secretion) - Probabilistic matrix approach groups organisms on the basis of similarities (computerized, takes all data at once)
Select all correct statements about prion diseases in humans and other animals.
- No cures or effective treatments - Uniformly fatal - Affect heart function
Select all components that make up the nucleocapsid of a virus.
- Nucleic acid - Capsid
Ribosomes are composed of ___.
- Nucleic acid - Protein
Which of the following would you expect to find in the cytoplasm of archaeal cells?
- Nucleoid - Plasmids - Ribosomes
Match the following cytoplasm components based on the best description. Nucleoid; ribosome; plasmid; inclusion body; cytoskeleton.
- Nucleoid: composed of DNA and protein - Ribosome: composed of RNA and protein - Plasmid: typically circular DNA that is not always needed - Inclusion body: often an aggregate of materials surrounded by protein - Cytoskeleton: network for protein polymers
Microscopy: visible wavelengths of objects good range apart
- Objects (bacteria is of size range of 1μm apart) so visible wavelengths of 0.4 to 0.75 μm are good
Select the minimum attributes of life.
- Obtaining and using energy - Orderly structure - Reproduction/replication
The light microscope
- Ocular lens has 10x magnification - Objective (10x, 40x, 100x oil)
Which of the following substances may use Passive Diffusion for movement across a membrane?
- Oxygen - Carbon dioxide - Water
Spontaneous generation
- Pasteur: disproved for microorganisms - Lister Allowed other advances such as aseptic surgery - Koch: Pure culture
which of the following viral activities is considered occurring during "viral entry"?
- Penetration - Uncoating
Identify any of the following as examples of viruses.
- Phage - Influenza virus - SARS - HIV - H1N1 - Bacteriophages
Select all possible components of a bacterial cell envelope.
- Plasma membrane - Cell wall - Slime layer
Select the four cellular structures that can be the source of viral envelopes.
- Plasma membrane - Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Nuclear membrane
Identify the characteristics associated with bacterial carboxysomes found often in cyanobacteria.
- Polyhedral protein coat - Type of inclusion body - Carbonic anhydrase - Location for CO2 fixation
Select all material that may be found in archaeal cell walls, external to the S-layer.
- Polysaccharide - Protein sheath
Where are bacteria absent on the human body?
- Present in all of these: - Mouth - Intestines - Skin
The functions of the cell wall include:
- Protection from toxic substances - Protection from osmotic stress - Defines cell shape
Select all components of the archaeal cell that would be found in the nucleoid.
- Proteins - Chromosomal DNA
Select the three groups of archaeal ribosomal proteins.
- Proteins unique to archaeal ribosomes - Proteins observed in ribosomes of archaea and eukaryotes - Proteins observed in ribosomes of all three domains of life
Which two of the following would be likely targets of viral proteins that can bind to tumor suppressor proteins?
- Rb - p53
Bacteria make biotechnology possible through ___.
- Restriction enzymes - PCR polymerases - CRISPR/cas gene systems
The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria ___.
- Retains the cytoplasm and its contents. - Acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing some molecules to pass while preventing the movement of others. - Is the major site of ATP synthesis in aerobes.
Teichoic acids could be composed of ___.
- Ribitol - Glycerol - Phosphate groups
Which of the following is a characteristic of active transport?
- Saturable uptake rate - Use of ATP or a proton gradient as a source of metabolic energy - Can move materials against a concentration gradient
Identify any of the following that describes typical plasmids.
- Small relative to the chromosome - Most known plasmids are circular - Replicates fairly independently - Composed of DNA
Identify all the general SIMILARITIES between Bacteria and Archaea.
- Smaller than Eukaryotes - Lacking membrane bound organelles
Identify and growth factors listed below.
- Some amino acids - Vitamins - Some nucleotides
Select all the reasons that archaea are of interest to scientists.
- Some archaea produce methane, a greenhouse gas - Archaea share features with bacteria and eukaryotes - Some archaea live in extreme environments like hot springs
Which of the following statements are correct regarding the protein components of archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic ribosomes?
- Some ribosomal proteins are unique to archaea - Archaeal ribosomes have more proteins than bacterial ribosomes do - Some ribosomal proteins are found in all three domains
The Germ Theory
- Specific bacteria causes specific human diseases - Many contributions but especially those of Koch, Pasteur and Lister led to the germ theory
Identify the different motility traits founding bacteria that use flagella.
- Spinning (clockwise of CCW) - Corkscrewing (causing the cell body to spin)
Identify the functions of bacterial inclusions.
- Storage - Reduce osmotic pressure
Granules and Inclusions
- Store compounds for true use - Carbon stored as polyhydroxyl butyrate and glycogen - Phosphate stored as polyphosphate - Sulfur stores as elemental sulfur - Nitrogen stored as
LPS is composed of ___.
- Sugars - Lipids
Identify the method for motility used by some bacteria.
- Swarming (flagella) - Twitching (pili) - Corkscrew movement (spirochete have axial flagella that allows the bacterial cell to rotate in a corkscrew manner) - Gliding - Swimming (flagella)
Gram-positive bacterial cell walls
- Teichoic acid - Thick peptidoglycan layer - S layer: decorated with sugar chains - Lipotechoic acids: polders of revital or glycerol
Identify any of the following which can give rise to a particular viral morphology.
- The of capsid symmetry - Presence or absence of an envelope
Which of the following statements about archaea flagellum are correct?
- Their rotation is powered by ATP hydrolysis - The cell changes direction by changing the direction of flagellar rotation
Match the following examples of taxis with their definitions. Thermotaxis; phototaxis; osmotaxis; aerotaxis.
- Thermotaxis: stimulant=temperature - Phototaxis: stimulant=light - Osmotaxis: stimulant=osmotic pressure - Aerotaxis: stimulant=oxygen
Select all correct statements regarding the structure of archaeal flagella.
- They are thinner than bacterial flagella - They are composed of multiple types of flagellin subunits
Which of the following is/are true of capsules?
- They help bacteria escape phagocytosis by host cells - They retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria - They prevent entry of many bacterial viruses.
Gram-negative bacterial cell walls
- Thin peptidoglycan later - Porins - LPS - Inner membrane allows small uncharged molecules through
X-ray diffraction
- To see molecules at atomic resolution we need radiation of ~ 1 Å - X-rays have this wavelength and allow us to visualize biological molecules at atomic resolution - short wavelengths - computer projects structure - see individual atoms
Bacterial twitching motility will often require ___.
- Type IV pili - Slime production
Endospores
- Unique structures very resistant to environmental stresses - Dehydrated - No metabolism - DNA protected by Calcium dipicolinate and small acid-soluble proteins - Several outer layers to protect against chemicals and enzyme
Select all correct statements about poxviruses.
- Vaccinia virus is an example - They can be seen with the light microscope - They are relatively large
Viral specificity for a host cell type is dependent on ___.
- Viral ligand - Host receptor
Select the two main advantages that explain why lysogeny evolved in bacteriophages.
- Viral nucleic acid can be maintained in a dormant host - The bacteriophage can survive at high multiplicity of infection
Which entities are generally included in the field of microbiology?
- Viroids - Bacteria - Slime molds - Archaea - Algae - Yeasts
Which entities are acellular?
- Viruses - Prions - Viroids
Bacteriophage
- Viruses that infect bacteria - Can have DNA and RNA genomes, ss or ds, circular or linear - Capsid can be filamentous or polyhedral - Inert when extracellular, can cause lytic infection or lysogenic infection when nuclei acid enters a bacterial cell
Which features distinguish archaeal cells from bacterial cells?
- rRNA sequences - Unique membrane lipids - Lack of peptidoglycan cell walls
What are the domains of life based on rRNA comparisons?
-Bacteria - Archaea - Eukarya
microbe
-a microorganism -something that is microscopic -lack differentiate tissues -includes prokaryotes and certain classes of eukaryotes
prokaryotic cells
-contents are not divided into compartments by membranes -lack membrane bound nucleus (nucleoid instead0 -bacteria and archaea
RNA world
-describes a precellular stage to proceed to the evolution of cellular life forms, a lipid membrane must have formed around the RNA
archaea
-distinctive rRNA sequences -lack of peptidoglycan in the cell wall -unique membrane lipids -found in extreme environments -methanogens
cellular entities
-fungi -protists -bacteria -archaea
eukaryotic cells
-have a nucleus -have many other membrane-bound organelles -separate cellular materials
eukarya
-microorganisms classified as protists and fungi -plants and animals -membrane-bound nucleus -membrane bound organelles -protists
bacteria
-single-celled organisms -cell wall--> composed of peptidoglycan -lack membrane-bound nucleus -abundant in soil, water, and air -nucleoid--> site of DNA -typical prokaryotic structure
protozoa
-unicellular animal-like protists -function as the principle hunters and grazers of the microbial world -obtain nutrients by ingesting organic matter and other microbes
acelluar entities
-viruses -viroids -satellites -prions
The RNA of viroids encodes how many gene products?
0
Which of the lipids indicated have derived from archaea?
1, 2, and 3 (ethers; no double bonds)
Rank the following from smallest to largest in size.
1. A typical protein 2. A typical virus 3. A typical bacterial cell 4. A typical eukaryotic cell
List the order of endospore activation to a vegetative cell.
1. Activation 2. Germination 3. Outgrowth
Give the correct order for a typical viral life cycle beginning with the virus "floating around" in the environment.
1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Synthesis 4. Self-assembly 5. Release
Order the following structures (layers) that a small molecule must pass through as it moves from outside of an encapsulated gram negative cell to the cytoplasm.
1. Capsule 2. Outer membrane 3. Periplasm and Peptidoglycan 4. Plasma membrane
For electromagnetic radiation to resolve an object, certain conditions must exist:
1. Contrast between object and its medium 2. Wavelength smaller than the object 3. A detector with sufficient resolution for the given wavelength
Place the following in order to describe the gram-staining process.
1. Crystal violet treatment 2. Iodine treatment 3. Alcohol treatment 4. Safranin treatment
Organize the structure of the flagella starting with the top and working down.
1. Filament 2. Hook 3. Basal body
Arrange the parts of viral growth curve that were determined by the one-step growth experiment developed by Debruck and Ellis.
1. Latent period 2. Rise period 3. Plateau
Arrange the steps in Delbruck and Ellis's one-step growth experiment in chronological order, with the earliest step at the top.
1. Mix T4 phage with E. coli bacteria 2. Incubate for a short period to allow T4 to attach to E. coli 3. Greatly dilute the culture so visions don't infect new cells then incubate 4. Remove samples over time to determine the number of infectious phage particles
Select the three direct methods for counting viruses.
1. Quantitative real-time PCR 2. Electron microscopy 3. Immuno-fluorescence microscopy
Sheep can contract scrapie, with is the best-studied prion disease. Arrange the likely steps in the development of scrapie in chronological order, with the earliest step at the top.
1. The animal ingests PrP^SC, the abnormal form of the scrapie prion 2. PrP^SC enters the animal's brain 3. PrP^SC causes the normal PrP^C to change conformation, forming more PrP^SC 4. PrP^SC accumulates, causing brain disease
Arrange these events that allow an enveloped virus (e.b. paramyxovirus) to enter host cells in chronological order, with the earliest event at the top.
1. The viral envelope glycoproteins interact with host cell membrane proteins 2. Viral and host cell membranes fuse 3. Formation of proteinaceous fusion pore 4. Nucleocapsid enters host cell cytoplasm 5. Viral enzyme begins synthesizing viral mRNA
Arrange the steps in RNA silencing by viroids according to the order in which they occur, with the earliest event at the top.
1. Viroids hybridize to specific host mRNA molecules 2. Destruction of viroid-host hybrid dsRNA molecule 3. Normal host cell functions are compromised, cause disease
Which of the following describes the average size of a rod bacterium like Escherichia coli?
1.1-1.2 micro meters wide and 2-6 micro meters long
How thick is an archaeal flagellum?
10-14 nm
What is the LD50 depicted by this graph?
10^-6
The detector, out due can only distinguish thins about ___ apart. We need to magnify an image of the bacteria.
150 μm apart
Match the following bacterial ribosome relationships. 16S rRNA 23S rRNA & 5S rRNA 21 Proteins 34 Proteins
16S rRNA - small RNA-component subunit 23S rRNA - large RNA-component subunit 21 proteins - small protein-component subunit 34 proteins - large protein-component subunit
When was the Gram-Staining process introduced?
1884
The approximate dimension of fimbriae are ___.
3 to 10 nm in diameter and up to several micro meters long.
In gram-negative bacteria, the periplasmic space is ___ wide.
30 to 70 nm
The size of a viral genome can be ___.
4,000 to 1,200,000 nucleotides long
What is the approximate age of the Earth?
4.5 billion years
0.2 mls of a 10-4 dilution of a virus preparation yields 90 plaques. What is the number of PFU per ml in the undiluted virus preparation?
4.5x10^6
How thick is a common plasma membrane?
5-10 nm
Bacterial ribosome are composed of two subunits, the ___ and the ___.
50S and 30S
Substances of approximately ___ or smaller can pass through porin proteins in the outer membrane.
600 daltons
Sphereoplasts are formed when ___.
A bacterial cell is treated with lysoszyme
What term is used to describe the host cell component that a virus will bind to for attachment?
A receptor
Bacterial hopanoids can be described as ___ because the originate from steroids.
A type of sterol
ATP-binding cassette transporters are also known as ___ transporters.
ABC transporters
Phosphorelay systems (PTS) are often ___.
Absent in aerobic bacteria
The use of ATP to power the movement of substance across a membrane is commonly referred to as ___ transport.
Active
Nutrients can be concentrated from dilute solutions by ___.
Active transport and group translocation.
___ is used to decolorize bacterial cells during the gram-staining process.
Alcohol
Which of the following best describe the host range for the generalized notion of a virus?
All living organisms
What term is used to describe the asymmetric character of the lipids found in membranes?
Amphipathic
Bacterial inclusions are ___.
An aggregate of materials within the cell
What sort of bacteria would you typically find phosphorelay systems (PTS) working?
Anaerobic
The membrane-bound organelle called the ___ is observed in some members of the phylum Planctomycetes and alls for anaerobic ammonia oxidation.
Anammoxosome
A tumor is a growth or lump resulting from ___ and this word implies that the tumor is reverted to a more primitive and less differentiated state.
Anaplasia
During secondary active transport, when ions move opposite to the movement of a substance this is termed ___.
Antiport
The domain Eukarya does not include which groups of organisms?
Archaea
Which group is NOT one of the FIVE KINGDOMS of life?
Archaea
Which of the following organisms appears to blur the lines between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Archaea
You are working with a newly described microorganism that has flagella that are solid, 10 nm in diameter, and composed of more than one type of flagellin subunit. Based on the type of flagella, which type of organism is this?
Archaea
How do the sizes of archaeal and bacterial cells compare?
Archaeal and bacterial cells are about the same size
The first step in a typical viral life cycle is ___.
Attachment
A "pure" culture is one that is also known as a(n) ______ culture.
Axenic
The Domain Eukarya does not include which group of organisms?
Bacteria
Which group is NOT one of the FIVE KINGDOMS of life?
Bacteria
Which of the following organisms groups can have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan?
Bacteria
Which is a role played by bacteria?
Bacteria are involved in all of these: - Making of bread and cheese - Production of vitamins and antibiotics - Breaking down dead plant material - Cycling elements in the biosphere
Match the following relationships. Bacterial cell membrane; Eukaryotic cell membrane.
Bacterial cell membrane: hopanoids Eukaryotic cell membrane: cholesterols
Archaeal flagella function most like ___.
Bacterial flagella (rotation propels the cell)
Viruses that infect bacterial cells are generally called ___.
Bacteriophage
Silk-worm disease was shown to be due to fungal infections by Agostino ______ in 1835.
Bassi
Potato blight disease was found to be caused by a water mold by M.J. _______.
Berkely
Refraction enables magnification
Bi convex, larger and inverted
A membrane made with lipids composed of 20 carbon diethers will form a ___.
Bilayer
The application of computers to genetic sequence analysis gave rise to the field of ___________.
Bioinformatics
Match the term with the differences between microbial strains that define it. Biovar Morphovar Serovar Pathovar
Biovar: Biochemical Morphovar: Shape Serovar: Antibody reaction Pathovar: Plant host
How does the size of the rRNA component of the ribosomes compare between archaea and bacteria?
Both contain rRNA that is 16S, 23S, and 5S
What type of viruses can use endocytosis as a means of viral entry?
Both enveloped viruses and naked viruses
What property is shared by archaeal and bacterial ribosomes?
Both have 50S and 30S subunits
All known prion diseases cause degeneration of what tissue?
Brain
Each organism used for comparison is represented by a(n) ________ on a phylogentic tree.
Branch
What compound links the outer membrane to the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria?
Braun's lipoprotein
The illustration shows the viral process of ___.
Budding
The specific process of an ENVELOPED virus leaving the cell is called ___.
Budding
Many bacterial gas vacuoles are principally used for ___.
Buoyancy
The image shows typical results of a one-step growth curve. Match each component show in the graph with the best description.
Burst size: number of virions produced per infected cell Eclipse: initial portion of the later period during which host cells contain no complete virions Latent period: time after infection where an increasing number of infective virions are present but none are released Rise period: time when infective visions are being released into the medium
A new protein has been described that transports a growth factor across the plasma membrane. This protein is most likely a/an: A. peripheral membrane protein, facing outward. B. peripheral membrane protein, facing the cytoplasmic side. C. integral membrane protein. D. cytoplasmic protein
C. integral membrane protein.
Hollow, tubelike structures observed on the cell surface of the genus Pryodictium are called ___.
Cannulae
The protein coat that surrounds the viral nucleic acid is called the ___.
Capsid
Which of the following viral structures is composed of just the protein that surrounds the viral nucleic acid?
Capsid
Icosahedral capsids are composed of repeating ring- or knob-shaped protein subunits called ___.
Capsomers: for icosahedral capsids, capsomers are composed of six promoters that are subunits that make up these ring-or knob-shaped proteins
The well molecularly-organized ___ is located outside of the cell membrane and is well known to aid in the resistance to phagocytes.
Capsule
Match the following according to their relationships: Capsule; slime layer; S-layer
Capsule: organized sugar layer Slime layer: unorganized sugar layer S-layer: organized protein layer
What is the name of a structure found in cyanobacteria which is about 100nm across and is the location for enzymes responsible for CO2 fixation?
Carboxysome
The binomial system for naming organisms was created by _____ _________.
Carl Linnaeus
Sortase is a protein enzyme of bacteria that ___.
Catalyzes covalent attachment of some surface proteins to petidoglycan.
All bacterial layered structures from the cell membrane out are collectively referred to as the ___.
Cell envelope
In prokaryotes, the plasma membrane and everything external to it is called the ___.
Cell envelope
The ___ is defined as the plasma membrane and all surrounding layers external to it.
Cell envelope
Which of the following structures necessitates the production of exoenzymes?
Cell membrane
Cell membrane Bacteria in-depth structure
Cell membrane is fluid Integral membrane proteins - NOT like porins - Specific for unique sugar or amino acid
Which of the following is considered true regarding cell membranes?
Cell membranes are a heterogeneous mixture of complex compounds floating in a "sea" of lipids
As a cell gets larger, which attribute increases fastest/most?
Cell volume
A strongly distinguishing characteristic of Domain Bacteria, almost all bacteria have a(n) ___ outside the cell membrane.
Cell wall
In most bacterial cells, the ___ is the next structural layer, surrounding the cell and extending out from the plasma membrane.
Cell wall
Which structure of bacteria dictates the outcome of gram-staining?
Cell wall
Match the following common structure of bacteria with their function. Cell wall; cell membrane; capsule; ribosomes.
Cell wall - resistance to osmotic stress Cell membrane - selectively permeable barrier Capsule - Protective layer verses dehydration and sometimes aids in adherence to surfaces Ribosomes - responsible for protein synthesis
In contrast to their effect on many bacteria, the enzyme lysozyme and penicillin-type antibiotics have no effect on archaea because archaea have different ___.
Cell wall structure
A porcelain bacterial filter was first constructed by Charles ________.
Chamberland
Which of the following describe proteins that aid in the translocation of materials across a membrane?
Channels and carriers
Chemotaxis requires a stimulating molecule to bind (trigger) the ___.
Chemoreceptor
Halobacterium species can move toward chemicals that are nutrient sources by flagella-mediated motility. This type of movement is called ___.
Chemotaxis
The movement of a cell toward or away from a specific CHEMICAL stimulant is called ___.
Chemotaxis
How does chromosome length compare with cell length?
Chromosomes are longer than cells
Most bacteria have ___ chromosomes(s).
Circular
Which of the following components of an endospore is composed of highly crosslinked protein?
Coat
Which of the following components of an endospore is primarily resistant to lysozyme?
Coat
The archaea in the image have what basic cellular morphology?
Cocci (round bundles)
Endospores were discovered in heat-resistant bacteria by Ferdinand ________.
Cohn
Which of the following functions are associated with chromosome organizing proteins like histones and condensins?
Compaction
Viruses that have both icosahedral and helical and possibly other symmetry is collectively referred to as ___.
Complex symmetry
This image shows what sort of viral symmetry?
Complex: final symmetry is another correct answer for the T4 phage
Which characteristic is NOT typical of cellular microbes?
Composed only of protein and nucleic acids
A feature unique to some archaeal plasma membranes is that they may ___.
Consist of a lipid monolayer
Which feature describes eukaryotic cells?
Contain a nucleus
Connecting the lipid A of LPS to the O antigen is the ___.
Core polysaccharide
What is the main focus of agricultural microbiology?
Crops and animal production
The process of spontaneously losing a plasmid or purposefully forcing a plasmid to be lost is called ___.
Curing
The process of spontaneously losing plasmid to purposefully forcing a plasmid to be lost is called ___.
Curing
To better understand the genome of Borrelia burgdorferi, a researcher decides to force the bacterium to lose plasmids. This process of plasmid loss is called ___.
Curing
You have been studying the effect of a concentration gradient on the rate of transport of a nutrient into a bacterial cell. If a carrier protein is involved in the transport of this nutrient, which curve would you expect to see?
Curved
Which organisms contributed to enriching early Earth's atmosphere with oxygen?
Cyanobacteria-like cells
Virally infected eukaryotic cells often show microscopic or macroscopic abnormalities that are generally called ___.
Cytopathic effects
The most inclusive term to describe the contents within the plasma membrane is ___.
Cytoplasm
The network of proteins that crisscross the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and give structural strength and in some instances, movement are called the ___.
Cytoskeleton
Which of the following contribute(s) to the differences between the members of the Domain Archaea and the Domain Bacteria? A. Archaea lack muramic acid. B. Archaea have isopranyl glycerol ethers rather than fatty acid esters in their membrane lipids. C. Archaea differ from bacteria in their tRNA composition, ribosome structure, and antibiotic sensitivity. D. all of these.
D. all of these
The genetic information of the cell is stored in a polymer of _______.
DNA
Nucleoid
DNA condensed by: - Charge neutralization: magnesium ions and polyamide - Supercoiling - Small positively charged DNA binding proteins
Because viroids code for no enzymes of their own, it is believed that they are replicated by a normal host cell enzyme called ___.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Which is the best definition of a microbial strain?
Descendants of a single, pure microbial culture
Beijerinck and Winogradsky
Disvoer many bacteria from the environment with unique biochemistry- lithographs (bacteria that can grow using ammonia hydrogen sulfur and iron as an energy source)
Most viruses can be seen using a(n) ___.
Electron microscope
This image shows entry of a nonenveloped virus by receptor-mediated ___.
Endocytosis
Some bacteria can make a dormant structure which is resistant to many very hostile environments called a(n) ___.
Endospore
Which bacterial structure may survive if temperatures applied during food preservation processes are too low?
Endospores
Which of the following best describes why the food industry has trouble dealing with human pathogens that can make endospores?
Endospores are resistant to many cooking techniques
The _______ hypothesis proposes an origin for mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.
Endosymbiotic
The origin of mitochondria is included in which theory?
Endosymbiotic hypothesis
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria is also known as ___.
Endotoxin
In order to multiply, viruses must __________.
Enter host cells
Look at the image. What structure is different concerning these two viruses?
Envelope
The outer membranous layer found surround some viruses is called the ___.
Envelope
Which of the following viral structures comes principally from the host cell?
Envelope
Catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells called:
Enzymes
In archaeal plasma membranes, hydrocarbons are attached to glycerol by ___ links, instead of the ester links seen in bacterial and eukaryotic lipids.
Ether
The chemical group indicated (in purple) shows which type of chemical linkage? (bent)
Ether
The processes and molecules used to replicate and express the genome in archaea are most like the processes and molecules in which types of organisms?
Eukaryotes
Generally, membrane-bound organelles can be found in ________.
Eukaryotes only
Enzymes that are secreted outside the cell to principally degrade large compounds so they can be imported are called ___.
Exoenzymes
Organisms that survive today are considered to be _____organisms (the opposite of extinct organisms)
Extant
The "energy-free" movement of molecules across a membrane with the aid of a transporting protein is called ___.
Facilitated diffusion
T of F: Plasmids replicate only when the bacterial chromosome replicates.
False
T or F: Archaeons power their flagella by proton motive force (PMF), whereas bacteria empower their flagella by ATP hydrolysis.
False
T or F: If you remove the peptidoglycan layer from a Gram-positive cell, it would still stain purple with a Gram stain.
False
T or F: Sedimentation coefficients are proportional to the molecular weight of a particle and are not affected by the volume and shape of the particle.
False
T or F: All archaea are methanogens.
False (methanogens are only one physiological group in domain Archaea)
T of F: Peptidoglycan is a major component of the cell walls of both archaea and bacteria.
False: Archaea lack peptidoglycan
Pasteur demonstrated that yeasts and bacteria each produce specific metabolic products such as alcohols and organic acids using the metabolic pathway known as _________.
Fermentation
What term is used to describe long chains of cells found in cyanobacteria?
Filamentous
Typical numbering in the 100's to 1000's, the thin and relative to the cell, short hair-lie projections extending from the bacterial cell are called ___.
Fimbriae
___ is a word used often interchangeably with pili.
Fimbriae
Which of the following is the typical motility structure of bacteria?
Flagella
In most bacteria, the proton motive force directly will power ___.
Flagella movement
This bacterial cell image shows several long tube-like structures called ___ and hundreds of hairlike projections called ___.
Flagella; Fimbriae
Drs. Singer and Nicholson proposed a model to describe how lipids behave in a membrane called the ___ model.
Fluid Mosaic
Which of the following best describes the bacterial cell membrane?
Fluid mosaic
How many basal body rings are found in gram-negative bacteria?
Four
It is believed that chloroplasts were once
Free-living bacterial cells
Which of the following is an E. coli cytoskeletal protein that is well known to be involved in cell division during bacterial binary fission?
FtsZ
Bacterial Cytoskeleton
FtsZ: forms "Z-ring" in spherical cells (tubular) MreB: forms coil inside rod-shaped cells (actin) CreS "Crescentin": forms a polymer long the inner-side of the crescent-shaped bacteria (intermediate filaments)
Common bacterial micro compartments composed of a protein shell often contain ___.
Functioning enzymes
Common bacterial microcompartments composed of a protein shell often contain ___.
Functioning enzymes
The term ___ refers to the merging of the viral envelope
Fusion
All of the genetic material in an organism is called a(n)
Genome
The first part of a Latin binomial is the name of the _________.
Genus
The notion that microorganisms cause disease is called the _______ theory of disease.
Germ
What term is used the outer sugary coating that encompasses the terms of capsule and slime layers?
Glycocalyx
Lipopolysacchararides are found in ___ bacteria.
Gram-negative
Lipopolysaccharides are found in ___ bacteria.
Gram-negative
___ bacteria have an inner membrane and an outer membrane.
Gram-negative
Technoic acids are common among ___.
Gram-positive bacteria
You discover a new transport system used by a newly discovered bacterial species. The sugars that are transported using this system are phosphorylated as they enter the bacterial cell. You would describe this transport system as a(n) _____.
Group translocation
Which of the following describes the phosphotransferase system (PTS)?
Group translocation transporter
Compounds that must be acquired from the environment for cell survival are called ___.
Growth factors
The host cell receptors CD4 and CCR5 are molecular targets for which virus?
HIV
The external cellular structures that resembles miniature grappling hooks are called.
Hami
What was John Tyndall's (1820-1893) contribution to microbiology?
He showed that dust carried microbes.
The image shown here is best described as ___.
Helical
Regarding the influenza virus, what is the name of the protein that facilitates viral attachment to red blood cells?
Hemagglutinin
Protomers which combine as groups of six to make capsomers are called ___.
Hexons
During facilitated diffusion, substances move from a ___ concentration of molecules to a ___ concentration of molecules.
High to low
The book Micrographia by Robert __________contained the earliest drawings of microscopic views of fungi and plants.
Hooke
The movement of genes between microbial individuals in the same generation is called
Horizontal gene transfer
RNA viruses always encode the enzymes needed to replicate their genomes because ___.
Host cells typically do not have ways to make RNA from RNA templates
Virus will attach to host cells via a viral ligand and a ___.
Host receptor
The ancient Greek physician Galen believed that disease was caused by bad _______.
Humours
The endosymbiotic theory for mitochondria has been modified to suggest that the host became depended on the gas ________ produced by the symbiont.
Hydrogen
The heads of a phospholipid are said to be polar in nature which could also be said to be ___ in regards to its affinity toward water.
Hydrophilic
The core of an archaeal membrane is ___.
Hydrophobic
The tails of a phospholipid are said to be nonpolar in nature which could also be said to be ___ in regards to its affinity toward water.
Hydrophobic
What sort of characteristic must be found regarding any proteins that extend through a membrane? Answer: The protein must have ___.
Hydrophobic regions to extend through the membrane with hydrophilic regions interacting with the membrane exterior
A mycelium consists of a network of long branched ___.
Hyphae
Which describes a major difference between integral proteins (IP) and peripheral proteins (PP)?
IP are difficult to disassociate from membranes
The viral capsid in this image shown is best describe as ___.
Icosahedral
In the late 1800's, scientists discovered aggregates of materials within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) and called them ___.
Inclusions
Because it measures an effect of a virus, rather than actually counting virions, a hemagglutination assay is considered to be what type of viral counting method?
Indirect
Oncoviruses are known for their ability to ___.
Induce cancer
When some phages in conditions causes a prophage to begin synthesizing and assembling new virions, this is called ___.
Induction
The dose of visions needed to infect 50% of host organisms is called the ___.
Infectious dose (ID50)
Which of the following would make an excellent transported proteins for materials to cross the plasma membrane?
Integral proteins
What is the name for the group whose job is to categorize viruses?
International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
During gram-staining, ___ will bind to crystal violet and keep it from leaving the cell during the alcohol step.
Iodine
What stop occurs between the crystal violet step and the alcohol step during gram-staining?
Iodine step
Almost all microbes require ___ for use of cytochromes and many enzymes.
Iron
The ribosomes of at least one archaeon contain 5.8S RNA, which is significant because 5.8S rRNA ___.
Is also found in eukaryotes.
Agar plates are useful for which of the following?
Isolating microbial strains
What happens to the "parent cell" at the end of sporulation?
It is destroyed
How does the endospore get its second membrane?
It is engulfed by the parent cell
If the difference between two concentrations of solutes drop then what happens to facilitated diffusion?
It slows down
The location of the cell wall is ___.
Just outside the plasma membrane
Criteria used for proving the relationship between microorganisms and specific diseases are called ______ postulates.
Koch's
Which of the following compounds is well-known to protect gram-negative bacteria from various environmental toxic substances?
LPS
Which of the following polymers is composed of lipids and sugars?
LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
The last universal common ancestor is termed _________ for short.
LUCA
What is the most common trigger for sporulation?
Lack of nutrients
Bacterial micro compartments (a type of inclusion) are composed of ___.
Large polyhedrons of proteins
The bacterial chromosome is ___ (relative to its cell volume) and therefore it ___.
Large; requires organized packaging
Flagella are ___ compared to fimbriae.
Larger
The dose of visions needed to kill 50% of host organisms is called the ___.
Lethal dose (LD50)
The ___ component of the LPS can act as a toxin to people infected with gram-negative bacteria.
Lipid A
Which component of LPS anchors the compound in the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria?
Lipid A
The plasma membranes of bacteria and archaea differ mainly in which component?
Lipids
The first use of antiseptics in surgery is attributed to Joseph ___________.
Lister
Hopanoid fatty acid
Look like cholesterol - Only bacteria make hopanoids - Ring structures are hydrophobic - OH groups are hydrophilic (sugar) - Stabilize cell membranes
Scanning electron microscopy
Looking at surface of bacterial cells, for flagella, pili
___ is a term used to specifically describe a cell bursting open.
Lysis
Bacteria infected by temperate phages are called ___.
Lysogenic bacteria
Some temperate phage can change the phenotype of a host cell and this is called ___.
Lysogenic conversion
The process known as ___ occurs when a temperate phage integrates its genome into the host genome.
Lysogeny
The relationship between a temperate phage and the host cell is often called ___.
Lysogeny
___ is a well known eukaryotic enzyme capable of degrading peptidoglycan layers.
Lysozyme
The LEFT side of this image is showing which of the following bacteriophage life cycles?
Lytic
Elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus are considered ___.
Macronutrients
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the plasma membrane. A. Selectively permeable B. Contains proteins C. Maintain cell shape D. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer
Maintain cell shape
Tracking down unidentified human pathogens falls within which field of microbiology?
Medical
Which group of organisms is numerically dominant on Earth?
Microbes
Beijernick was a general microbiologist best know for his discoveries in virology and _________.
Microbial ecology
Studies in bioremediation and the production of greenhouse gases falls within the field of
Microbial ecology
Zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper are examples of ___.
Micronutrients
History of Microbiology
Microscope allows visualization: Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Zeiss
Antony van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his early work with ________.
Microscopes
In the obsolete five-kingdom system, prokaryotes were included within the kingdom __________.
Monera
The flagella arrangement that consists of a single flagellum at the end of a cell is termed ___.
Monotrichous
Penicillin inhibits bacterial growth by preventing the cross-linking during peptidoglycan synthesis. Why does penicillin not inhibit growth of archaeal cells?
Most archaeal cells have a cell wall, but it is not composed of peptidoglycan.
Which of the following describe the role of tumor suppressor proteins?
Most regulate cell division
Archaeal flagella function in ___.
Motility
Some microorganisms can be macroscopic because they are _______.
Multicellular
Because they can inhibit infection of the same cell by more than one vision, temperate bacteriophages have an advantage at a high MOI, which stands for ___.
Multiplicity of infection
Mycobacteria are drug resistant
Mycobacteria: produced from drugs by an outer barrier that resembles a less effective outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which Gram-positive bacteria lack. - Thick, waxy, impermeable membrane, porins channels - Porins thinner than gram-negative, much harder for nutrients to get in and waste products get out - Grow slowly - Drug resistant
What is the name given to the two sugars found repeated in peptidoglycan?
N-acetylmuramic acid N-acetylglucosamine
What are abbreviated names for the two sugars found repeated in peptidoglycan?
NAG - N-acetylglucosamine NAM - N-acetylmyramic acid
Can ID50 exceed the LD50?
NO
Viruses that lack a viral envelope are often called __.
Naked
Viruses that lack a viral envelope are often called ___.
Naked
Which of the following describe a tumor resulting from unregulated abnormal new cell growth and reproduction of a similar cell type.
Neoplasia
Regarding the influenza virus, what is the name of the protein that aids the release of mature virions?
Neuroaminidase
If in an isotonic environment, will penicillin typically kill a bacterium?
No
Which feature is most commonly used to describe prokaryotic cells?
No nucleus
Which type of virus is most likely to be released by lysis of the host cell?
Non-enveloped virus
Typically plasmids are considered ___ for bacterial survival.
Not absolutely necessary
The packaging (coiling) of bacterial chromosomes uses ___.
Nuceoid-associated proteins
The simplest viruses consist of viral nucleic acids intimately surrounded by a protein coat. This composite structure of viral nucleic acid and protein is called a ___.
Nucleocapsid
The irregularly shaped region in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell contains the genetic material and some proteins is called the ___.
Nucleoid
Which of the following structure is NOT found in common between plants and bacteria? A. Nucleus B. Cell wall C. Ribosomes D. Cell membrane
Nucleus
Lipopolysaccharides are composed of lipid A, core-polysaccharide and the ___.
O antigen
The ___ is the LPS component responsible for stimulating an antibody response in people infected with gram-negative bacteria.
O antigen
The ___ is the LPS component responsible for stimulating and antibody response in people infected with gram-negative bacteria.
O antigen
Which of the following components of LPS extends outward from the cell?
O antigen
Viruses that can cause cancers are called ___.
Oncoviruses
Most bacteria have ___ chromosome(s).
One
An endosymbiosis between two organism means that
One organism lives inside the cells of the other
Bacterial inclusions are composed of ___.
Organic or inorganic materials surrounded by protein or liprotein
Which entities are included within the microorganisms?
Organisms and acellular biological entities
What is the main focus of public health microbiology?
Outbreaks and epidemics
The Braun's lipoprotein links the ___ to the ___ in gram-negative bacteria.
Outer membrane to the cell wall
Algae and cyanobacteria produce 75% of the planet's _______.
Oxygen
Cell membrane Bacteria
Pairs up with fatty acid
Substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide and water would move across a bacterial cell membrane by ___.
Passive diffusion
The unaided (no protein involved), energy-free diffusion of molecules across a membrane is called ___.
Passive diffusion
Which of the following best describes the organization of compounds embedded in the cell membrane?
Patchwork (not evenly dispersed)
Protomers which combine as groups of five to make capsomers are called ___.
Pentons
The ___ interbridge is a linkage found in many gram-positive bacteria that links polymers of peptidoglycan together.
Peptide or Glycine or Pentaglycine
Teichoic acids (not lipteichoic acids) are anchored to ___.
Peptidoglycan
The bacterial cell wall is composed of a complex of sugars and amino acids that is collectively referred to as the ___ layer.
Peptidoglycan
Cell wall Bacteria
Peptidoglycan - Glycine chains with peptide linked to it - A-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid about 50 chains together to make sugar chains - Tetrapeptide: 5 long, reduced to 4 long, made up of amino acids that we don't find in proteins - Synthesized by enzymes - Important; pressure on inside is greater than outside: Why cells burst! (phospholipid membranes not that strong) - Peptidoglycan sheath keeps from exploding --> Glycan chains cleaved by lysozymes! - How lysozyme kills bacteria; Lytic antibiotics
Gram-negative bacteria have a(n) ___ space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane.
Periplasmic space
How do we classify bacteria?
Phonetic: morphology, physiology, biochemistry Genotypic: based on similarity of DNA sequences-hybridization, G-C content Phylogenic: based on 16S rRNA sequences to get phylogenetic relationships - trees look at relatedness of organisms
Polyphosphate granules are used to most often store ___.
Phosphate
The minimum unit of a cell membrane is the ___.
Phospholipid
The transfer of phosphate form PEP to an incoming molecule involves several proteins working together and this is an example of ___.
Phosphorelay system
The transfer of phosphate from PEP to an incoming molecule involves several proteins working together and this is an example of ___.
Phosphorelay system
Halobacterium exhibits movement toward light when growing photographically. This type of movement is called positive ___.
Phototaxis
Halobacterium species can move toward the light by flagella-mediated motility. This type of movement is called ___.
Phototaxis
Archaeal pili are composed of a protein called ___.
Pilin
Match the following relationships. Pink; Purple.
Pink: Gram-negative Purple: Gram-positive
Inoculating protoplasts, tissue cultures, or whole organisms, or grafting a diseased part onto a healthy organism, are all methods used to cultivate viruses of ___.
Plants
Viroids cause disease mainly in what type of host?
Plants
A ___ assay is most useful for determining the viability of a viral preparation.
Plaque
Viruses can be quantified using a lawn of cells and counting the number of "clear spots" where the cells were killed by viruses. This sort of assay is called a ___.
Plaque assay
The results of virus titration using a plaque-forming assay are normally expressed in PFUs, or ___.
Plaque-forming units
One method of counting temperate viruses involves mixing the virus and susceptible cells on top of a solid medium. As each virus begins lysing more and more cells, holes can be visualized on top of the medium. The virus-induced holes are specifically called ___.
Plaques
A(n) ___ is a layer of lipid macromolecules that surround the cell's cytoplasm.
Plasma membrane
Significantly smaller, double-stranded and often circular pieces of DNA typically found in addition to the bacteria chromosome are called ___.
Plasmids
In hypertonic solutions, a cell could potentially shrivel up and this is called ___.
Plasmolysis
Bacterial shapes that do not fit the typical categories of bacillus, coccus or spirals are called ___ in shape.
Pleomorphic
Viral envelopes can often give a collection of identical viral species different shapes which is referred to as ___.
Pleomorphic
Viruses that have a fairly amorphsc shape due to the viral envelope are called ___.
Pleomorphic
Match the following relationships. Polar; Nonpolar.
Polar - hydrophilic Nonpolar - hydrophobic
Scientists have found evidence that some archaea are ___, which means they have multiple copies of their chromosomes.
Polyploid
What charge does crystal violet have?
Positive
Which of the following describe ATP-binding cassette transporters?
Primary active transport
Which of the following uses ATP to move substances across a membrane?
Primary active transport
Infectious agents composed entirely of protein are called ___.
Prions
Due to structural complexities found in some bacteria and some archaea, which of the following "pairings" is in dispute?
Prokaryotes are very different from Eukaryotes
All archaea and bacteria lack nuclei and are therefore both are considered to be the ___ type of cells.
Prokaryotic
A host cell that contains a ___, which is the nucleic acid of a temperate phage can divide many times.
Prophage
A host cell that contains a ___, which is the nucleic acid of a temperate phage, can divide many times.
Prophage
The nucleic acid of a temperate phage that is either integrated into the host cell's genome, or remains free in the cytoplasm, is called a ___.
Prophage
For a temperate phage to produce more phage, which of the following must happen? A. Lysogeny B. Induction C. Lysogenic conversion D. Prophage formation
Prophage formation
A prion is an infectious agent composed of _______.
Protein
The bacterial nucleoid is composed of ___.
Protein and DNA
Prions are composed of ___.
Protein only
RNA is made using ________ as a template and then the RNA serves as a template for the synthesis of __________.
Protein; DNA
What type of cell component would be involved in compacting DNA?
Proteins
What is true for Protist cells compared to bacterial cells?
Protists contain a nucleus
Preexisting genes that are mutated by a virus that result in cancer are called ___.
Proto-oncogenes
Capsids are generally composed of repeating proteins subunits called ___.
Protomers
What name is given to the repeating protein subunits that compose viral capsids?
Protomers
Most bacterial flagella are powered by a "___ motive ___".
Proton motive force
This picture represents which of the following macromolecules?
RNA
Because their host cells typically lack the appropriate enzymes, which type of viruses always encode the enzymes needs to copy their genome?
RNA viruses
To be able to see subcellular structures that less than 0.2 μm apart, we must use ___.
Radiation with a shorter wavelength. - Electrons can form waves that can be used to visualize small object
The ___ is a structure found in all life and is responsible for protein synthesis.
Ribosome
Which of the following bacterial structures is responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosome
________ is a term used to describe a RNA molecule that behaves like protein enzymes.
Ribozyme
When a bacterium is moving in a constant direction, then it is said to be in a ___ state.
Run
Which of the following is generally composed of protein?
S-Layer
Which of the following can form (oligomerize) spontaneously from simple subunits?
S-layer
A popular sequencing method was developed by Frederick _______.
Sanger
A(n) ___ is a disease agent that can either have a RNA or DNA genome and must have a helper virus to facilitate replication.
Satellite
Match the following to better understand satellite viruses and nucleic acids. Satellite viruses; Satellite nucleic acids.
Satellite viruses: composed of nucleic acid and protein Satellite nucleic acids: composed of DNA or RNA only
Transportation of molecules across the membrane using an additional solute is termed ___.
Secondary active transport
When an ion gradient assists the movement of a substance across a membrane, this is called ___.
Secondary active transport
Which of the following transport systems completely relies on solute concentration gradients of a secondary substance to power the translocation of materials across a membrane.
Secondary transport
Viral genomes composed of multiple pieces of RNA or DNA are called ___ genomes.
Segmented
Viral capsids are generally constructed without any outside aid once the subunits have been synthesized. This process is called ___.
Self-assembly
In addition to mutation, eukaryotes increase their genetic diversity through which mechanism?
Sexual reproduction
To overcome the difficulties of brining ferric iron into the cell, bacteria produce ___ to facilitate this process.
Siderophores
Gliding bacteria often have ___ which aid in their motility.
Slime layers
Which organisms behave like protozoa during one phase of the life cycle and like fungi in another phase of the life cycle?
Slime molds
The rRNA used as the basis for the universal phylogenetic tree is from which subunit of the ribosome?
Small
Abbe's Law of Resolution tells us the ___.
Smalles distance between two points that allow us to see them as separate entities d= resolution= (0.5 X λ) /N.A For resolution, the smaller the better d= 0.5 x 550 nm/ 1.3 = 212 nm We need to magnify two objects that are 0.2 μm apart to be seen by photoreceptors that are about 150 μm apart 1000x magnification does the job
Sergei Winogradsky is best known for his contributions to
Soil microbiology
Which of the following describes the controversy concerning organisms categorized as prokaryotes?
Some newly discovered organisms share eukaryotic features and typical prokaryotic features.
In eukaryotes, a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other groups is called a:
Species
Which of the following viral structures is principally involved in binding host cells?
Spike proteins
The proteins that extend out from the viral envelope are called ___.
Spike proteins (aka peplomers)
For bacterial motility, the major difference between run and tumble is ___.
Spin direction of the flagella
Bacterial flagella swim by ___.
Spinning around and around like propeller
Which of the following bacterial shapes can reach 500 micro meters in length?
Spirochetes
The claim that living organisms can develop from nonliving matter is the key feature of the theory of __________ generation.
Spontaneous
Which of the following contribute to the environmental resistance of bacterial endospores? A. Spore coat B. lower water content of endospore C. presence of calcium dipicolinate D. lower pH
Spore coat
The process of endospore formation is collectively called ___.
Sporulation
Match the following terms with the best description. Sporulation; Germination.
Sporulation: hostile conditions Germination: moderate conditions
Contrast can be improved by ___.
Staining bacteria
What term is used to describe the cell-arrangement composed of spherical cells found in clumps, like a bunch of grades (grater than two cells)?
Staphylococcus
Bacterial cell membranes lack ___ compared to eukaryotic cell membranes.
Sterols
Which role is not played by proteins in modern organisms?
Store information
What term is used to describe the cell-arrangement composed of spherical cells linked in a chain (e.g., several cells in a single row)?
Streptococcus
In general, peptidoglycan is composed of ___.
Sugars and amino acids
Which of the following best describes why bacterial cells are so small?
Surface area to volume ratio
Pasteur showed that even culture open to the air could remain sterile by using
Swan-neck flasks
During secondary active transport, when ions move parallel to the movement of a substance, this is termed ___.
Symport
What viral life cycle step generally occurs after the virus has uncoated?
Synthesis
Identification with the use of dichotomous keys.
System of dichotomous keys separates organisms on hierarchical series of tests-a binary decision tree - Usually use a genus and species to identify a specific bacteria - i.e., Escherichia coli or E. coli ONPG+ ferment lactose ONPG- cannot ferment lactose
The virus shown in the image is ___.
T4 bacteriophage
Lipids in membranes arrange ___.
Tail to tail (hydrophobic tail to hydrophobic tail)
A repeating strand of glycerol (or ribitol) and phosphate groups is called ___.
Teichoic acid
Which compounds typically gives gram-positive bacterial cell walls their net-negative charge?
Teichoic acids
Which of the following describe the type of bacteriophage that may lyse its host cell, or remain within the cell without lysing it?
Temperate
Bacteriophages that can integrate their genome into the host genome are called ___.
Temperate phage
The lipids of extreme thermophiles can be expected to exhibit which chemical composition?
Tetraether monolayers
Gram-negative bacteria typically stain pink predominantly due to ___ and ___.
The alcohol step; Safranin
Motile bacteria have been placed in an environment with a gradient of a chemical attractant. Which of the following behaviors would you predict?
The bacteria will both reduce tumbling frequency and increase run duration in the direction of the chemical.
Bacterial sporulation can be defined as ___.
The generation of an endospore
One distinguishing characteristic of group translocation is ___.
The molecules transferred are chemically altered
In addition to characterizing the body's defense to infection, the field of immunology also deals with ______.
The nature and treatment of allergies and autoimmune diseases.
Predict how the plasma membrane fatty acid composition would change as the temperature of the habitat of an aquatic bacterial species warms from 2oC to 15oC during the spring and summer months.
The percentage of saturated fatty acids would increase
Which of the following describes the "protoplast"?
The plasma membrane and all the structures within the plasma membrane
Which of the following describes tropism in regard to viruses?
The specific cell type that a virus can infect.
Which portion of the flagella is spinning during the swimming motion?
The whole thing
Which of the following is true of viruses in the extracellular phase?
They behave as a macromolecular complex and are no more alive than are ribosomes
Compared facilitated diffusion and passive diffusion when solute concentrations are reduced.
They both diffuse slower
What was Werner Arber's and Hamilton Smith's contribution to microbiology (and molecular biology)?
They discovered restriction enzymes capable of cutting DNA.
Endospores are very resilient to hostile conditions because ___.
They have many layers of proteins, lipids, and other complex compounds to protect them
How are macroscopic and microorganisms distinguished from other multicellular life forms?
They lack highly differentiated tissues (and/or cell types)
The cell wall of a gram-negative bacteria and considerably ___ compared to gram-positive bacteria.
Thinner
These structures, called hami, have what function?
To allow cells to adhere to surfaces
In many gram-negative bacteria, what is the role porin proteins?
To facilitate the movement of compounds like glucose across the outer membrane
The production of cholera toxin by virulent strains of Vibrio cholera is dependent upon genes in a bacteriophage. This is an example of ___. A. Lysogenic conversion B. Induction C. Bacterial transformation D. Transduction
Transduction
Ribosomes are involved with which of the following processes?
Translation
The metabolic process of mRNA being used as the template for the manufacture of protein is called ___.
Translation
Proteins characterized as "channels" and "carriers" are ___.
Transport proteins
Some viruses, such as a polio virus can infect nasopharynx, gut and anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, but not others. This is called: ___.
Tropism
T or F: Bacteria have a cytoskeleton
True
T or F: Methanogens may contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming due to methane production.
True
T or F: Sterol-like molecules called hopanoids are thought to be important for the structural integrity of many bacteria because of their suspected role in membrane stabilization.
True
T or F: The DNA of some archaeons is stabilized by association with archaeal histone proteins forming particles resembling eukaryotic nucleosomes.
True
T or F: The temperature at which an organism will affect the composition of the lipids in its membrane.
True
T or F: Endotoxic shock, resulting from the release of endotoxin by bacteria infecting a patient, is only caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
True Endotoxin: gram-negative bacteria Exotoxin: gram-positive bacteria
The arrow labeled "A" indicates where a bacterium is changing direction and this is called a(n) ___. The arrow labeled "B" indicates where a bacterium is moving forward and is called a(n) ___.
Tumble; Run
How many lipid layers are found in a bacterial plasma membrane? (Note: a lipid layer consists of a series of phospholipids arranged side to side with hydrophilic heads all facing one direction and hydrophobic tails facing the other direction)
Two
Lipid A of LPS is composed of ___.
Two glucosamine sugar derivatives
Twitching motility involves ___.
Type IV pili
Which best describes how endospores can be resistant to UV radiation?
UV light cannot easily penetrate the many layers; proteins, lipids and other materials that surround the bacterial DNA
What is the main focus of an industrial microbiologist?
Use of microbes in production
Which type of phage always lyses its host cell?
VIrulent
The virus shown in the image is ___.
Vaccina virus
What term is used to describe a bacterial cell that is slightly "bend rod" shape; also called comma-shaped?
Vibrio
Virus will attach to host cells via a ___ and a host receptor
Viral ligand
A complete virus particle is called a ___.
Virion
A complete virus particle is called a(n) ___.
Virion
An infectious agent composed of only RNA is called a(n) ___.
Viroid
The study of viruses is termed ___.
Virology
Bacteriophages that always proceed to lyse the infected cell are called ___.
Virulent phage
A ___ is described as an acellular infectious agent that must replicate within a host cell.
Virus
In the context of virus replication, fusion, injection of nucleic acid, and endocytosis are the three modes of ___.
Virus entry into host cells
Viruses must replicate within a host cell because ___.
Viruses lack replication enzymes and resources
Which of the following is not true of viruses? A. Viruses are acellular B. Viruses consist of one or more molecules of DNA or RNA enclosed in a coat of protein and sometimes in other more complex layers C. Viruses can exist in two phases: intracellular and extracellular D. Viruses replicate by binary fission
Viruses replicate by binary fission (FALSE)
Most all spirochete- or corkscrew-motility bacteria have their flagella ___.
Within the periplasmic space
koch's postulates
a scientist's criteria for proving the causal relationship between a microorganism and a specific disease
The core polysaccharide of LPS is composed of ___.
about 10 sugars
viruses
acellular entities that must invade a host cell to multiply -smallpox, rabies, common cold, AIDS etc.
prions
acellular infectious agents composed only of protein -responsible for "mad cow disease"
The main different between virulent phage and temperate phage is that virulent phage ___.
always goes straight into the lytic cycle
When conditions become hostile, some bacteria can produce ___ which allows them to survive until conditions become more moderate.
an endospore
endosymbiosis
an interaction between two organisms in which one organism lives inside the other
Diglycerol tetraether lipids ___.
are a characteristic feature of thermophilic Archaea.
The bacterial shape known as a rod is also termed: ___.
bacillus
horizontal gene transfer (HGT)
bacterial and archaeal species do not reproduce sexually -they do this to increase their genetic diversity -genetic information from a donor organism is transferred to a recipient, creating a new genotype
The hydrogen hypothesis suggests that during endosymbiosis the host cell
became dependent on the endosymbiont-produced hydrogen for energy.
When present, the pseudomurein component of the archaeal cell wall is located ___.
between the plasma membrane and the S-layer
Common in RNA viruses, theses viruses must ___ in order to replicate their genomes.
bring unique enzymes in their virion
Capsules are typically ___.
composed of sugars
During T4 bacteriophage release, lysozyme will ___.
degrade the peptidoglycan wall
Bacterial magnetosomes function to ___.
determine orientation (direction)
universal polygenic tree
developed by Dr. Pace -based on comparison of small subunit rRNA molecules (SSU rRNA)
Bacterial cell can only acquire nutrients that are ___.
dissolved
fungi
diverse group of microorganisms that range from unicellular forms (yeasts) to molds and mushrooms
The "ds" in dsDNA stands for ___ ___ DNA.
double stranded
Most bacterial viruses have ___ genomes.
dsDNA
protists
eukarya that are generally unicellular but are larger than most bacteria and archaea -algae -protozoa -slime molds
As you add more and more solutes, facilitated diffusion will ___.
eventually only diffuse a set amount of solutes per minute
This graph indicates that facilitate diffusion initially operates ___ than passive diffusion.
faster
Relative to the cell, the bacterial ___ is a long tube structure that can spin resulting in cell motility.
flagella
endosymbiotic hypothesis
generally accepted as the origin of three eukaryotic organelles: 1) mitochondria 2) Chloroplasts 3) hydrogenosomes
The role of teichoic acids appear to be to ___.
give added strength to the cell wall
Lipids in membranes arrange ___.
heads toward the water side
