microbial genetics
which two of the following statements regarding plasmids are true
Plasmids may contain genes that specify resistance to antibiotics Many bacteria carry plasmids in addition to their chromosome.
which term refers to the transfer of gene from donor to recipient microorganisms
Recombination
which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms
recombination
transposable elements are capable of moving from _______
a plasmid to the chromosome one site in the chromosome to another site in the chromosome the chromosome to a plasmid
the regulator of lac operon is a gene that encodes
a repressor protein
a recombinant is defined as an organism that
contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism
mutations that occur because of exposure to known mutagens are termed
induced
an insertion sequence is a type of
retrotransposon
an agent that induces changes in DNA is a(n)
mutagen
a mutation that produced neither adverse nor helpful changes is termed a ______ mutation
neutral
a ___ is a small circular segment of dna found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes
plasmid
a mutation that affects only a single base pair in DNA is termed
point mutation
in ___ transduction, a particular part of the host genome is included in the virus
specialized
mutations that occur because of errors in DNA replication are termed
spontaneous
an organism that has a mutation is called a mutant
strain
Conjugation is a conservative process, meaning that
the donor retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred
jumping genes or ____ are insertion sequences that can lead to change in genotype within a cell or between cells
transposons
true or false a phage is a bacterial virus
ture
donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex pilus during
conjugation
true or false in bacterial conjugation all F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells
False
which of the following are methods of gene transfer in bacteria
Conjugation Transformation Transduction
a permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n)
Mutation
____ ______ are areas of the genome containing multiple genes which contribute to a new trait for the organism that increases its ability to cause disease
Pathogenicity islands
vertical gene transfer
Transfer of DNA from parent organisms during reproduction
____ are capable of moving from one genomic location to another, including from one site in the chromosome to another site on the same chromosomes
Transposable elements
____ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene exchange via pili
conjugation
most DNA damage is resolved by
enzymes
a spontaneous mutation arises in DNA from
errors in DNA replication
true or false a cell with an integrated F factor transmits its genes at lower frequency than does a cell with a free plasmid in the cytoplasm
false
true or false the chromosome is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contain nonessential genes
false
____ mutations are generally most harmful to cells because they cause the greatest change in the amino acid sequence of a protein
frameshift
most bacterial plasmids carry an origin of replication and ___ gene
less than 10
a retrotransposon can
transcribe DNA into RNA and then back into DNA for transposition
the process of introducing foreign genes to a yeast cell by adding the DNA directly to the cell medium is termed
transfection
horizontal gene transfer
transfer of DNA from a source other than the parent organisms
_____ involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells
transformation