Micro Exam IV

Helicobacter pylori is able to survive in the stomach by its ability to produce

ammonia from urea.

HIV may be present in

blood, semen, AND vaginal secretions.

The disease responsible for the death of approximately 25% the population of Europe from 1346 to 1350 was

plague

The unique characteristic of Lyme disease is

erythema migrans.

Genital herpes may be cured with the use of acyclovir or famciclovir.

false

A common source of cholera infection is

fecal contaminated water.

The plague is typically transmitted via the bite of infected

fleas.

Among the most common of the sexually transmitted viral diseases agents is

human papillomavirus.

Which of the following may lead to infertility?

Pelvic inflammatory disease

What sign would differentiate meningococcal meningitis from pneumococcal meningitis?

Petechiae are seen in meningococcal meningitis but not in pneumococcal meningitis.

The leading cause of bacterial meningitis in adults is

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Which of the following manifests itself in three clinical stages?

Syphilis

In which disease is a gumma formed?

Tertiary syphilis

The genome of the SARS-CoV2 virus is:

A 30 kb (+) sense, single-stranded RNA molecule

Why might a person with an STI need to be checked for other STIs, even though he/she has no symptoms of any others?

A diagnosis of an STI implies that the person had unprotected sex. Several STIs are largely asymptomatic, so it is wise to test for a variety of typical STIs when the patient admits to or shows signs of engaging in such risky behavior.

Following biding and cellular entry, down-regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 by SARS-CoV2 predisposes the individual to:

Acute respiratory syndrome

What is the difference between "bacteremia" and "sepsis"?

Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the blood. Sepsis is caused by bacteria multiplying in the blood, and is the result of an inflammatory response to these organisms.

HIV typically attaches to

CD4 protein AND a coreceptor.

Lorenzo, a high school biology teacher undergoes hip surgery to repair a fracture from a cycling accident. While hospitalized, Lorenzo develops a nosocomial urinary tract infection. After two rounds of Augmentin (penicillin plus a beta lactamase inhibitor), Lorenzo is given a third-generation cephalosporin in combination with ciprofloxacin (Cipro). After a week, the UTI is gone, however, Lorenzo is experiencing diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. The pain is so severe, Lorenzo's physician decides to do rectal endoscopy to look for a potential obstruction of the bowl or some other lesion. The endoscopy reveals intense colorectal inflammation with elevated yellow-white plaques that coalesce to form a thick yellowish mucous membrane-like substance on the intestinal mucosa. Lorenzo is suffering from:

Clostridium difficile infection caused by antibiotic-induced dysbiosis and the resulting pseudomembranous colitis.

Which of the following groups contain diarrhea-causing E. coli?

EIEC EHEC ETEC EPEC (all of these choices)

Gram-positive organisms are more likely than other infectious agents to cause fatal sepsis.

False

One way to protect yourself from an STIs is to engage in sexual practices that avoid vaginal intercourse; other methods are safe.

False

Regarding testing for SARS-CoV2, the antigen testing method(s) out-perform nucleic acid amplification methods because of their greater sensitivity

False

Frank, a 20-year-old college student starts his part-time job at KFC as a High Temperature Fowl Flesh-Searing Technician (AKA: chicken frier). Frank begins employment on a weekend, and as such, he misses the mandatory safety training sessions emphasizing the importance of the safe and proper handling of raw chicken as well as decontamination procedures to be followed. Not realizing he should have been wearing disposable vinyl gloves when handling the chicken, Frank used his bare hands when handling the raw chicken during his Saturday and Sunday shifts. On Tuesday, Frank's expected next shift, he calls into work sick, complaining fever, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. After 3-4 days, Frank is better and returns to work. Two weeks after the incident Frank begins feeling weak, dizzy and is experiencing what appears to be mild, yet progressive paralysis of his face. With these new symptoms, Frank contacts his physician. If you were Frank's physician, what would be your tentative diagnosis?

Frank was suffering from Campylobacter gastroenteritis followed by Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Which of the following is associated with cervical cancer?

Genital warts

During the COVID19 pandemic, the emphasis on virus testing has been a critically important feature of managing the pandemic. What is the rationale for the emphasis on testing with this particular illness?

Given the high percentage of asymptomatic, virus + individuals in the population, testing is imperative inform infected individuals of their need to quarantine to protects others around them.

Felicia is recovering from a third degree burn on hand that she received after spilling hot grease on herself during a cooking incident. Felicia underwent several surgical procedures including skin grafts to repair the scarring on her hand. During her recovery, Felicia begins running a fever. Not able to reach her doctor over a weekend, Felicia quickly begins feeling worse and her fever quickly progresses to chills and shaking. Thinking on her feet she has her roommate to drive her to the ER where she is examined. Upon removing her burn dressing the surgical wound is clearly septic. While in the ER Felicia loses consciousness from a rapid drop in blood pressure. Despite all attempts to revive her, Felicia's blood pressure cannot be elevated, she slips into a coma and dies. Felicia most likely died from:

Gram negative bacterial septic shock

Which of the following is more likely to cause fatal septicemias?

Gram-negative bacteria

Otis, a high school senior visited his local free health clinic complaining that he was having pain during urination and that there was a thick pus-containing discharge from his penile urethra. During his examination, the clinician took a sample of the urethral exudate and prepared it for Gram staining. What did the clinician observe and what was the diagnosis?

Gram-negative diplococci inside of neutrophils; gonorrhea

Why are infants at risk of developing botulism after they ingest honey, but adults are not?

Honey can contain C. botulinum endospores. These may germinate in the intestines of infants that have eaten it, leading to colonization and pathogenesis as the bacteria begin forming botulism toxin. Adults' normal intestinal microbiota will out-compete the new microbes.

When Lyme disease was first being investigated, the observation that frequently only one person in a household was infected was a clue leading to the discovery that the disease was transmitted by arthropod bites. Why was this so?

If the infection is spread by the bite of an arthropod, it wouldn't spread easily by respiratory secretions, direct contact, or sexual contact between individuals within the family.

Why do Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae seldom cause meningitis in newborns?

Infants are protected by maternal IgG against these pathogens.

Which is true of the Clostridium botulinum toxin?

It is a neurotoxin

The most important vector of Lyme disease in the eastern United States is

Ixodes scapularis.

How would crowded conditions in cities favor spread of bubonic plague?

Plague is transmitted by infected fleas; these fleas may be found on rodents (such as rats). More people in an area means a greater chance of interactions with animals carrying infected fleas, increasing the spread of plague.

Please select the TRUE statement regarding Haemophilus influenzae.

Polysaccharide antigen from type b is used in vaccination.

The single best (and most practical) way to prevent COVID19 infection is to:

Receive the COVID19 vaccination.

Alice, a daycare worked wakes up one morning not feeling well at all with symptoms that included, fever, diarrhea containing blood and mucous, vomiting, headache, stiff neck, and joint pain. Though she experienced several episodes of diarrhea throughout the day, the volumes of stool were relatively small. Alice calls her primary care provider and after an extensive interview and some history of her occupation and contacts, her physician tells her that she believes Alice is suffering from:

Shigellosis

After seemingly recovered from a serious case of bacterial pneumonia, a 55-year old man was rushed to the ER having symptoms that included: throbbing headache; fever; pain and stiffness of neck and back; nausea and vomiting. Suspecting meningitis, the attending physician orders a lumbar puncture for cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) analysis. What came back from the spinal tap analysis?

The CSF was cloudy and a gram stain revealed gram-positive diplococci.

Which of the following statements regarding SARS-CoV2 and COVID19 is incorrect?

The SARS-CoV2 Envelope protein attaches to the receptor on human lung epithelial cells.

Why is tertiary syphilis difficult to treat?

The bacteria are no longer actively multiplying, and antibiotics work against dividing cells.

Which of the following statement regarding Acute Respiratory Syndrome (ARS) is incorrect:

Though serious, ARS is rarely fatal

There is no long-lasting immunity to gonorrhea and a person may contract gonorrhea repeatedly.

True

Typically, pathogenic Neisseria gonorrhoeae

destroys IgA.

The food products most commonly contaminated with Salmonella strains are

eggs and poultry.

Viral gastroenteritis that affects people of all ages and usually lasts less than 3 days is caused by

norovirus.

Genital herpes, like other ulcerating genital diseases,

promotes the spread of HIV.

Viral gastroenteritis in infants and children is most commonly caused by

rotavirus.

The initial symptoms of bacterial meningitis are the same regardless of the causative agent.

true

Helicobacter pylori appears to have some connection with

ulcers AND stomach cancer.