Micro exam 1 study set
Classification
Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationships is the process of __________, which is part of taxonomy.
Pathogens
In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?
binomial
In the __________ system of nomenclature, organisms are assigned and identified by a two-word name representing the genus and species names.
Kingdom
In the levels of classification, which is the level just below Domain?
Kingdom Class Family Genus Species
List the levels in the hierarchy of classification from most general to most specific, starting with most general at the top
trophozoite; cyst
Most protozoa have a motile, feeding stage known as a(n) __________ which, in some protozoa, alternates with a resting state known as a(n) __________.
Reemergence
Near the end of the 20th century, in many parts of the world malaria had been brought under control through the judicious use of anti-malarial drugs along with pesticides that kill mosquitos (which can spread the disease). Recently, as the malarial parasite has gained resistance to certain classes of drugs, and mosquitoes have become immune to some insecticides, rates of malaria have increased, leading to the diseases __________.
TRUE
T/F Diseases, including some cancers, which were once considered noninfectious are now known to involve microbial infection.
TRUE
T/F If two microbes are in the same genus, they must be in the same class.
FALSE
T/F In the current taxonomic system as proposed by Woese and Fox, the level that includes the largest number of organisms would be a kingdom.
TRUE
T/F When writing a binomial name, the initial letter of the genus is capitalized and the species is in lower case.
10 billion
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are about how many infections of all types across the world every year?
nucleocapsid
Together, the capsid and the nucleic acid are referred to as the __________.
reemerging diseases
Tuberculosis, influenza and malaria are older diseases that have been known for a long time, but they are now increasing in occurrence; diseases with this pattern of occurrence are specifically referred to as
Chickenpox
Varicella-Zoster virus or HHV3
- Helical - Polyhedral - Complex
Viral Shapes:
It adds lipids and sugars to proteins and then packages these proteins for transport to their final destination.
What describes the function of the Golgi complex:
Helicobacter
What genera of microbes has been associated with gastric ulcers?
gram-positive versus gram-negative cells
What has historically been the first division in a system of bacterial taxonomy?
a parasitic worm
What is a helminth?
Virus
What microbe is not cellular (acellular) and is composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat?
Genetic engineering
What technology involves the deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products?
Vertebrates
Which term is not used to describe microscopic organisms?
prokaryotic cell
Which type of cell does not contain organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus?
prokaryotic
Which type of microorganism lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and most membrane-bound organelles?
Free-living organism
Which type of organism can derive all of the nutrients and factors it requires from the environment in order to reproduce?
Pathogens
While the vast majority of microorganisms are not harmful to humans, those that are are referred to as:
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Who developed the first single-lens microscope?
Lister
Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in surgical operating rooms?
Louis Pasteur
Who was instrumental in disproving the theory of spontaneous generation?
inductive
With _________ reasoning, one applies specific observations to develop a general explanation.
infectious
_______ diseases, caused by microorganisms, are among the most common causes of death in much of the world's population.
Protozoa
________are the group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall.
Virology
________is the study of viruses.
Protozoology
_______is the study of protozoa.
Fungi
______are heterotrophic unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.
Microbiology
______is a specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.
Phycology
______is the study of simple photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms, the algae.
organelle
a ________ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.
-prokaryotic -circular chromosome -contain long-chain, branched hydrocarbons in the cell membrane
all of the following are characteristics of archaea:
Chromosome Ribosome Water
all of the following are contents of the cell cytoplasm:
cell membrane DNA cytoplasm
all of the following are found in all cells regardless of cell type:
Emerging ; re-emerging
"A(n) __________ disease is a new disease being reported in increasing numbers within the population while a(n) __________ disease is a disease which has existed in the past but is currently seeing increasing numbers of cases."
sterile
A _______ environment is free of actively growing cells, microorganisms, viruses or endospores.
pathogen
A _______ is the term used for any infectious agent that causes disease, such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses.
hypothesis
A ________ is a tentative explanation of an observation.
biofilm
A __________ is a complex network of microbes and their secretions that form in most natural environments.
Parasite
A microbial pathogen is considered a _________ because it derives benefits from its host and harms its host in the process.
Kingdom
All members of the same phylum must also be members of which of the following?
▪ Provide protection for viral nucleic acid ▪ Means of attachment to host's cells ▪ Composed of proteinaceous subunits called capsomeres
Capsid Morphology:
bioremediation
Certain microbes can break down heavy metals and pesticides contaminating soils by a process called:
- Minuscule, acellular, infectious agents having either DNA or RNA - Cause infections of humans, animals, plants, and bacteria - Cause most of the diseases that plague the industrialized world
Characteristics of Viruses
female infertility
Chlamydia infections has been linked to what condition?
Recombinant
DNA technology is used to switch genetic material from one organism to another in order to produce desirable proteins.
Polio
Enterovirus
budding
Enveloped viruses release via:
protists
Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi make up a diverse category of organisms classified as __________, including algae and protozoans.
Virion
Extracellular state of a virus is called
- Cannot carry out any metabolic pathway - Neither grow nor respond to the environment - Cannot reproduce independently - Recruit the host cell's metabolic pathways to increase their numbers - No cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, or organelles
Features of viruses:
-Attachment/Adsorption - Entry/Penetration - Synthesis - Assembly/Maturation - Release
Five stages of lytic replication cycle:
the genus name and then the species name
Following binomial nomenclature, which of the following makes up the scientific name of an organism?
genus
For the microbe, Escherichia coli, Escherichia represents the _______ level of classification
carbolic acid
Joseph Lister typically used the disinfectant,________ , prior to performing surgery.
Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA is a drug-resistant strain of which of the following bacteria?
energy
Microbes are involved in the flow of which of the following?
Parasitology
Microbiology has many branches of study, including ________which is the study of pathogenic protozoa, helminth worms, and certain insects..
Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Bacteria
Microbiology involves the study of microscopic organisms or agents, including which of the following?
Measles
Morbillivirus
molds; yeast
Of the microscopic fungi, __________ are filamentous fungi made of long thread-like cells called hyphae while __________ are round or oval-shaped.
Oxygen
Of the photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria produce __________ as a product of photosynthesis, but the green and purple sulfur bacteria do not produce this substance.
Hepatitis B
Orthohepadnavirus
maintaining strength; peptidoglycan
Other than maintaining the shape of the cell, what is the primary function of the cell wall, and which component contributes most to this function?
-the ability to synthesize new cell components or release energy through chemical reactions -ability to respond to their environment -ability to control the flow of some materials across cell boundaries
Please select all of the characteristics that define life and living things:
3.5 Billion years
Prokaryotic organisms have been around for about how long?
Herpes 1 & 2
Simplexvirus
Organelles
Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as:
Superbug
Some strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to so many antibiotics that it has become known as a _________
species
The __________ level of bacterial organisms refers to a group of organisms that all share the same traits while the subspecies level refers to the variation or differences of individual cells within that group.
wall; membrane
The cell __________ is found in fungi and algae to provide structure and support while the cell __________ is found in all eukaryotic cells, is composed of phospholipids, proteins and sterols, and separates the internal cell components from the external environment.
cell wall ; cell membrane
The cell envelope is the external covering that lies outside of the cell cytoplasm and is composed of the __________ and __________.
proteins dispersed throughout a phospholipid bilayer
The cell membrane is composed of __________.
Virus
The common cold and AIDS are caused by which type of microbe?
80S
The eukaryotic ribosome is a(n) __________ ribosome, composed of 40S and 60S subunits.
They are ancient, primitive organisms that adapt well to extreme conditions because they have retained characteristics of the cells that first evolved when Earth's conditions were far more extreme.
The following explains why archaeons are extremophiles:
Linnaeus
The formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming living things was started by which of the following scientists?
type of virus and the size and initial health of host cell
The number of viruses produced in the lytic cycle depends on:
Mycology
The study of molds and yeast is called __________.
Bacteriology
The study of small, single-celled prokaryotic organisms is called
chlamydias; rickettsias
The two groups of obligate intracellular bacteria are the __________, usually spread by contact, and the __________, usually transmitted by the bites of arthropods.
flatworms; roundworms
The two major groups of parasitic helminths include the __________ with a thin, segmented body and the __________ with a cylindrical, unsegmented body.
-Bacterial endospores are highly resistant to heat, drying, and radiation. -Endospores can exist in the environment for indefinite periods of time. -Endospores resist boiling and therefore steam must be used to destroy endospores present in food.
These statements are true about endospores:
eukaryotic ; prokaryotic
Thinking of the two major cell types in the world: _____cells contain organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. However, these organelles are not found in___________ cells.
airplane
When people travel disease can spread. Which is the current mode of travel that is likely to be a big factor in the next pandemic?
-It must be true in all related situations. -It must be tested once to determine its complete validity. -It must be able to be supported or rejected by experimentation. -It must be developed from a scientific theory.
Which describes a good hypothesis?
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ebola fever lyme disease
Which diseases have emerged due to human encroaching into new territory and wild habitats?
The development of the microscope
Which event helped establish the science of microbiology?
Helminths
Which group of microorganisms includes the parasitic worms?
Polio
Which human diseases has almost been eradicated?
S. aureus
Which is the appropriate binomial abbreviation of Staphylococcus aureus?
protists and yeast
Which microbes have a true nucleus?
Virus
Which microorganism is not able to replicate on its own?
Gram positive= purple; Gram negative= pink/red
Which of the following correctly describe the color of different cells after using the Gram staining technique?
Parasite
Which of the following derives benefits from its host and harms its host in the process.
Uncoating of the nucleic acid in cytoplasm
Which of the following does NOT represent an event in bacteriophage multiplication?
Protozoa cannot be spread through body fluids.
Which of the following is incorrect about protozoan pathogens?
-Genus names may be abbreviated when they are first used. -Scientific names are italicized in printed documents -Scientific names are italicized in printed documents
Which of the following is true regarding scientific names?
fungi, helminths, and protozoa
Which of the following microorganisms are made up of eukaryotic cells?
Bacteria
Which of the following microorganisms represent prokaryotic cell types?
Bioremediation
Which of the following processes is the decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes?
lysis
Which of the following terms is associated with the release of nonenveloped or complex viruses from the host cell?
Algae
Which photosynthetic single-celled or multicellular microorganisms are often found in aquatic environments?
Photosynthesis
Which process uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds accompanied by the formation of oxygen?
Ferdinand Cohn
Which scientist discovered heat-resistant endospores?
-Classification and taxonomy can assist in identifying an unknown organism. -Classification and taxonomy can assist in studying the evolutionary origins of an organism. -Classification and taxonomy can assist in identifying a new species of organism.
all of the following are purposes of classification and taxonomy in the study of prokaryotes:
Helminth
the term ______ refers to a parasitic invertebrate such as a worm.
Taxonomy
what term describes the system of arranging and naming organisms.
