Micro Final Exam Review (Ch. 19 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System)
Select all of the statements that apply to the disease diphtheria to test your understanding of upper respiratory diseases caused by microorganisms. -A characteristic pseudomembrane forms on the tonsils and in the pharynx -Pathogenesis is due to the production of an endotoxin -Disease can be prevented by use of a toxoid containing vaccine -No vaccine is available -Toxin can enter bloodstream and cause myocarditis and neuritis
-A characteristic pseudomembrane forms on the tonsils and in the pharynx -Disease can be prevented by use of a toxoid containing vaccine -Toxin can enter bloodstream and cause myocarditis and neuritis
Choose the statement that best describes the normal biota of the upper respiratory tract. -Limited to a few types of gram-positive bacteria -Is considered to be an area void of normal flora -Contains a variety of microbes including some that can cause serious disease -Contains a variety of microbes but not any that can cause serious disease -Contains mainly harmless viruses and fungi
-Contains a variety of microbes including some that can cause serious disease
Select all of the statements that apply to healthcare-associated or nosocomial pneumonia to test your understanding of the differences between healthcare-associated and community-acquired pneumonia. -Often are polymicrobial in origin -Bacteria enter lower respiratory tract due to abnormal breathing -Bacteria enter lower respiratory tract due to mechanical ventilation -Low mortality rate -Can be caused by coliform bacteria
-Often are polymicrobial in origin -Bacteria enter lower respiratory tract due to abnormal breathing -Bacteria enter lower respiratory tract due to mechanical ventilation -Can be caused by coliform bacteria
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the vestibular and vocal folds? -They are found in the pharynx -They prevent foreign particles from entering the lower respiratory system -They are known as the true vocal cords -They are found in the pharynx, are known as the true vocal cords, and prevent foreign particles from entering the lower respiratory system
-They are found in the pharynx
Name 4 tests used for M. tuberculosis diagnosis
1. tuberculin test 2. acid-fast staining 3. antimicrobial sensitivity testing 4. chest x-rays
Percentage of population carrying S. pyogenes as normal biota
15%
Rhinitis is caused by over _________ different viruses
200
Which of the following anatomical structures is a part of the lower respiratory tract? Nasal cavity Oral cavity Bronchus Pharynx External nose
Bronchus
the causative agent of diphteria is
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Two types of fungal, community-acquired pneumonia are:
Histoplasma capsulatum; Pneumocystis jiroveci
Microbial defenses present in the upper tract consist of nasal hairs, the ciliary escalator, mucus, coughing/sneezing, and secretory ________ in the mucus.
IgA
H and N spikes
In influenza, allow the virus to attach to specific host cell receptors
Select all of the statements that are factors affecting a person's susceptibility to TB to test your understanding of the epidemiology of tuberculosis infection. Presence of mosquito vector Inadequate nutrition Poor access to medical care Crowded living conditions Compromised immune system
Inadequate nutrition Poor access to medical care Crowded living conditions Compromised immune system
Viral infection causing chills, body aches, headache, and fever
Influenza
Tuberculosis is causes by airborne transmission of ___________ and ____________
M. tuberculosis; M. avium
To reduce the threat to public health, patients with _____________ are treated with directly observed therapy.
MDR-TB
Two types of M. tuberculosis resistant strains are
MDR-TB and XDR-TB
which skin test is required to rule out tuberculosis
Mantoux skin test
The causative agent of tuberculosis is ____________ ______________
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causative agent of the most frequent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients
P. jiroveci
Streptococcus pyogenes treatment
Penicillin (cephalexin) prophylaxis
Caused by Bordetella; called "whooping cough"
Pertussis
_____________ cells inhabit the alveoli and tonsils.
Phagocytic
Choose the statement that best describes second-line (secondary) immune defenses of the respiratory tract. Mucus lining the respiratory tract traps invaders. Phagocytic cells inhabit the alveoli and tonsils. Acidic contents of the stomach reduce microbial growth. Nasal hairs filter out invaders. Coughing and sneezing expel invaders.
Phagocytic cells inhabit the alveoli and tonsils.
____________ disease is caused by paramyxovirus that causes giant multinucleated cells called syncytia in the respiratory tract
RSV
Passive antibody preparation is used for __________ prevention in high-risk children
RSV disease
Viral infection characterized by giant multinucleated cells
RSV infection
the causative agent of common cold is
Rhinovirus
The causative agents of pneumonia are (name 5)
S. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas, Hantavirus, Histoplasma, Pneumocystis
Nosocomial pneumonia is caused by ____________, __________ ___________, or polymicrobial infections
S. pneumoniae; Klebsiella pneumoniae
____________ causes an often severe form of pharyngitis, due to its generation of surface antigens, toxins, and enzymes
S. pyogenes
Which form of clinical tuberculosis has a nearly 60% mortality rate and leads to the most severe symptoms in patients?
Secondary or reactivation tuberculosis
the causative agent of otitis media is
Streptococcus pneumoniae
the causative agent of pharyngitis is
Streptococcus pyogenes
Scarlet fever results from a _____________ ____________ strain that is infected with a toxin-coding ________________ and is characterized by a sandpaper-like rash
Streptococcus pyogenes; bacteriophage
acid-fast stained sputum sample showing red bacilli can lead to a preliminary diagnosis of: -pertussis -TB -diphtheria -influenza
TB
To reduce the threat to public health, patients with MDR-TB are treated with directly observed therapy. True False
True
Viruses originally thought to produce only cold symptoms have now been determined to cause pneumonia and death, illustrating the mutability of such viruses. True False
True
hantavirus is a type of _________ virus
Type of RNA virus.
Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
a type of pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic
Nosocomial pneumonia is treated with multiple ___________
antibiotics
antigens gradually change their amino acid composition during an ____________ ____________
antigenic drift
_____________ _____________ is the swapping out of one of the gene strands with a gene strand from a different influenza virus
antigenic shift
major change in influenza virus antigen due to gene reassortment
antigenic shift
Nosocomial pneumonia is transmitted through _____________ in patient
aspiration
Sinusitis is caused by various ______________ and ___________
bacteria and fungi
Legionella sp. is an example of _____________ CAP
bacterial
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an example of _____________ CAP
bacterial
Streptococcus pyogenes infection that results in a sore throat with reddened mucosa, swollen tonsils, and pus nodules
bacterial pharyngitis
Three types of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are
bacterial, viral, fungal
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a(n) ____________ bacterium virus fungus all of the above
bacterium
In order for proper gas exchange to occur, alveoli are surrounded by pulmonary: arteries veins venules capillaries
capillaries
The trachea is an airway that is kept open by rings of _____________
cartilage
Caused by hundreds of viruses and results in sneezing, scratchy throat, and runny nose
common cold
Two major forms of pneumonia are ____________ and ___________
community-acquired and nosocomial
_____________ is caused by Corynebacterium diphteriae, which produces an exotoxin and can be prevented by a DTaP vaccination
diphteria
Name 5 infections of upper respiratory tract
diphteria otitis media bacterial pharyngitis common cold sinusitis
M. tuberculosis can be diagnosed with __________ and _________ tests
direct and indirect
Mycoplasma pneumoniae treatment
erythromycin, doxycycline
Eukaryotic organisms such as Candida sp.
fungi
______________ results from streptococcal proteins forming immune complexes which are deposited on the basement membranes of the kidney
glomerulonephritis
Influenza virulence is due to the ability of its causative agent to alter envelope __________ ____________
glycoprotein spikes
S. pneumoniae is a gram-____________ _____________
gram-positive; cocci
_____________ is caused by one of three orthomyxoviruses: Types A, B, or C
influenza
In the Mantoux tuberculin skin test, if the induration or swelling at the site of the reaction measures less than 5 mm:
it is a negative reaction for patients in all TB cases.
As air enters the nasal cavity -it is cooled -it becomes drier as water is removed -it is cleaned before entering the rest of the respiratory system -it is cooled and becomes drier as water is removed -it is cooled, cleaned, and becomes drier as water is removed
it is cleaned before entering the rest of the respiratory system
M. tuberculosis requires a ________-term drug treatment
long
The larynx then leads into the ___________ respiratory tract, which begins with the ____________, a structure that feeds into the bronchi and bronchioles in the lungs, and finally ending in the saclike ______________.
lower; trachea; alveoli
The patient had a great deal of scarring in his lungs. Such scarring along with the formation of tubercles is often seen in TB patients due to the action of:
mononuclear cells (T cells, neutrophils, macrophages)
Viruses originally thought to produce only cold symptoms have now been determined to cause pneumonia and death, illustrating the ______________ of such viruses.
mutability
Order the following structures of the upper respiratory tract, going from the uppermost structure to the lowest structure in the tract, to test your understanding of respiratory anatomy. larynx, nasal cavity, epiglottis, pharynx
nasal cavity --> pharynx --> epiglottis --> larynx
In contrast to the upper respiratory tract, the lower respiratory tract has few, if any, ________ __________ and its defense mechanisms are reduced to the action of mucus, ______________ in the alveoli, and secretory IgA.
normal biota; macrophages
For this disease, routine use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for treatment has lead to resistance; "watchful waiting" is now recommended
otitis media
S. pneumoniae and other bacteria are causative agents of _________ __________
otitis media
___________ ____________ can be associated with a viral infection, or caused by a bacterial infection in the normally sterile middle ear
otitis media
DTaP acellular vaccine is used for prevention of _____________
pertussis
S. pyogenes, Fusobacterium, and viruses are causative agents of ______________
pharyngitis
Viral forms of this disease are typically less severe but are associated with hoarseness
pharyngitis
Nosocomial pneumonia is prevented through proper patient ______________
positioning
S. pygeneses is a gram-__________ _____________
positive; coccus
There are 3 forms of M. tuberculosis:
primary secondary extrapulmonary
In this disease, streptococcal toxins that act as superantigens and cause skin issues
psoriasis
Streptococcus pyogenes culture and diagnosis
rapid antigen tests beta-hemolysis on blood agar sensitivity to bacitracin
RSV stands for
respiratory syncytial virus
____________ ____________ is an upper respiratory condition due to an immunological cross reaction between the streptococcal M protein and heart muscle
rheumatic fever
Symptoms of ______________ are due to the localized inflammatory reaction mounted against the virus, similar to those of inhalant allergies
rhinitis
The common cold caused by 200+ viruses transmitted by indirect of droplet contact
rhinitis
Name 4 Streptococcus pyogenes infections of upper respiratory tract
scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, psoriasis
The influenza virus is able to evade the immune response by two mechanisms: antigenic _______, which is the swapping out of one of the gene strands with a gene strand from a different influenza virus, and antigenic ________, in which the antigens gradually change their amino acid composition. drift; shift switch; drift shift; drift
shift; drift
sinusitis is inflammation of the ________________ caused by allergies, _____________ or ____________ (less common) infections, or structural problems
sinuses; bacterial or fungal (less common)
Caused by a number of bacteria and results in nasal congestion, pressure above the nose or in the forehead, and headache
sinusitis
_____________ is often causes by mixed bacterial infections, including S. pyogenes, S. phenumoniae, and H. influenzae, which are then treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics
sinusitis
This variety of defenses is needed because this area is exposed to the external environment, and it therefore also harbors a large number of commensal microorganisms, such as Pseudomonas, Fusobacterium, __________________, and many others.
streptococci
the patient was placed on respiratory isolation precautions because TB is
the infectious agent is transmitted in an airborne manner
Which of the following is the first (uppermost) structure of the lower respiratory tract? larynx trachea bronchus bronchioles alveoli
trachea
No vaccine is yet available for RSV disease t/f
true
The ____________ respiratory tract is made up of the mouth, the nose, the nasal cavity and sinuses, the throat, and the epiglottis and larynx.
upper
Hantavirus or SARS-related coronavirus are examples of _____________ CAP
viral
SARS is an example of ____________ CAP
viral
Bordetella pertussis is a causative agent of _______ ________
whooping cough
