MICROBIO EXAM 1
basic stain
- positively charged dye molecules - Binds to negative charges (i.e. nucleic acids in nucleus) and stains the cell picking up color
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface area of the cell but not the exterior. shows 3d pictures.
Which of the following is the standard resource for identifying bacteria? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Systema Naturae b Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology c Woese and Fox's phylogenetic tree d Haeckel's General Morphology of Organisms
Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
Hippocrates
Father of medicine, Hippocratic oath. dismissed the idea that disease was caused by supernatural forces.
what are the three major domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Joseph Lister
Began using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery carbolic acid
characteristics of viruses
Intracellular parasites, contain DNA or RNA, No ribosomes, No ATP, acellular. coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope. replicates when in a host
Which of the following is a correct usage of binomial nomenclature? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Homo Sapiens b homo sapiens c Homo sapiens d Homo Sapiens
c Homo sapiens
Betaproteobacteria have _____trophs
eutrophs
cell theory
everything r made up of cells and cell device from pre-existing cells
Log phase of bacterial growth
exponential increase in number of living bacterial cells
mycobacterium leprae
causes Hansen disease (leproxy)
Shigella
causes bloody diarrhea
c.botulinum
causes botulinum
C.difficile
causes diarrhea
corynebacterium diphtheria
causes diphtheria
bacillus Anthraces b. cereus
causes food poising
C.perfringens
causes food poisoning creating soft tissue damage
C.tetani
causes tetanus
if bacteria and archaea domains are considered prokaryotes. what's the difference between them?
cell wall. bacteria has a cell wall made of peptidogycen, where as archaea lacks it.
Plant cell walls are made of
cellular cell wall
fungi cell wall
chitin
what's the difference between closed culture or batch culture and continuous culture
closed and batch are the same while continuous culture removes waste material and adds more so it keeps the bacteria motivated and happy.
lophotrichous
cluster of flagella at one or both ends
gram positive phylum: High G+C (actin bacteria) mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall feature? what's the diagnostic test?
coat made up of extra mycolic acid coating over peptidoglycan. Has mycolic acids that are waxy and water resistant and acid fast
Psychrophiles
cold-loving microbes
Which of the following is a prokaryotic microorganism? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a helminth b protozoan c cyanobacterium d mold
cyanobacterium
Bacteria have 80S ribosomes each composed of a 60S large subunit and a 40S small subunit. t/f
false
The ______________ is used to differentiate bacterial cells based on the components of their cell walls.
gram staining
indirect method
depond on the measurement of cell presence or activity without actually counting
Schleiden and Schwann
developed the cell theory
Robert Koch
discover the connection between microorganisms and medicine. Discovered lots of diseases such as tb, cholera and anthrax.
Louis Pasteur
discovered fermentation but invented pastueration. invented a lot of new findings such as vaccines.
Francesco Redi
disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.
aerotolerant anaerobes
do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence
Biogenesis Theory
Theory that states living things can only come from other living things
what are the three classes in the non protebacteria?(gram neg)
Spirochetes phototrophic bacteria CFB group
germ theory
The idea that disease was caused by the spread of living organisms that could be controlled.
Miasma Theory
The theory that diseases were caused by miasma or bad air arising from organic decay, filth, or other conditions of the local environment.
____________ are microorganisms that are not included in phylogenetic trees because they are acellular.
Viruses
acid fast stain
a differential stain used to identify bacteria that are not decolorized by acid-alcohol. nonacid fast cells won't retain stain but acid fast organisms will. used to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis
which is not a domain in the worse and fox phylogenetic tree? a. animals b. bacteria c. archaea d. eukarya
animals
Protist cell wall
anything
Characteristics of eukaryotic: protist
anything that isn't a plant, animal or fungi ex. algae or protozoa
John Needham
argued that Spontaneous generation can occur under the right conditions. Disproved Redi's experiment.
biofilm formation steps
attachment, colonization, development, active dispersal riversible attachment of planktonic cells, then they colonize which becomes irreversible. development and growth (cell divison) PRODUCTION OF EPS occurs and formation of water channels (hours, days) attachment of second colonizers anf start dispensing of microbes to new sites
what's the unique feature of deltaprotebacteria.
attacks gram negative bacteria.
Acidic stains a. Stains the cell b. Do not stain the cells
b
Which bacterial structures are important for adherence to surfaces? (Select all that apply.) endospores b cell walls c fimbriae d capsules e flagella
b and c
in the above bacterial growth curve, which of the graph illustrates the period when u introduce antibiotics. a b c d
b they're at they're weakest
The idea that life could appear from nonliving materials was called which of the following? a. the cell theory b. theory of spontaneous generation c. the germ theory d.endosymbiotic theory e. the theory of bogenesis
b. theory of spontaneous generation
Prokaryotic cells that are rod-shaped are called ______________.
bacillus
enteric bacteria
bacteria that live in the digestive tract, enteric system
What is the difference between basic & acidic stains, simple stains & differential stains?
basic- stains cell(+ charge) acidic- stains background (- charge) simple stains-only one stain differential stains- use multiple stains on the same slide
Staphylococcus aureus S. epidermis
big clusters causes different types of skin infections
Lazzaro Spallanzani
showed that a sealed flask of meat broth sterilized by boiling failed to grow microbes
monotrichous flagella
single flagellum
Epsilon protebacteria is the _____ class
smallest
Divisome
structure that forms right in the structure
mesophiles (human pathogens)
human body temp
campylobacter
human pathogen that causes diarrhea
helicobacter pylori
human pathogens that causes chronic gastritis that leads to ulcers and stomach cancer. occurs in the pylons of the stomach.
Who is considered the "father of Western medicine"? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Marcus Terentius Varro b Thucydides c Antonie van Leeuwenhoek d Hippocrates
hippocrates
Ingaz Semmelweis
importance of hand washing to prevent disease between patients and physicians
what is the use of oil immersion lens
increases resolution by preventing light from refracting in air
direct methods of measuring microbial growth
involve counting cells
What mordant is used in Gram staining? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a crystal violet b safranin c acid-alcohol d iodine
iodine
Which of the following cell wall components is unique to gram-negative cells? a lipopolysaccharide b teichoic acid c mycolic acid d peptidoglycan
lipopolysaccharide
hyperthermophilic bacteria
live in extreme high temperatures
proteobacteria
major phylum of gram neg bacteria
what are the advantages of fixing?
makes organisms stay put and jt kills bacteria making it less dangers
what does it mean by fixing bacterial specimens?
making bacterial cells adhere to a microscope slide
Which of the following terms refers to a bacterial cell having a single tuft of flagella at one end? a monotrichous b amphitrichous c peritrichous d lophotrichous
monotrichous
What are coliforms?
normal G- inhabitants of the human intestinal tract that produce gas from lactose fermentation nonpathogenic. can breakdown lactic acid
The cells of prokaryotic organisms lack a ______________.
nucleus cellular nucleus
What are the oxygen requirements?
obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, , facultative anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes, microaerphiles
What is total magnification?
ocular lens x objective lens
alphaproteobacteria contain ________trophs
oligotrophs
Protozoa
one-celled organisms that are more complex than bacteria Parasites used pseudopods, cilia, flagella some may be pathogens.
Which of the following foods is NOT made by fermentation? a. Beer b. Bread c. Cheese d. Orange juice
orange juice
obligate anaerobes
organisms that cannot live where molecular oxygen is present
Obligate aerobes require
oxygen for growth (on top)
what's phototrophic bacteria 2 types
oxygenic ex(cyanobacteria) and anoxygenic ex. (purple Sulphur and non sulphur
which term best describes the relationship between pathogenic bacteria and humans
parasitism
Exponential Division
parental cell divides, gives rise to two daughter cells . Each division doubles the number of cells 1-2-4-8-16-32-64-128
what r alphaproteobacteria? and an example
part of the gram-negative bacteria that doesn't need many nutrients for their growth. contain Oligotrophs that is capable if growth @ very low levels of nutrients. ex is chlamydia which are obligated intracellular pathogens that are extremely resistant to cellular defenses and have the ability ti spread rapidly.
Symbiotic associations between different bacteria and human for Amensalism. example
population A Harmed and B unaffected. one bacteria kills another. example- Lucilia sericata produces a protein that destroys Stephylococcus aureus( causes dangers diseases) on surface of the human skin.
Symbiotic associations between different bacteria and human for Neutralism
population A and B are both unaffected. coexistence if metabolically active Bacillus anthraces that produce endospores that live inside the bacteria.
Symbiotic associations between different bacteria and humans for mutualism. example
population A and B benefited. occurs in the human gut. an example would be could where there's different strains. some beneficial where it relies on intestinal content of nutrients producing vit k and some strains that can also be harmful.
Symbiotic associations between different bacteria and human for Parasitism
population A benefitted and B harmed. human bacterial infection. many pathogenic prokaryotes invade the body producing toxic substances or infectious disease that cause harm.
Symbiotic associations between different bacteria and human for commensalism. example
population A benefitted and B unaffected occurs on the human skin. ex Staphylococcus epidermidis uses the dead cells of the human skim as nutrients. every human has these type of organisms.
phylum: low G+C (BACILLI)
positive bacteria
Basic stains have a ____ charge. basic stains will stain_____ and will not stain
positive, cell, and background.
Which of the following was NOT a kingdom in Linnaeus's taxonomy? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a animal b mineral c protist d plant
protists
What are animal-like protists called?
protozoans
Louis pastour
refuted the long disputed theory of spontaneous gen.
Which is acellular? -bacterium -fungus -protozoan -virus
virus
Which of the following is acellular? Virus b Bacterium c Fungus d Protozoan
virus
types of electron microscopes
transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM)
M.tuberculosis takes
14-20 hrs
some characters of each kingdom coming under eukaryotes
- have bounded nucleus can be uni or multicellular - protist, fungi, plants and animals
What are the magnifications of the objective lenses?
10x, 40x, 100x
describe the gram staining steps for crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, and safranin
1. primary stain added to the specimen (stains cells purple or blue) 2. mordant makes dye less soluble so it adhere to cell walls making it bind to the primary stains and helps stay within the cell. (cell remains purple or blue) 3. plays as a chemical decolorized washes away from gram-negative cell walls (decolorizes gram- negative cells. 4. counterstains allow dye adherence to gram-negative cells. (gram positive cells will retain a purple blue color, where gram- appears pink.
4 differences between light and electron microscopes
1. source of energy( plain white light and beam of electrons) 2. electro magnets: sense made up of glass 3.medium air everywhere and vaccum 4. absence of oculus image of ultra structure and E/M you only see the exterior.
how much will a culture be diluted if 10 ml of the cell suspension is added to 90 ml of diluent 1o^-1 10^-2 10^-3 10^-4
10^-1
If a culture starts with 50 cells, how many cells will be present after five generations with no cell death? - 200 -400 -1600 -3200
1600
how much will be a culture be diluted if 1ml of cell suspension is added to 999ml of diluent? 1:100 1:10000 1;999 1:1000
1:1000
m.leprae takes
2 weeks
e.coli takes about?
20 min to double
Neutrophiles pH
5-8
binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Gram staining
A method of differentiating bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative.
lag phase
A short period of time **prior to exponential growth of a bacterial population during which no, or very limited, cell division occurs. no increase of number of cells
binomial nomenclature
A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name. genus -first species+ second
pH requirements of bacteria
Acidphiles: below 5 neutrophilees: 5-8 alkalophiles: above 8.5
Who was the first to observe "animalcules" under the microscope? Antonie van Leeuwenhoek b Louis Pasteur c Marcus Terentius Varro d Robert Koch
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
who observed "animalcules" or wee little beasties?
Antonie van leuwenhock
Which of the following domains have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan? a. Bacteria b. Archaea c. Eukarya
Bacteria
who is the father of binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
Who is considered to be the father of Binomial nomenclature? a. Louis Pasteur b. Edward Jenner c. Robert Koch d. Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus
Know the microscope parts with their functions
Condenser sense, power switch, Ocular lens, objective lens, Stage adjustment knobs, Field Iris Diaphragm, Condenser centering screws, Fine focus knob, Stage
what does CFB mean? what's the importance of each group?
Cytophaga- motile aquatic bacteria that glides fusobacteria-occurs in humans mouth and causes severe infections bacteroides- largest genus. species are prevalent inhabitants of the humans large intestine. the human body composes of 30% of the normal microbiota in human health.
Thucydides
Greek historian. studied the Athenian plague and found out that once infected they became immune. first to understand the immunity.
Which of the following individuals argued in favor of the theory of spontaneous generation? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Francesco Redi b Louis Pasteur c John Needham d Lazzaro Spallanzani
John need ham
theory of spontaneous generation
Life arises spontaneously from non-living material
difference between magnification and resolution
Magnification- Increase in size Resolution- Power to show details
Who proposed that swamps might harbor tiny, disease-causing animals too small to see? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Thucydides b Marcus Terentius Varro c Hippocrates d Louis Pasteur
Marcus Terentius Varro
plate count
Method to measure the concentration of viable cells by counting the number of colonies that develop from a sample added to an agar plate less than30 doesn't give a good statistically reliable tftc more than 300 is over crowded making it difficult to to accurately count
what's the major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
P- no nucleus or nuclei e- have nucleus
what are the two common features for all living cells
Plasma membrane and genetic modification
Clostridium ?
Postive bacteria that produces endospores that obligate anaerobes. it can't tolerate oxygen.
______________ are organisms without membrane-bound nuclei.
Prokaryotes
Which of the following is NOT a domain in Woese and Fox's phylogenetic tree? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Plantae b Bacteria c Archaea d Eukarya
a Plantae
batch culture
a closed-system microbial culture of fixed volume
Chemostat
a device that allows for the continuous culture of microorganisms. allows a continous pattern. feeds on waste material anf then removed. bacterial suspension in order to collect extracts.
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
a microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells
Alkalophiles pH
above 8.5
death phase
accumulates toxic waste and nutrients are exhausted. cells die in great numbers. it exceeds living cells. u see endospores in this phase
Ziehl-Neelsen staining, a type of ______________ staining, is diagnostic for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
acid- fast
Acidphiles
acid-tolerant bacteria
what are plant like protist called?
algae
Which of the following is not a subfield of microbiology? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a bacteriology b botany c clinical microbiology d virology
b botany
Louis Pasteur's experiment
broth is in swan-necked flasks Boil-->incubate-->no growth (germs trapped) Tilted falsk-->incubated-->growth
Yersenia pestis
bubonic plague
which phase shows when the numbers of death cells and live cells are equal a b c d
c
facultative anaerobes
can live with or without oxygen
Two species of bacteria live near each other and use similar food resources. Which type of biological interaction does this describe? - competitive interaction -a cooperative interaction -mutualistic interaction -parasitic interaction
competitive interaction
Betaproteobacteria is? and examples
contains eutrophs that require copious amounts if organic nutrients or they die. organisms are - nisseria meningitides: causes bacterial meningitis - N.gonorrhoeae: causes gonorrhoea (sexual transmitted disease) -Bordetella pertussis: causes whopping cough.
which is the correct order of steps in gram staining?
crystal violet stain, grams iodine mordant, ethanol decolorization, safranin counterstains
Which scientist proposed adding a kingdom for protists? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Carolus Linnaeus b Carl Woese c Robert Whittaker d Ernst Haeckel
d Ernst Haeckel
Which of the following types of microorganisms is photosynthetic? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a yeast b virus c helminth d alga
d alga
Which of the following is a type of fungal microorganism? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a bacterium b protozoan c alga d yeast
d yeast
Which of the following has a spiral shape? a. coccus b. coccobacilli c. vibrio d. spirillum
d. spirillum
In which phase would you expect to observe the most endospores in a Bacillus cell culture? -death -log -lag log, lag, death have the same # of endospores
death
ex of coliforms
ecoli
Robert Hooke
first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.
Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek
first to observe microbes by creating first ever microscope. "wee little beasts" saw dead microbes
peritrichous
flagella all over
amphitrichous
flagella at both poles of the cell
different types of fixing
heat and chemical fixing
thermophiles
heat loving microbes
Fts2 protein
helps with cell division. will double mother cell and elongate it equaLLY INT0 2 daughters cells
streptococcus
hemolic, breaks down red blood cells
KNOW THE GROWTH CURVE
lag, logarithmic stationary and death
persister cells
microbes with genetic characteristics allowing for their survival when exposed to an antibiotic
Gamma Proteobacteria ______ and ____ class -pseudomonas -vibrio -V.parahaemolyticus -V. cholerae v. vulnificus
most diverse and large p- hospital required infections cause Uni or wound v- (shaped as rod) v.p- causes gastroenteritis v.c- causes cholera from contaminated water v.v-life threatening cellulitis (infection on a skin and deeper tissue.
acidic stain
negative charge stains. will stain the background
acidic stains have a _______ charge. acidic stains will stain _______ and will not stain _______.
negative, background and cell
animal cell wall
no cell wall
Noncoliforms
pathogenic. cannot ferment lactose and can't completely break down lactose
Bacterial cell walls are primarily composed of which of the following? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a phospholipid b protein c carbohydrate d peptidoglycan
peptidoglycan
stationary phase
period of equilibrium; microbial deaths balance production of new cells. virulence factors survive, reproduce and cause disease in host
what is Lactobacillus very important to women?
produces lactic acid which is important for vagina health. we need an acidic ph. a dominant normal bacteria
Marcus Varro
proposed that disease could be caused by certain mini creatures seen in swamps.
Ruddf Virchow
proposed that new cells are formed only from cells that already exist. cell theory
Haemophilus influenzae- most common cause of ______ illness.
respiratory
Which of the following developed a set of postulates for determining whether a particular disease is caused by a particular pathogen? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a John Snow b Robert Koch c Joseph Lister d Louis Pasteur
rober koch
ex noncoliforms
salmonella, shigella, and Yersenia pestis
generation time
the time it takes for a population to double
Microaerophilic bacteria
they do need oxygen to proliferate but they need it at such low levels
phylum: non Proteobacteria what's the important feature about the flagella in Spirochetes
twisting motion used for locomotion. can drill through out skin.
Gardnerella vaginosis
vaginal infection in women
Which of the following terms refers to a prokaryotic cell that is comma shaped? a coccus b coccobacilli c vibrio d spirillum
vibrio
The type of inclusion containing polymerized inorganic phosphate is called ______________.
volutin granules
