Microbiology Ch. 1-5 -- Exam #1
HYDROPHOBIC
"water hating" -molecules that repel water
HYDROPHILIC
"water loving" -molecules that attract water
substrate level phosphorylation
(chemical energy) In... ATP is usually generated when high - energy phosphate is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound (a substrate) to ADP: generally, the phosphate group has acquired its energy during an earlier reaction in which the substrate itself was oxidized
oxidative phosphorylation
(energy from motive force) ... electrons are transferred from organic compounds to one group of electron carriers (usually NAD+ and FAD). Then, the electrons are passed through a series of different electron carriers to molecules of oxygen or other oxidized inorganic and organic molecules; occurs in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes and the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes
photophosphorylation
(radiant energy) occurs only in photosynthetic cells, starts the process of photosynthesis by converting light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, which then used to synthesize organic molecules; an electron transport chain is involved
Kingdom Fungi
- 100,000 species divided into 2 groups: Macroscopic & Microscopic. - Majority are unicellular or colonial. Few have cellular specialization.
which of the following is/are the most appropriate way to correctly label the name of an organism on a glass slide
- E. coli
Parasitic Worms
- Multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection. - Parasitize host tissues - Have mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues - Most have well-developed sex organs that produce eggs & sperm - Fertilized eggs go through larval period in or out of host body
ATOM
- a tiny particle that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances w/o losing its properties - unique structures - contains protrons, neutrons, & electrons
the purpose of heat fixation is to
- adhere the organisms to the slide - inactivate microorganisms placed on the slide
excessive heating during the fixation stage of preparing a smear can lead to which of the following outcomes upon staining
- bacterial cells may show altered morphology - bacterial arrangements may be disturbed
which of the following apply to bacterial smears
- bacterial smears provide scientists with the means to look at microorganisms - preparing smears disperses bacterial cells on a slide so that individual cells can be visualized under the microscope - preparation of bacterial smears is required for bacterial staining procedures
match the staining procedure with its description
- capsule stain : a stain that enables you to effectively visualize a bacterium's glycocalyx - gram stain : a stain that can differentiate between cells that have thick or thin layers of peptidoglycan in their cell walls - acid fast stain : a stain that would be appropriate for cells that contain mycolic acid in their cell walls
NUCLEUS
- central core - makes up the larger mass of the atom
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC (DNA)
- contains a nitrogen base, a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate A -- T C -- G - the N base is covalently bonded to the sugar deoxyribose
RIBONUCLEIC (RNA)
- contains a nitrogen base, a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate A -- U C -- G - the N base is covalently bonded to the sugar ribose
which of the following represent consequences of incorrect performance of the decolorization step
- decolorizing too briefly: false positive results - decolorizing for too long: false negative results - decolorizing for too long: removal of carbolfuchsin (primary stain) from all cells
endospores are difficult to stain due to which of the following
- endospores exclude dye - endospores have a thick spore coat
which three of the following terms all refer to a similar structure
- glycocalyx - slime layer - capsule
which of the following correctly describe how the gram stain works to color different type of cells
- gram positive cells retain the purple dye mordant complex because of their thick layer of peptidoglycan - gram negative cells are decolorized and stained by the pink/red secondary stain
if organism are washing off of the slide during rinsing of the stain, which step(s) in the smear preparation may have been excluded
- heat fixation - air drying
before bacteria from a solid culture are applied to a slide, a drop of sterile water is typically added to the slide in order to
- help the bacteria spread evenly - reduce the tendency of the bacteria to stick together
a smear preparation that is too light may result in which of the following
- inability to distinguish individual cell morphology - difficulty locating cells to observe
a smear that is too thick will result in which of the following
- inability to distinguish individual cell morphology - poor quality stain results
which of the following are diseases caused by an acid-fast bacterium
- leprosy - TB (tuberculosis)
which of the following clinically important organisms are considered acid-fast
- mycobacterium tuberculosis - mycobacterium leprae
which of the following would lead to an inability to identify the morphology of organisms using a simple stain
- no organisms in sample - the organism has an acid-fast cell wall - more than one organism in your sample
ELEMENT
- pure substance that has a characterisitc atomic structure - 118 elements, 94 naturally occuring
which of the following stains required heat fixation
- simple stain - endospore stain - gram stain - acid-fast stain
encapsulated organisms are difficult to directly stain because
- the capsule is not permeable to stains - the capsule does not react with most stains
what might be the result of not allowing a slide to air dry sufficiently prior to heat fixation
- the shape and arrangement of the cells may be disrupted - the bacteria may rinse off of the slide - the bacteria could be aerosolized
what is the purpose of a simple stain
- to determine cell shape and arrangement of the specimen - to visualize bacteria
what is the purpose of a negative stain
- to determine morphological characteristics of the specimen - to visualize a capsule (if present) - to visualize the bacteria
this image depicts the results of an endospre stain performed on a smear of a known endospore-producing bacterial species. which of the following could have led to the results shown here
- too many organisms were used - the primary stain was omitted - the smear was performed from a young culture that was not yet forming endospores
which of the following would be appropriate for choosing a sample to perform a smear preparation
- use only a small amount of bacteria on the loop - use bacteria from an isolated colony
which of the following are characteristics of simple stains
- used to visualize morphology of bacteria - used to identify cellular arrangement of bacteria
how do you smear a bacterial colony onto the microscope slide
- using the loop, you disperse the bacteria into the water drop on the microscope slide
staining is a commonly used microbiological technique that is used for which of the following
- visualization of microorganisms - differentiation of microorganisms - identification of some bacterial structures
you just performed an acid-fast stain on an acid-fast organism, yet some of the bacteria appear blue and some appear red. which of the following could explain your results
- you have a mixed population of bacteria in which some organisms are acid-fast and some are not - the primary stain was not allowed to stain long enough
ATOMIC WEIGHT (MASS)
-avg. of the mass numbers of all the isotopic forms for a element
PROTEINS
-biological molecules whose polymers are chains of amino acid monomers linked together by peptide bonds - "shapers of life" - protein structure determnines protein function
run
-counterclockwise movement of the flagella -cell swims in a smooth, linear direction toward a stimulus
TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID
-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ribonucleic acid (RNA)
What are Prokaryotes?
-don't wind DNA around histones & not encased in membrane -Bacteria have sturdy walls -Prokaryotes don't have membrane bound organelles
Archaea
-most primitive of all life forms -more closely related to Eukarya than bacteria (share rRNA sequences that are not found in bacteria, ribosomal subunit structures are similar, lack peptidoglycan) -have unique rRNA sequence -cell membranes do not contain fatty acids -use branched molecules called isoprenes
Halophiles
-require salt to grow--> use red pigment to synthesize ATP in presence of light. -colorful bacteria in seawater evaporation beds. -mostly aerobic metabolism -Bacteriorhodspin: proton pump used to generate energy
S layer
-thousands of copies of a single protein linked together -provides protection from environmental conditions -only produced in hostile environments
bacteria
... are antigens
NAD and FAD
... are common electron carriers
common ancestor
... gave rise to 3 domains
true antibiotic
... has to be made from microbe if not then it is considered synthetic drug
less than 1 percent
... of microorganisms cause disease to humans
every reaction
... requires an enzyme
surface area
... to volume limits cell size
cilia
...in body move mucus away from lungs
oxygen
...in cellular processes results in more ATP than anaerobic processes
prokaryotes
...on average, around the same size; smaller than eukaryotes by about ten times
pH SCALE
0 (most acidic) - 14 (most basic)
a typical cell of staphylococcus would be expected to have a diameter of approximately
1 micron
what is the size of a helmith
1 mm to 25 m
List these levels in the hierarchy of classification from most general to least general.
1. Kingdom, 2. Class, 3. Family, 4. Genus, 5. Species
Put these levels of classification in order form most general to most specific
1. Kingdom, 2. Genus, 3. Species
Put these in order by size from largest to smallest
1. Protozoans, 2. Reproductive structures of mold, 3. Bacteria, 4. Viruses
place the steps of the endospore stain in the correct sequence
1. apply malachite green to smear 2. cover smear with small piece of paper towel 3. steam over water bath 4. rinse 5. apply safranin to smear 6. rinse and blot dry
place these reagents in the proper order of their use in the gram staining technique
1. crystal violet 2. gram's iodine 3. decolorizer 4. safranin
put the following steps in order for performing a smear preparation from a liquid culture
1. label the microscope slide 2. apply loopful of bacterial culture to slide 3. air dry 4. heat fix
put the following steps in order for performing a smear preparation from a solid culture
1. label the slide with the name of the organism 2. apply loopful of sterile water to slide 3. add very small amount of organisms to water on slide 4. disperse organisms evenly over the center of the slide 5. air dry 6. heat fix
Various terms denote chains of amino acids based on the size of the chains. Put the terms protein, peptide, and polypeptide in order from smallest to largest.
1. peptide 2. polypeptide 3. protein
place the following steps of the capsular stain in the proper sequence
1. place a drop of nigrosin on a clean slide 2. add bacteria to nigrosin and mix 3. spread the mixture over slide and air dry 4. apply crystal violet 5. rinse
match the general type of staining method with its description
1. simple : uses only a single dye to color the cells 2. differential stain : uses two dyes to discriminate between cell types or structures 3. structural stain : assists in the observation of structures external to the cell wall
place the following steps of the acid-fast stain in the proper sequence
1. stain with carbolfuchsin 2. rinse off excess primary stain 3. decolorize with acid alcohol 4. rinse with water to stop the decolorization process 5. counterstain with methylene blue 6. rinse off excess counterstain 7. bolt dry
order the following events in biofilm formation
1. sticky surface texture attracts single cells 2. colonists attach to the surface 3. receptors, DNA, and other molecules are released as attractants 4. individual cells break off to begin new biofilms
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are about _____ infections of all types across the world every year.
10 billion
viruses
10% of human genome consist of sequences that come from what?
A monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms will have _____hydrogen atoms and ______ oxygen atoms
10,5 (CH2O)n = where n=5 C5H(2*5)O5 = C5H10O5
sodium has an atomic number of ___.
11
What is the maximum # of electrons in the first energy shell of an atom?
2 n=number of shells formula: n squared times 2 so, first shell would be n=1, 1 squared = 1, then X 2=2
when did the first eukaryotic cells on earth appear?
2 billion years ago
There are __ different naturally occurring amino acids from which proteins are constructed.
20
which would be the proper amount of time required for methylene blue dye to remain on the bacterial smear during a simple stain
30 seconds to 2 minutes
roughly how many species of fungi have been identified to date?
5,000,000
peptidoglycan
60% of biomass of a bacteria cell
unlike bacterial cells, eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes comprised of a larger __ subunit and a smaller ___ subunit.
60S, 40S
unlike bacterial cells, eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes comprised of a larger ___ subunit and a small ___ subunit
60s, 40s
Carbon has an atomic number of _, has ____ electron(s) in its outer orbital, has a valence of __, and can form up to __ chemical bond(s).
6; four; 4;4
The bacterial ribosomes is a _______S ribosomes
70
Mitochondria contained bacterial-sized _____ ribosomes
70S
Mitochondria contain what sized ribosome.
70s
What is the maximum # of electrons in the second energy shell of an atom?
8 n=number of shells formula: n squared times 2 so, second shell would be n=2, 2 squared = 4, then X 2=8
eukaryotic ribosomes found outside the mitochondria are the ___ variety
80s
tubulin
9 pair 2 in middle attached to motor proteins that contract and release
attachment of cells like those shown in this image to a surface in a biofilm is accomplished by the adhesion of the appendages illustrated by the letter
A
in this image of chloroplast, the thylakoids are indicated by the letter ___
A
in this image of ribosomes synthesizing protein , which letter indicates the cistern of the ER?
A
which of the images depict a slide that was prepared from an excessive amount of microbial material
A
which slide shows both vegetative cells and endospores
A
polyhedral capsid, and sheath covered tail that is helical
A bacteriophage contains what elements?
bacteriophage
A complex virus is called a what?
parasitic
A few protozoa are what and cause millions of infections each year?
their extra membrane layer
A gram negative bacteria is actually stronger than the gram positive bacteria because of what?
What is a helminth?
A parasitic worm
Amphitrichous Polar Flagella
A single flagellum at both ends of the organism
tumbling
A stimulus to a bacteria can also cause flagellar rotates that reverses, causing the cell to stop and change course called what?
runs
A stimulus to move can cause a smooth linear movement towards stimulus from bacteria called?
What is the difference between a true nucleus and a nucleoid?
A true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane whereas a nucleoid is not
not both
A virus can contain a DNA or RNA but not what?
specific host molecule
A virus can invade its host cell only through making an exact fit with a what?
Provirus
A what may remain hidden in a host cell for years before ever activating?
which of the following conditions place patients at risk for an opportunistic fungal infection ?
AIDS, burns, diabetes
A cell membrane, ribosomes, chromosomes and cytoplasm are found in _________ bacterial cells
ALL
What is the principle function of mitochondria?
ATP production
distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes
Achaea's cell wall is
The ________-_______ stain technique would be used to discover Myobacterium Tuberculosis in a sputum sample a
Acid fast
Functions of the glycocalyx
Adherence and protection
Describe the function of fimbriae
Adhesion
Which of the following describes the function of fimbriae?
Adhesion
Roles of Fungi
Adverse Impact: Mycoses, allergies, toxin production. Destruction of crops & Food storages - Beneficial Impact: Decomposers of dead plants & animals. Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins. Making food & genetic studies.
budding
After viral RNA or DNA are replicated and enssembeled they are coated in a capsid and then released through what process?
The third step in the Gram stain, _________ is added to the dry smear
Alcohol
True statement regarding ALL bacterial cells
All lack a nucleus
bacteria arachae eukarya
All living organisms are classified into what three domains?
a cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton
All prokaryotes have what features?
asexual reproduction
All protozoa reproduce by what through mitotic cell division and multiple fission?
What does selectively permeable mean?
Allows the passage of some materials, but not all material move through freely
Protozoa
Always unicellular
Amoeboid Protozoa
Amoebiasis: Entamoeba histolytica. Human/water & food.
Glycocalyx
An outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with environment; functions in adhesion, protection, and signal reception
Bacteria which do not use oxygen during metabolism are known as
Anaerobes
Malaria
Apicomplexan Protozoa. Plasmodium vivax. - Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasma gondii—Human/vector-bourne. - Cryptosporidiosis: Apicomplexan Protozoa. Free-living/water & food.
Cells that are related to eukaryotes but similar in structure to bacteria are called _______
Archaea
________ are prokaryotic organisms that are often found growing in extreme environments
Archaea
Ribosomes with a side of 70S (Svedberg) are found in
Archaea and bacteria
In _______reproduction, offspring arise from the division of a single parent cell into 2 identical progeny cells.
Asexual Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction.
Protozoa Reproduction
Asexually mitosis or multiple fission - Sexually: Conjugation
Which of the following could be considered nomenclature?
Assigning a name to a new isolate Salmonella based on its geography (Salmonella arizona)
An ________ filament is a periplasmic flagellum found in some spirochete bacteria
Axial
in this image of an algal chloroplast , the chromosome is indicated by the letter. __
B
which of the images depicts a slide that has not been properly heat fixed
B
which of the images represents bacilli
B
The proper term for a rod-shaped bacterial cell is a
Bacillus
Medically relevant endospore-producing genera?
Bacillus and Clostridium
Three genera of pathogenic bacteria that form endospores are ____________ , ___________ and Sporosarcina
Bacillus and Clostridium
Cylindrical bacterial cells are called ___________, whereas genetic curved cylindrical cells are referred to as __________
Bacillus and vibrio
Peptidoglycan are components of the cell walls in the
Bacteria
Peptidoglycans are components of the cell walls in
Bacteria
Which of the following microorganisms represent prokaryotic cell types?
Bacteria
___ are small, single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
Bacteria
Members of the Domain ___________ have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, whereas prokaryotic members of Domain ____________ have unique cell wall composition
Bacteria and archaea
free in the cytoplasm
Bacteria and archaea have nuclear material that is
decomposers
Bacteria can be used as a primary __________ for recycling nutrients.
Insulin, Interferon
Bacteria can be used to produce enzymes and proteins such as __________, HGH, and _____________ for gene therapies.
peptidoglycan
Bacteria cell wall is made up of
Adhesion
Bacteria employ proteins called adhesins to attach to host tissues. Fijmbraie are small fibers that sprout off surface of many bacterial cells and clings cells together. Also there are non-fimbrial adhesions.
reproduction
Bacteria have a very simple and rapid rate of _______________ and metabolism.
chemicals
Bacteria synthesize ____________ for our body needs but cannot produce on our own.
Mycoplasmas
Bacteria that do not have cell walls, membrane stabilized by sterols (resistant to lysis). Very small, vary in size and shape. Pneumonia.
Which of the following are major branches of study in microbiology?
Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology
no uncoating
Bacteriophage absorbs to bacterial surface, penetrates through, no what necessary before it releases viral DNA for replication and synthesis which will then be assembled?
Balantidiosis
Balantidium coli. Ciliated Protozoa. Zoonotic in pigs.
if you needed specific information regarding bacterial classification and taxonomy, which one of the following resources should you use
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Unicellular
Body is made up of a single cell. - Short lifespan. Regeneration. Power of division. Small.
Multicellular
Body is made up of numerous cells - Different cells specialized to perform different functions. Can be large.
Cell or Plasma membrane
Boundary of cell. Phospholipid bilayer with proteins. - Sterols confer stability. - Function: Selectively permeable barrier in transport - Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound organelles that account for 60-80% of their volume.
chloroplast envelope is indicated by which letter
C
on this image of the cell, the nucleolus can be found in the region labeled by this letter
C
which of the images shows a simple stained slide that was prepared from the appropriate amount of microbial material
C
A structure that is external and can protect the bacterial cell from various host immune responses
Capsule
Components of peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall
Carbohydrate and protein
The hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is found in:
Carbohydrates & alcholos
Organic chemicals always have a basic framework of the element _____ bonded to other atoms.
Carbon
CH2O
Carbs have what chemical formula?
Which of the following is considered to be the basic unit of life?
Cell
Cell Wall
Cell Wall: Boundary of cell. Rigid, provides structural support & shape. - Fungi & Algae
The ______ _____ is the cellular structure used by the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology to classify bacteria into taxonomic division such as the Cracilicutes and Firmicutes
Cell wall
The _______ ________ is the cellular structure used by the Bergen's macula of determinative bacteriology to classify bacteria into taxonomic division such as the Gracilicutes and firmicutes
Cell wall
What structure is used in the Berger-s manual of determinative bacteria to divide bacteria and archaea into four major divisions?
Cell wall
Which structures are possessed by a majority (not all) of bacterial cells?
Cell wall and glycocalyx
Protist: Algae
Cell wall. Eukaryotic organisms. Unicellular, filamentous, or colonial. - Classified according to types of pigments & cell wall - Used for cosmetics, food, & medical products - Photosynthesize with chlorophyll a. - Microscopic & Macroscopic. - Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll a & other pigments. - May or may not have flagella. - Most are free-living in fresh water & marine water (plankton) - Provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats - Produce large proportion of O2 - Dinoflagellates: Cause red tides. Produce toxins (food poisoning)
absorption and invasion
Cells that lack compatible virus receptors are resistant to what by a virus?
What does Trypanosoma cruzi (protozoa) cause?
Chagas disease
To move towards a chemical attractant by flagellar motion is refers to as positive ___________
Chemotaxis
The hereditary material of a bacterial cell is (normally) single circular strand of DNA known as the bacterial ________, which is aggregated in the nucleoid.
Chromosome
Bacterial DNA is organized into which of the following tightly wound discrete units?
Chromosomes
Protozoa: Classification
Classified by motility structures - Flagella, Cilia, or Pseudopods
The term used for short, plum bacterial rod is
Coccobacilli
A spherically-shaped cell is termed a(n)
Coccus
The three most common shapes of bacterial cells are known as _________, ________ and spirillum/spirochete bacteria
Coccus and bacillus
The bacterial chromosome is coiled around protein molecules fo the purpose of:
Compaction into the cell
Biofilms
Composed of populations or communities of microorganisms adhering to surfaces. Microorganisms are usually encased in extracellular polysaccharide. Can be found on any surface. Traps nutrients for growth. Contains multiple layers.
Ribosomes
Composed of rRNA and proteins; scattered in cytoplasm and associated with RER; function in protein synthesis
The genetic transfer of material through pili is termed _______
Conjugation
In the deductive approach to the scientific method, which of the following is the first step?
Constructing a hypothesis to explain what has been observed or measured
Inclusion Bodies
Contained within single layer membrane, storage of energy rich organic substances used in times of depletion (glycogen)
Chloroplast
Convert energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis; found in algae and plant cells; primary producers of organic nutrients for other organisms
Methanogens
Convert hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane gas to generate energy anaerobically. -Obligate anaerobes are killed by oxygen -Digest cellulose in cow and termite guts (cow belches methane 50L/day) -also in swamps, wetlands, and garbage dumps
Which components of the bacterial endospore are responsible for its resistance to environmental challenges?
Cortex and Coat
NS
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease can infect what system and cause degeneration and death?
In the first step of the gram stain, _______ is added to dry the smear
Crystal violet
Bacillus shape
Cylindrical Rod- (when short + plump = cobacillus)
Another term for the cell membrane is the ______ membrane
Cytoplasmic
The ________ is a network of actin and tubulin filaments that are located just under the cell membrane and that contribute to cell shape
Cytoskeleton
The internal gelatinous matrix of a cell, mostly composed of water, is referred to as
Cytosol
escherichia coli has peritrichous flagella. which of these images is E. coli
D
on this image of the cell, the letter indicating the site of energy generation is
D
which of the images depicts a slide that has been properly stained using a simple stain procedure
D
____ serves as the template for the production of RNA during transcription
DNA
Adenine-Guanine, Thymine-Cytosine
DNA is constructed of what four nucleic acids?
double stranded, single stranded, linear and circular
DNA viruses can be of what configuration?
Which of the following contain phosphate functional groups?
DNA, Phospholipids, ATP, RNA
Nucleolus
Dark area for rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly; is contained within the nucleus
no membrane-bound organelles
Describe bacteria and archaea's internal structures
Which of the following are characteristic of a mature endospore?
Desiccation-resistant and radiation-resistant
___ is a type of glucose polymer secreted by some bacteria as a salim layer
Dextran
The _______ scheme of classification, which is restricted to the analysis of bacterial disease agents, divides first be cell walls and then by shape, arrangement, and physiological characteristics
Diagnostic
Which scheme of classification focuses on characteristics such as morphology and physiological traits instead of phylogenetic relationships and nomenclature
Diagnostic
Which scheme of classification focuses on characteristics such as morphology and physiological traits instead of phylogenetic relationship and nomenclature
Diganostic
The prefixed used to describe arrangements of bacilli
Diplo- and Strepto-
Describe cocci in pairs
Diplococci
The prefix "_____-" means "in pairs"
Diploid
Explain how to make a 1 molar solution.
Dissolve the molecular weight of the substance (in grams) in one liter of water
The third step of the gram stain procedure, the application of alcohol
Dissolves the lipids in the outer membrane of gram negatives
Two domains that are closely related
Domain Eukarya and Domain Archaea
The basal body of the flagellum is located
Embedded within the cytoplasmic membrane, wall and outer membrane
what are the life cycles of helminths
Embryo (fertilized egg), larval, and adult stages
In bacteria, sporulation is the process of ______ formation
Endospore
Which of the following stains require heat fixation?
Endospore Gram Simple Acid-fast
Disease such as anthrax, tetanus, gas gangrene and botulism are caused by bacteria that are able to form
Endospores
The liquid protein of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is also known as
Endotoxin
the large intestine
Enterobius vermicularis or pinworms cause a common infestation in what?
The complex external covering composed of two or three layers found on the majority of bacteria is termed the cell
Envelope
cell membrane
Enveloped viruses take a bit of what with them when they are release from a host cell?
In the Woese-Fox system, Domain ______ includes plants, animals, fungi, and protozoa.
Eukaryota
________ possesses DNA enclosed in a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles whereas ________ cells fo not encase their DNA or in organelles in a membrane
Eukaryotes and bacterial
The Last Common Ancestor
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes evolved from a precursor cell known as what?
nucleus
Eukaryotes have a
nucleus
Eukaryotes have a what?
___ cells possess a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotic
______ cells possess a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotic
Explain the endosymbiotic theory
Eukaryotic cells were once bacteria cell that were engulfed by a larger cell, that reproduced within the cell. This is evidenced by ribosomes that are bacterial, also membrane in its mitochondria
Algae
Eukaryotic organisms, usually unicellular and colonial, that photosynthesize with chlorophyll; contain cell wall and may or may not have flagella
80s
Eukaryotic ribosomes are what size?
Organelles
Eukarytoic cells contain membrane-bound _________ that account for 60-80 % of their volume.
Symbiosis
Evidence suggests evolution from prokaryotic organisms by __________.
Cell Envelope
External covering which lies outside of the cytoplasm, composed of cell wall, cell membrane & outer membrane.
Flagella
External. Long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules - Covered by an extension of the cell membrane. - 10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella - Function: Motility
Glycocalyx
External. Outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with environment. - Usually composed of polysaccharides. - Appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer, or a capsule. - Functions: Adherence, protection, & signal reception - Beneath: Fungi & most algae have a thick, rigid cell wall.
Cilia
External. Shorter & more numerous - Found only on a single group of protozoa & certain animal cells - Function: Motility, feeding, & filtering.
Organisms such as Archaea, are termed _________ because they are capable of living in very harsh conditions
Extremophiles
T or F: Bacterial endospores are reproductive structures
FALSE
T or F: Sporulating bacteria can actively produce
FALSE
T or F: the different cocoa arrangements are consequences of growth in broth or on solid media
FALSE
all protist are microscopic
FALSE
cell wall thickness is often used to help identify fungi
FALSE
cell wall thickness is used to help identify fungi
FALSE
most protozoa are multicellular colony dwellers
FALSE
Carbohydrates such as glucose are usually stored as individual molecules in organisms.
False
T or F: Cell membranes are rigid, static structures that lend stability to cells
False
only microscopic features are used to identify fungi from clinical samples
False
T or F All proteins are enzymes.
False because all enzymes are proteins, not the other way around.
T or F Nucleic acids have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of organization.
False, proteins have these characteristics, not nucleic acids.
The lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide is known as endotoxin because it can cause
Fever and shock
Mycelium
Filamentous fungi--mass of hyphae called _________; cottony, hairy, or velvety texture
Chemotaxis
Flagella can detect and move in response to chemical signals. Positive = direction of favorable stimulus, negative= away from repellant compound Response to chemical gradient of attractant or repellent molecules in bacterium's environment
proteins
Flagella of prokaryotes have three distinct parts and is compromised of what?
Peritrichous Flagella
Flagella over entire surface of cell
Trichomoniasis
Flagellated Protozoa. T. vaginalis.—Human. - Trypanosoma brucei—Zoonotic/vector-bourne
Appendages that provide motility
Flagellum and axial filaments
Flatworms
Flat, no definite body cavity. Cestodes (Tapeworms) & Trematodes (flukes) - Trematodes: Flatworms. Flukes, flattened, nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts - Cestodes: Tapeworms
Cytoskeleton
Flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments and microtubules form network throughout cytoplasm; involved in movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport, and structural support
how does a person become infected with pinworms?
From swallowing the eggs of the worm
Mitochondria
Function in energy production; powerhouse of the cell; Contain DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes
Mycoses
Fungal infections
Plants have chlorophyll
Fungi are different from plants because: a. Fungi have chlorophyll b. Plants have chlorophyll c. Plants absorb nutrients from organic matter d. Plants absorb nutrients from organic wastes
enzymes
Fungi penetrate the substrate and secrete what which can reduce the small molecules to be absorbed by their cells?
decomposing
Fungi play essential role in _______________ of organic material?
Spores
Fungi reproduce primarily through _________ formed on reproductive hyphae.
Blastomycosis
Fungi that infects the lungs: a. Cestodes b. Blastomycosis c. Entamoeba d. Trichomonas
Which were the five kingdoms in the earlier Whittaker system of classification?
Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Monera
organs and organ systems
Generally worms are multicellular organisms with both ________ and _______ ___________.
The process by which an endospore rehydrated and begins cellular metabolism is termed
Germination
Giardiasis
Giardia lamblia. Flagellated Protozoa. Zoonotic/water & food.
Capsules and slime layers are both types of
Glycocalyx
The _________ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on its structure
Glycocalyx
From which organelle do lysosomes originate?
Golgi aparatus
Proteins are modified and packaged for transport to their final destination in which eukaryotic organelle?
Golgi apparatus
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
The ___ stain provides critical information about peptidoglycan structure of the cell wall.
Gram
Which types of cell walls are thicker? Gram +/- OR L-forms
Gram positive
Which staining technique is most commonly used to differentiate most bacteria based on their cell envelope structure?
Gram stain
What is used as the mordant in the gram staining technique?
Gram's iodine
Lipopolysaccharide is a component of the cell membrane of which cell type?
Gram-Negative cells
what might happen if you omitted the safranin step while performing the Gram stain on a mixed culture of gram positive and gram-negative cells?
Gram-negative organism might not be visible
What might happen if you omitted the safranin step while performing the Gram stain on the mixed culture of gram-positive and gram-negative cells?
Gram-negative organisms might not be visible
If you forget to use the decolorizer, which cell type(s) will appear purple?
Gram-positive and Gram-negative
What outcome could be expected if you forgot the crystal violet step while performing a Gram stain?
Gram-positive and gram-negative organisms would stain pink
One type of inclusion Boyd foil for in the bacterial cells is a(n)
Granule
Extreme ________ require high salt concentrations in order to grow
Halophiles
Gram Negative Outer Membrane:
Has lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on top domain (antigens & receptors)- lipid portion= endotoxin (stimulates fever & shock reactions) -O antigen is the dominant antigen
montrichous
Having a single flagella is called what?
amphitrichous
Having flagella at both poles of a cell is called what?
peritrichous
Having flagella dispered randomly over the surface of the cell?
Hookworm
Helminth that causes Cutaneous larval migrans: a. Cestode b. Fluke c. Roundworm d. Hookworm
Roundworm
Helminth that causes Visceral larval migrans: a. Cestode b. Fluke c. Roundworm d. Hookworm
complex organic form
Hetetrophic protozoa require food in what form?
What three structures comprise a bacterial flagellum?
Hook, basal body and filament
What structure are parts of the flagellum in prokaryotes?
Hook, filament, basal body
Ribosomes make a good target for antibacterial drugs because
Human ribosomes have a different structure and would not be susceptible to such drugs
Septate
Hyphae may be divided by cross walls--_________.
in vivo
In cultivating and identifying viruses what does it mean for the it to be laboratory-bred animals and emybryonic bird tissues?
back and forth
In eukaryotic cells, flagella moves a cell by whipping ___________.
Ribosomes are located
In the cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic ________, such as granules of vesicles, can storage organic and inorganic nutrients and even gases or a magnetic ioro oxides
Inclusion
Nucleolus
Inside nucleus. - Dark area. - For rRNA synthesis & ribosome assembly
The nucleotide, inclusions and cytoskeleton are ___________ structures found in bacteria
Internal
Axial Filaments
Internal flagella found only in the spirochetes (cork screwed shaped bacteria). Many extend from both ends of the bacterium between the outer membrane and the cell wall, often overlapping center of cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Internal. Closed tubular network without ribosomes. - Function: Nutrient processing, synthesis, & lipid storage.
Nucleus
Internal. Compact sphere. Most prominent organelle. - Nuclear envelope: Two parallel membranes - Contains chromosomes & Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Internal. Composed of rRNA & proteins. - Scattered in cytoplasm or associated with RER - Larger than prokaryotic ribosomes. - Function: Protein synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
Internal. Consists of a stack of flattened sacs AKA cisternae. - Function: Modifies, stores, & packages.
Cytoskeleton
Internal. Flexible framework of proteins. - Microfilaments & Microtubules form network throughout cytoplasm.
Chloroplast
Internal. Function: Converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. - In algae & plant cells. - Thylakoids & grana. - Primary producers of organic nutrients for other organisms
Mitochondria
Internal. Function: Energy. - Contain DNA & prokaryotic ribosomes. - Cristae hold the enzymes & electron carriers of aerobic respiration.
Vacuoles
Internal. Membrane bound sacs containing particles to be digested, excreted, or stored.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Internal. Rough due to ribosomes - Proteins synthesized & shunted into ER for packaging & transport - First step in secretory pathway
Phagosome
Internal. Vacuole merged with a lysosome.
Lysosomes
Internal. Vesicles containing enzymes that originate from Golgi apparatus - Function: Intracelluar digestion of food particles, Protection against invading microbes.
Clinical Significance of Biofilms
Involved in multiple diseases (Gingivitis, infections w/ prosthetic devices, lung infections). Reduced access of antibiotics.
What is the purpose of mycolic acid in the myobacterial cell wall?
It reinforces the cell wall and makes the bacterium resistant to certain chemicals and dyes
What are the characteistics of helmith?
Kingdom Animalia; multicellular; parasitic; heterotrophic; adult large enough to see with naked eye; size from 1 mm to 25m
Fungal Classification
Kingdom Eumycota: Several phyla based upon the type of sexual reproduction. - Imperfect: Fungi that produce only asexual spores - Phylum Chytridomycota: Flagellated spores
Gram Negative Cell Wall
Less peptidoglycan, encompassed by the plasma membrane and outer membrane. Thin and has greater flexibility.
___ are the type of macromolecule that yield the most energy per molecule.
Lipids
Two macromolecules that are major components of cell membranes
Lipids and proteins
viroid prions viruses
List 2 of 3 "non - living" acellular infectious agents discussed in lecture
act as biofactories aid in bioremediation
List 2 reasons (other than their ability to cause disease or the treatment of disease) that its important to study microbes
-cell membrane -bacterial chromosome or nucleoid -ribosomes -cytoplasm
List the cell structures that exist in all bacteria
Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in surgical operating rooms?
Lister
Psychrophilic Thermophiles:
Live at low temperature. Use sulfur to generate energy like we do oxygen--> donate electrons to sulfur to create hydrogen sulfide.
Hyperthermophilic Thermophiles:
Live at very high temperatures up to 113 C, hot springs in Yellowstone park. Use sulfur to generate energy like we do oxygen--> donate electrons to sulfur to create hydrogen sulfide. Live @ low PH
A tuft of flagella from a single site is referred to as ___________ arrangement, whereas flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell is referred to as ________ and
Lophotrichous and peritrichous
what does wucherena and Burgia cause
Lymphatic filariasis
Cel breaking or rupturing is known as cell
Lysis
The glycan chains of peptidoglycan can be hydrolyzed by the enzyme _______, as host defense naturally found in tears and saliva
Lysozyme
___ organisms can be visualized by the naked eye.
Macroscopic
Ribosomes
Made of protein and RNA, free in cytoplasm in chains (polysomes), attached to inner membrane, Contains 2 subunits (70s)--> 50S and 30 S
The functions of the cel wall include
Maintaining the shape of the bacterium and preventing destruction with the changes in osmotic pressure
Saprobes; parasites
Majority of fungi are harmless _______, living off dead plants and animals. Some are _________, living on the tissues of other organisms, but none are obligate.
a cyst
Many protozoa can convert to a dormant stage known as what?
Cyst
Many protozoa can enter into a dormant resting stage when conditions are unfavorable for growth and feeding--________.
A chemically complex fluid that is found within the spaces around the cristae and contains ribosomes
Matrix
Anything that occupies space and mass is called:
Matter
All bacteria posses a cell ______________ but not all bacteria poses a cell ________
Membrane and wall
Vacuoles
Membrane-bound sacs containg particles to be digested, excreted, or stored
Organisms that are able to convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane are known as
Methanogens
small, microscope
Microbes are difficult to study because they are too __________ to be directly seen and have to be observed under a ______________.
rapidly, large
Microbes are easy to study because they grow__________ and can be grown in ___________ populations.
foods, antibotics
Microbes are used to produce several _________ like cheese, beer, sauerkraut, bread and many ___________ like penicilin.
A typical staphylococcus would be expected to have a diameter of approximately 1
Micrometer
Organisms that are only visible with the aid of a microscope are referred to as ___.
Microscopic
Molds
Microscopic Fungi. Multicellular, long filamentous (hyphae). - Mass of hyphae called Mycelium. - Cottony, hairy, or velvety texture
Yeasts
Microscopic Fungi. Unicellular, round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction. - Soft, uniform texture & appearance. - Reproduce through a sexual process called budding. - All are heterotrophic - Majority are harmless saprobes living off dead plants & animals. - Some are parasites.
unicellular and multicellular
Microscopic fungi such as molds and yeasts can be both what?
Cristae
Mitochondria consist of an outer membrane and an inner membrane with folds called ________. These folds hold the enzyme and electron carriers of aerobic respiration.
which evidence supports the endosymbiont theory that eukayrotic cells evolved from prokaryotes ?
Mitochondrial DNA
The cellular process in which the somatic cells of the body divide is called
Mitosis
Golgi apparatus
Modifies, stores, and packages proteins
____ is a common way t express the concentration of biological solutions.
Molarity
Hyphae
Mold. Mass of hyphae called mycelium. - Hyphae may be divided by cross walls aka septate - Vegetative hyphae: Digest & absorb nutrients - Reproductive hyphae: Produce spores for reproduction
multicellular, unicellular
Molds are ______________, while yeasts are _____________.
Yeast
Morphologies that are a round ovoid shape; soft, uniform texture and appearance; asexual reproduction
Hyphae
Morphologies that are long filamentous fungi or molds
a microbiologist can identify bacteria based on their _____________, _______________, serological analysis, and genetic techniques s
Morphology and physiology
A cell wall and some form of glycocalyx are found in _______- bacterial cells
Most
bacterial chromosome
Most DNA in bacteria have a singlar form of it known as what?
Plankton
Most algae are free-living in fresh and marine water, such as ____________.
Protozoa: Life Cycle
Most have 2 stages: (1) Trophozoite: Motile feeding stage (2) Cyst: Dormant resting stage when conditions are unfavorable for growth & feeding
plasmids
Most of bacteria generally also carry unessential pieces of DNA called what?
unicellular
Most prokaryotes exist as what?
a cell wall and glycocalx
Most prokaryotes have what?
harmless
Most protozoa are what?
egg or larva
Most worms transmit in an infective form known as what to another host where the larva develops as a intermediate host until mature to definitive host?
Cell Cytoplasm
Mostly h2o- solvent. Prominent site for biochemical and synthetic activity. Nutrients for cell synthesis or source of energy. Large discrete masses- nucleoid, ribosomes, granules, cytoskeleton elements
The ability of a cell to move or self-propel through a aqueous environment is known as
Motility
Appendage: Flagellum
Motility by self-propulsion. Very thin, has a filament, a helical structure inserted into curved tubular hook which is anchored to the cell. Rotates 360 degrees like a propeller. Made up of protein flagellin. Fueled by proton gradient.
Fungi
Mushrooms are: a. Protozoa b. Fungi c. Helminths d. Algae
Macroscopic Fungi
Mushrooms, Puffballs, Gill fungi.
The __________ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols
Mycoplasma
glycolysis
NAD+ is reduced to NADH and there is a net production of two ATP molecules by substrate - level phosphorylation
Only gram-_____ bacteria possess an outer membrane.
Negative
Gram-________ cells are typically more resistant to drug treatments and chemical control methods than gram-_______ cells
Negative and positive
When water dissociates , the hydroxyl ion is ___ charged.
Negatively
Roundworms
Nematodes. Round, complete digestive tract. Spines & hooks on mouth. Ascaris lumbricoides. - Nematodes: Roundworms - Most abundant animal groups - Elongated, cylindrical worms. - Divided into intestinal nematodes & tissue nematodes
___ is the process of combining an acid and a base until they reach a balanced proportion with a pH of approximately 7.
Neutralization
Plasmids typically carry ________ genes
Non-essential and antibiotic resistant
Plasmids typically carry ________ genes
Nonessential and antibiotic resistance
Plasmids typically carry ______ genes
Nonessential and antibiotic resistant
gastrointestinal tract
Not all helminths are parasitic, but parasitic ones spend most of time in what area of body?
Example of a stimulation for endospore formation
Nutrient depletion
Lipopolysaccharide is located
On the outer layer of the outer membrane
sexual reproduction
Only some protozoa can reproduce ho as the partcipate in conjugation where two cells fuse?
Magnetosomes are used by the cell to
Orient itself in the environment
fungi and algae
Other than the helminthes which are multi - cellular animals, list 2 main groups of eukaryotic organisms included in the study of microbiology
Which compartment of the cell envelope is found in only some bacterial cells?
Outer membrane
OILRIG
Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain
Aerobic bacteria are termed aerobic because they use ______
Oxygen
Multicellular
Parasitic helminths are ___________ animals, have organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection; parasitize host tissues
Flatworms
Parasitic helminths that are flat, no definite body cavity; digestive tract is a blind pouch; simple excretory and nervous systems
Endocytosis
Penetration occurs through what, as the entire virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole?
Examples of classes of antibiotics that target the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall
Penicillin and cephalosporin
_____ bonds are formed by dehydration synthesis between adjacent amino acids.
Peptide
Bacterial cell have high internal pressure. The _____ layer of the cell wall provides strength and rigidity to prevent cell lysis
Peptidoglycan
Bacterial cells have high internal pressure. The ________ layer of the cell wall provides strength and rigidity to prevent cell lysis
Peptidoglycan
The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of
Peptidoglycan
Types of flagellar arrangements with more than one flagellum
Peritrichous, amphitrichous and lophotrichous
true
Persistent infections occur when the virus invades cells but lays dormant for a few weeks in the cytoplasm, true or false?
Capsules protect bacteria agains immune cells known as
Phagocytes
What host defense is prevented by the capsule of some pathogenic bacteria?
Phagocytosis by white blood cells
When bacteria move in response to light source, the overal movement is refers to as
Phototaxis
example of external structure of prokaryotic cells
Pili and Flagella
Bacteria that live as a single cells are described as
Planktonic
A __________ is an extra chromosomal piece of DNA that contains genes not essential for cell growth
Plasmid
the genus ___ is the protozoa that causes malaria
Plasmodium
What phrase means a cell can have various shapes?
Pleomorphic
Mating in Prokaryotes
Plus: elongate, rigid structure (tubular) made of piling protein. Found in Gram negative bacteria. Used in mating process called conjugating - partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another
The single flagellum attaches at one end of each cell can be best described as
Polar
which type of molecules have an unequal charge distibution?
Polar molecules
Surface Coating- Glycocalyx
Polysaccharide secreted outside of cell wall, protects cell and helps it adhere to its environment. -Has a slime layer (loose shield in some bacteria that protects it from losing water & nutrients) -Capsule: only when bound tightly to cell- formed by many pathogenic bacteria- has greater resistance to WBC. Inhibits phagocytosis which causes meningitis. Also attaches to host surfaces- biofilms on teeth.
Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acids are
Polysaccharides embedded in the cell wall of a gram-positive bacteria
Found int h cytoplasm of a bacterial cell
Pool of amino acids and cytoskeleton
_________ are specialized proteins located in the outer membrane of gram-negative cells
Porins
Protozoa
Predoiminant habitats for what are fresh and marine water, soil, plants and animals?
The function of the peptidoglycan in the cell wall is to
Prevent the rupture of the cell from internal pressure
Fungal Reproduction
Primarily through spores formed on reproductive hyphae. - Asexual Reproduction: Fungi. Spores are formed through budding or mitosis. Conidia or sporangiospores. - Sexual Fungi Reproduction: Spores are formed following fusion of two different strains & formation of sexual structure - Zygospores, Ascospores, & basidiospores
proteins
Prions are composed specifically of what?
A cellular microorganism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and most membrane-bound organelles, and divides by binary fission is correctly termed a ___.
Prokaryote
nucleus
Prokaryotes don't have a what?
a nucleus and organelles
Prokaryotes lack what two things
Which type of microorganism lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and most membrane-bound organelles, and divides by binary fission?
Prokaryotic
70s
Prokaryotic ribosomes are what size in total with large and small subunits?
Various combinations of amino acids make up a nearly infinite variety of ____.
Proteins
Two macromolecules that make up the major components of the cell membrane
Proteins and lipids
Toxoplasmosis
Protist that can cause abortion in humans: a. Giardia b. Histoplasma c. Toxoplasmosis d. Blastomycosis
In the traditional Whittaker system, algae are found in the Kingdom _____
Protista
Which of the following are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall?
Protists
Which microbe(s) have a true nucleus?
Protists, Yeast
Trophozoite
Protozoa exist as _______--motile feeding stage
engulfing
Protozoa feed by _______ other microbes and organic matter; reproduce asexually
What are the major types of microorganisms?
Protozoa, Fungi, Viruses, Algae, Bacteria
Ampicomplexa
Protozoa. - Motility is absent except male gametes. - Sexual & asexual reproduction. - Complex life cycle. - All parasitic.
Sarcodina
Protozoa. Amoeba. Asexual reproduction: fission. Most free-living.
Ciliophora
Protozoa. Cilia. Trophozoites & cysts. Most free-living, harmless.
Mastigophora
Protozoa. Flagellar motility, sexual reproduction
Cell wall
Provides structural integrity & shape to cell. Protects cell from bursting or collapsing due to changes in somatic. Immediately outside of cytoplasmic membrane. Determination of cell shape.
Refrigerators are excellent to encourage the growth of microbes termed
Psychrophiles
Which group of bacteria grows at very low temperatures?
Psychrophiles
In organic compounds, the letter ___ on a molecule is shorthand for residue and its placement in the formula group varies from one compound to another.
R
Ribosomes
RER is rough due to ___________.
the nucleus contains a large amount of ___ , making it stain more intensely than surrounding structures in the nucleus.
RNA
Adenine-Guanine, Uracil-Cytosine
RNA is constructed of what four nucleic acids?
double stranded, single stranded,
RNA viruses can be of what configurations?
rotate
Receptors bind to extracellular molecules of a bacteria which trigger the flagella to do what?
Which organelle's small and large subunits are composed of rRNA and protein?
Ribosome
Describe the evidence that exists to support endosymbiotic theory
Ribosome and membrane that are similar to bacteria cells that divides like bacteria and have round chromosomes
Proteins are synthesized on the _________, a small spherical structure located in the cytoplasm or attached to the RER
Ribosomes
Which structures are possessed by all of bacterial cells?
Ribosomes and chromosomes
translate mRNA into proteins
Ribosomes in prokaryotes do what?
Cell wall
Rigid, provides structural support and shape
Coccus shape
Round, spherical, ball shaped cell
_____________ are counterclockwise rotation by flagella that propel a cell forward, whereas __________ are clockwise rotations that cause the cell to stop and change its course
Runs and tumbles
The appropriate binomial abbreviation of Staphylococcus aureus is:
S. aureus
In the fourth step of the gram stain, _______ is added to the dried smear
Safranin
Zygomycota
Saprobic fungi found in soil, water, organic debris, & food - Rhizopus, Absidia, & Mucor - Non-septate hyphae. - Produces fungal endospores. Asexualsporangiospores - SexualForms zygospores. Held in place by suspensors. - Zygomycosis: Air contaminants. Often in diabetes & malnutrition
A complex arrangement of cells, growing in a cubical packet is termed
Sarcina
Arrangements of cocci
Sarcina, streptococci and tetrads
The executors is or other transport of metabolic materials from a cell into the extracellular environment is refers to as
Secretion
_________ refers to a specific member of a species based on the host's antibody response
Serotype
Protozoan Identification
Simple grouping is based on method of motility, reproduction - Mastigophora - Sarcodina - Ciliophora - Apicomplexa
Which of the following provides a quick and effective method used to visualize and determine bacterial morphology and arrangement?
Simple stain
Gram Positive Cell Wall
Simple, thick cell walls. Large amount of tightly bound peptidoglycan (long glycerin stands linked to peptide fragments) Acidic charge.
Monotrichous Polar Flagella
Single flagella at one pole
Bacterial Chromosome:
Single, circular strand of DNA (some bacteria have multiple chromosomes), no nuclear membrane, nucleoid (dense area of cell)
Some bacteria are covered with a loose shield called a ______________ ____________ that protects the cells from dehydration and loss of nutrients
Slime layer
the two types of glycocalyx in bacteria are:
Slime layer and capsules
Plasmids:
Small, circular, double stranded DNA molecules (5-50 genes), located in cytoplasm, not essential, 1-100 copies/cell, a bacteria may have several different plasmids, carries genes that encodes proteins that make the bacteria resistant to antibiotics
Archaea cell walls are distinct from bacterial cell walls in that
Some are composed of entirely polysaccharides while some entirely of protein
Dimorphic
Some morphologies exist in either form (yeast or hyphae)--__________--characteristic of some pathogenic molds
viral proteins
Some of the hosts proteins are replaced by what?
flagellea, pili, an outer membrane and endospores
Some prokaryotes can posses what?
True
Some protozoa groups exist only in trophozoita stage, while many alter between trophozita stage and cyst stage, true or false?
oral grooves
Some species of protozoa have special feeding structures called what?
A "strain" is a subgroup of a ________
Species
A strain is a subgroup of a
Species
A coccus is a _____-shaped bacterial cell.
Spherical
A rigid bacterial cell twisted twice or more along its acids is described as
Spirillum
A rigid helical bacterial cell twisted twice or more along its axis is described
Spirillum
The helical structure of a __________ is more rigid than the spring-shaped form of a spirochete
Spirillum
A ______ is a flexible, spiral shaped bacterium
Spirochete
prions
Spongiform encephlopathies have distinct protein fibrils called what? Infectious protein
muscle
Spongiform encephlopthies, can cause mental derangement and loss of __________ control?
The prefix "_______-" means "in grape-like clusters"
Staphylo
Cocci are found in clusters known as __________-cocci, cocci found in groups of four are known as __________, and a cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells is known as _____________
Staphylo-cocci, tetrads and sarcina
The prefix "________-" means "in a chain"
Strepto
True
T or F? Algae produce a large proportion of atmospheric O2.
True
T or F? All fungi are heterotrophic.
important species of Trypanosoma?
T. Cruzi and T. Brucei
which of the following are diseases caused by an acid-fast bacterium?
TB Leprosy
Fungi reproduce by means of sexual and asexual spore formation
TRUE
Most fungi are free living and dont require a host
TRUE
T or F: bacterial endospore are more resistant to diesnfectiants than vegetative cells
TRUE
T or F: granules are a type of inclusion body
TRUE
Within the kingdom fungi, there are unicellular, and multicellular
TRUE
a majority of algae are photosynthetic
TRUE
algae can be microscopic or macroscopic depending on the type
TRUE
algae inhibit both marine and freshwater environments
TRUE
burn patients are at an increased risk for fungal infections ?
TRUE
many eukaryotic cells have a glycocalyx
TRUE
sexual reproduction in fungi will involve meiosis
TRUE
some fungi are used to produce useful compounds like antibiotics
TRUE
the diseases malaria and taxoplasmosis are caused by protozoa known as sporezoans
TRUE
with exception to one group , the apicomplexa, all protozoans are motile organisms
TRUE
What does Taenia solium (pork) (cestode) cause
Tapeworm infection
Helminths
Tapeworms, flukes and roundworms are all examples of what?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Eukaryotic organelle that is responsible for transporting vesicles inside the cells is the: A. Golgi B. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum C. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum D. Nucleus
The primary "function" of the cell membrane
The barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
capsomeres
The capsid is the most prominent feature of a virus that can be composed of identical subunits called what?
organelles
The coexistence of the last common ancestor and the smaller prokaryotes it engulfed probably created what?
the DNA
The cytoplasm of the prokaryotes contain what in the nucleiod?
Which event helped establish the science of microbiology?
The development of the microscope
Chloroplasts
The engulfment of photosynthesis material caused the formation of what?
protection, adherence for other cells to it surface and reception of signals from other cells to enviornment
The glycocalx offers what three functions?
phagocytosis and adhesion
The glyocalx of a prokaryote is used for what?
The differential step in the Gram stain procedure is the addition of Grams iodine. This step distinguishes Gram positive from gram negative because
The iodine causes the crystal violet to form large complexes that are retained by the peptidoglycan
moisture
The main limiting factor of growth for protozoa is availability of what?
single-celled
The most primitive eukaryotes were probably what and independent?
their size and overall health before the infection
The number of viruses released by the infected cells varies on what?
Thylakoids; grana
The outer membrane of chloroplasts covers inner membrane folded into sacs, _________, stacked into ______.
stroma
The substance or matrix surrounding the thylakoids within a chloroplast
proven
Theory of evolution has been ____________ and is an observable phenomenon that is testable by science and thus is widely excepted.
What makes bacteria and archaea different from eukaryotes?
They lack a nucleus
Which of the following is true about prokaryotic microorganisms?
They lack cellular organelles. They are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Thin, flexible sheet molded around cytoplasm. Contains phospholipids and proteins, regulates transport, selectively permeable membrane, involved in secretion of metabolic product into extracellular environment, Site of important metabolic activities
Cilia
This appendage is only found on a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells, and function in motility, feeding, and filtering
what does toxoplasma gondii (flagellated protozoa) cause?
Toxoplasmosis
Zoonotic parasites
Toxoplasmosis, Giardia, Toxocara, Ancylostoma are all examples of: a. Mutualism b. Commensalism c. Protists d. Zoonotic parasites
Internal Transport Processes
Transitional vesicles from ER containing proteins go to the Golgi a. for modification & maturation. - Nucleus > RER > Golgi > Vesicles > Secretion
What does Trichomonas Vaginalis (flagellated protozoa) cause?
Trichomoniasis (STD)
T or F Elements have predictsble chemical properties
True
T or F Replication is the cellular mechanism for making a copy of its DNA
True
T or F: Mycoplasms are pleomorphism because they entirely lack cell walls and thus display extreme variation in shape
True
T or F: Sexual reproduction in fungi will involve meiosis
True
T or F: Some ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
True
T or F: most fungi are free-living and do not require a host
True
True or False: Microorganisms are found in all natural habitats as well as in most artificial habitats created by humans.
True
True or false: When writing a binomial name, the initial letter of the genus is capitalized and the species is in lower case.
True
solutes in a solution cannot be separated by filtration or ordinary setting.
True
some ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cells.
True
two clinically significant genera of bacteria that are capable of producing endospores are clostridum and bacillus.
True
T/F Prokaryote biomass outweighs all eukaryotes combined by at least tenfold.
True.
Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis and Leprosy: modified gram + structure. Major component is lipid w/ some peptidoglycan. Use acid fast stain due to nature of cell wall
Microscopic Fungi
Two morphologies: Molds. Yeasts. - Some exist in either form (Dimorphic) characteristic of some pathogenic molds
Lophotrichous Polar Flagella
Two or more flagella at one or both poles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two types: (1) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) (2) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Protozoa
Unicellular eukaryotes that lack tissues and share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry; vary in shape and lack a cell wall; heterotrophic and lack chloroplasts; most have locomotor structures
Protist: Protozoa
Unicellular eukaryotes. Share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cyle, & biochemistry. - Diverse group of 65,000 species - Vary in shape. NO cell wall. Primary unicellular. - Most harmless, free-living in moist habitat. - Some are animal parasites & can be spread by insect vectors. - All are heterotrophic: Lack chloroplasts - Cytoplasm divided into ectoplasm & endoplasm. -Feed by engulfing other microbes & organic matter.
__ is the nitrogen base found in RNA but not DNA.
Uracil
Phagosome
Vacuole merged with a lysosome
__________ cells are metabolically active and reproducing while in contrast, __________ are produced by some bacteria when they experience harsh environments such as nutritional shortages and are metabolically Inca it
Vegetative and endospore
Which of the following is NOT a term used to describe microscopic organisms? Microorganisms, Vertebrates, Microbes
Vertebrates
Lysosomes
Vesicles containing enzymes that originate from golgi apparatus; involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and in protection against invading microbes
A comma-shapped bacterium is specifically described as a(n)
Vibrio
cytoplasm
Viral RNA is replicated and assembled where?
What microbe is not cellular (acellular) and is composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat?
Virus
Nucleus
Virus DNA is replicated and assembled where?
helminth, virus, protozoa, bacteria, fungi
Virus, Fungus, Bacteria, Protozoa, Helminth: arrange from largest to smallest?
alive or not
Viruses are also described as inactive or active instead of what?
crystalline
Viruses are composed of repeating subunits causing them to have a what appearance?
Obligate intracellular parasites
Viruses are described as _______________ intracellular ___________, as they invade a host cell and instruct its metabolic machinery to make and release new viruses?
structure, function, chemical composition, hosts and disease they cause
Viruses are named for their what?
a coating, a core of nucelic acid strains of DNA or RNA, and one or two enzymes
Viruses contain what three things?
their genetic makeup
Viruses infect cells and influence what?
protein synthesizing machinery
Viruses lack all what compared to cells?
Microbiology involves the study of microscopic organisms, including: Viruses, Helminths, Protozoa, Archaea, Bacteria, Fleas, Fungi
Viruses, Helminths, Protozoa, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi
Smooth ER
What ER is used for nutrient processing and is a closed tubular network system without ribosome's?
Cyptoplasmic membrane
What acts as a selectively permeable membrane barrier for the eukaryotic cell?
pili
What appendage of the prokaryotes are used for attachment and for genetic exchange during conjugation?
fimbriae
What appendage of the prokaryotes is used for attachment?
Viruses
What are aceullular, require host machinery, can infect all living cells, are parasitic, and have a protein-coated genetic elements?
plaques
What are areas where virus-infected cells have been destroyed and show up as a clear, well-defined patches in the cell sheet?
Polymers
What are chains of various lengths made up of monomers?
steroids
What are complex ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones?
Waxes
What are esters formed between a long-chain alcohol and a saturated fatty acid? ex. fur, feathers, leaves, human skin
Protists
What are hemoflagellates? a. Algae b. Fungi c. Nematodes d. Protists
Lipopolysaccharide
What are located on the outermost layer of the outer membrane in a gram negative bacteria?
microtubules
What are long hollow tubes that maintain the shape of the eukaryotic cells and transport substances from one part to another?
Fatty acids
What are long-chain hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group (COOH) that bind with glycerol?
Peptidoglycan
What are polysaccharides linked peptide fragments, found in bacterial cell walls?
Triglycerides
What are storage lipid including fats and oils?
Monomoers
What are subunits of macromolecules?
Ribosomes
What are the dotted particles of the Rough ER, around cyotplams and in mitochondria and chloroplasts that control protein synthesize?
Absorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release
What are the steps for viral replication?
cell wall, cell membrane, and outer membrane in some bacteria
What are the three basic layers of a prokaryotes nuclear envelope?
flagella and cilia
What are the two appendages used by eukaryotes for movement?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What are used as a series of microscopic tunnels used to transport and store materials?
spikes
What can be found on the naked or eneveloped viruses that project from the nucleocapsid and allow the virus to dock with host cells?
integrase enzyme
What can carry their own enzymes to create DNA out of RNA?
every type of cell
What cells can viruses infect?
lysosomes
What contains a variety of enzymes involved in the intracellular digestion of food products and protection against invading microorganisms?
eukaryotes
What contains organelles?
Polysaccharides
What contribute to structural support and protection and serve as nutrient and energy stores?
in vitro
What does it mean to from cell or tissue culture methods?
Vacuole
What engulfs bits of food and other substances that need to be digested, excreted and storage which is then absorbed by the lysosome?
Glycerol
What is 3-carbon alcohol with 3 OH groups that serve as binding sites?
Lysogeny
What is a condition where the host chromosome carries the viral DNA?
Virion
What is a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell?
peptidoglycan cell wall
What is a long repeating framework of long glycan (sugar) chains cross linked to peptide (proteins) fragements that provide strength and resist rupturing from osmotic pressure?
Medium
What is a nutrient used to grow microorganisms outside their natural habitat?
Agar
What is a polysaccharide used in preparing solid culture media for microbes?
Microbiology
What is a specialized are of biology that deals with living things too small to be seen?
reverse transcriptase enzyme
What is an RNA that must be converted before translation can occur?
Induction
What is it when a virus in the lysogenic or inactive state cell becomes activated and progresses directly into viral replication?
chloroplasts
What is like the mitochondria but for plants as it converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis, and also gives plant its shape, and green color?
nucelocapsid
What is the capsid and the nucleic acid called together?
Envelope
What is the external covering of a nucleocapsid, usually a modified piece of the host's cell membrane?
The nucleus
What is the most prominent organelle in eukaryotic cells?
Trophozoita
What is the motile feeding stage requiring ample food and moisture to stay active for protozoa?
Glycocalyx
What is the outer surface of many cells; functions in attachments or as a receptor that receives external stimuli?
The glycocalx
What is the outermost layer that comes into direct contact with the environment and is usually composed of polysaccharides as a network of fibers?
Mitochondria
What is the powerhouse of the cell, has tubular folds known as cristae and allow for aerobic respiration, extracts energy to form ATP?
Capsid
What is the protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid?
The nucleolus
What is the site of RNA synthesizes, collective are of ribsomal subunits and is found in the nucleoplasm?
Golgi Apparatus
What is the site of protein modification and shipping?
nuclear envelope
What is the space pored layer that allows macromolecules to migrate through, that covers the nucleus?
Last Common Ancestor
What is the word for where the most complex cell type emerged when the _____ ____________ ___________ cell engulfed the smaller prokaryotic cells and began to coexist with them?
Lysogenic conversion
What is when a bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage?
Encystment
What is where a an active protozoa known as a trophozoita becomes round and tough in its inactive cyst stage?
Viruses
What kind of cells are not independently living cellular organisms, are composed of hereditary material, and are inside of a host organism?
Prokaryotes
What kind of cells lack organelles and are about 10X smaller than eukaryotes?
Heterotrophic
What kind of fungi acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic substances?
Parasitic
What kind of fungi grow on the bodies of living animals or plants?
Saprobic
What kind of fungi obtain nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats?
Yeasts
What kind of fungi reproduces asexually by budding?
Opportunistic pathogens
What kind of pathogens attack person's who are already weakened in some way?
Primary pathogens
What kind of pathogens sicken even healthy people?
bacteriophage
What kind of viruses can infect bacteria?
Chronic latent state viruses
What kind of viruses go into periods of inactivation and then emerge after certain stimuli for a bit?
capsule
What other layer for a prokaryote is bound more tightly than a slime layer, produces a sticky character to colonies?
Cytoplasmic membrane
What part of the cell is the typical phospholipid bilayer where proteins are embedded, and contain sterols that give it ridigity (important for cells without cell walls)?
95%
What percentage of bacteria are non-pathogens?
1%
What percentage of bacteria cause human diseases?
temperate
What phase of lysogeny is where the viral DNA are abosrbed and penetrate but dont replicate immediatetly?
Cholesterol
What reniforces the structure of the cell membrane in animal cells and mycoplasmas?
lipid A endotoxin
What stimulates fever and shock?
Chromatin
What subunits make up the DNA and contain genetic material of the cell?
1. Specific microorganism is present in all cases of the disease 2. Organism can be obtained in pure culture outside of the host 3. Organism when re-inoculated into host causes the same symptoms 4. Organism can be isolated in pure culture from experimentally infected host
What were Koch's Postulates?
Rough ER
Which ER has ribosomes attached which are site of protein synthesizes, which are then transported to lumen to be packaged up for transport?
Flagella
Which appendage for cellular movement cause circular motion to propel the cell?
Flagella
Which appendage for movement allows microorganism to move toward nutrients and positive stimuli?
Fungi
Which microbe is eukaryotic (has a nucleus), has a chitin cell wall, uses organic chemicals for energy?
Protozoa
Which microbes are eukaryotes, absorb or ingest organic chemicals, may be motile and some are parasitic?
Cilia
Which of the appendages for microorganism movement is similar to flagella but shorter and more numerous, also function as feeding and filtering structures, and move in back and forth motion?
They are both usually unicellular
Which of the following best describes both algae and protists? a. They are both photosynthetic b. They are both heterotrophic c. They are both usually unicellular d. they both have a cell wall
Glycocalyx
Which part of the Eukaryotic cell is responsible for contacting the outside environment and signaling between cells? A. Flagella B. Cell Wall C. Glycocalyx D. Cell Membrane
Bacteria
Which type of microbe is a prokaryotic (no nucleus), has a peptidoglycan cell wall and reproduces by binary fission and gains energy through the use of organic chemicals and photosynthesis?
Archea
Which type of microbe is a prokaryotic, has no peptidoglycan and lives in extreme environments?
Aristotle
Who came up with the idea of spontaneous generation of life from nonliving matter?
Robert Hooke
Who created the first use of magnification to see things closer?
Louis Pasteur
Who did a series of experiments to show that airborne contaminants was spoiling a broth in his swan neck shaped flasks?
Redi
Who first challenged the belief of spontaneous generation with his maggot and fly experiment?
Leeukwenhoek
Who manufactured the first microscope?
Budding
Yeast reproduce through an asexual process called __________.
E. coli and the gonococcus
_____ and _____ use fimbriae to adhere to epithelial cells
Fungi
______ and most algae have a thick, rigid cell wall.
Smooth
______ endoplasmic reticulum-- closed tubular network without ribosomes; functions in nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of lipids.
Rough
______ endoplasmic reticulum-- originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and extends in a continuous network through cytoplasm; proteins synthesized and shunted into the ER for packaging and transport; first step in secretory pathway.
Cestodes
_______ are tapeworms.
Protozoa
_______, a few algae, and all animal cells lack a cell wall and have only a membrane.
Roundworms
________ (nematodes) are round, have a complete digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle, spines and hooks on mouth; excretory and nervous systems poorly developed
Microscopic
_________ fungi (molds, yeasts)
Macroscopic
_________ fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi)
Organelles
_________ originated from prokaryotic cells trapped inside them.
Asexual
_________ reproduction--spores are formed through budding or mitosis;conidia or sporangiospores
Ciliophora
__________ protozoa--cilia; trophozoites and cysts; most are free-living, harmless a. Ciliophora b. Sarcodina c. Apicomplexa d. Mastigophora
Apicomplexa
__________ protozoa--motility is absent except male gametes; sexual and asexual reproduction; complex life cycle--all parasitic a. Ciliophora b. Sarcodina c. Apicomplexa d. Mastigophora
Sarcodina
__________ protozoa--primarily amoeba; asexual by fission; most are free-living a. Ciliophora b. Sarcodina c. Apicomplexa d. Mastigophora
Mastigophora
__________ protozoa--primarily flagellar motility, some flagellar and amoeboid; sexual reproduction a. Ciliophora b. Sarcodina c. Apicomplexa d. Mastigophora
Trematodes
___________ or flukes, are flattened, nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts.
axial filament
a ______ contains two or more long coiled threads founding spirochetes, internal flagellum enclosed between the cell wall and cell membrane, impart a twisting or flexing motion to the cell
the stability if an atomic structure is maintained by which of the following?
a balance between proton number and electron number ; the attraction of opposite charges
capsule
a coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions. It may fit tightly or be very loose and diffuse. Also called slime layer and glycocalyx
CHEMICAL BOND
a link formed b/w molecules when 2 or more atoms share, donate(lose), or accept(gain) electrons
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a membrane-bound series of tubules that function in transport and storage
SOLUTION
a mixture of 1 or more substances called solutes uniformly dispersed in a dossolving medium called solvent
cell wall
a semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell
CONCENTRATION
a solution expresses the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent
meiosis
a specialized form of cell division required to produce haploid gametes in diploid organisms
Gram stain
a stain that can differentiate between cells that have thick or thin layers of peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Capsule stain
a stain that enables you to effectively visualize a bacterium's glycocalyx
Acid-Fast stain
a stain that would be appropriate for cells that contain mycolic acid in their cell walls.
cell membrane
a thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool
The ability of the element_____to form covalent bonds with a wide range of other atoms makes it ideal to serve as a molecular skeleton for living things. a. Carbon b. Nitrogen c. Hydrogen d. Oxygen
a. Carbon
In organic compounds, functional groups: a. confer unique reactive properties b. do not affect reactive properties c. define the chemical class d. make the compound inorganic
a. confer unique reactive properties & c. define the chemical class
match the letter on each cell type with the correct arrangement of the flagella on the cell
a. monotrichous polar b. lophotrichous polar c. amphitrichous polar d. peritrichous
Which of the following terms describes carbohydrate with more than five monomers bound to each other in some pattern? a. polysaccharide b. monosaccharide c. disaccharide
a. polysaccharide
select which statements acurratly reflect parasitic helminth infections
about 50 species of helminths parasitize the human species, modern travel affects the distribution of these infections today.
how many different species of protozoa have been identified
about 65,000
Fungi are involved in human disease in which of the following ways?
accidental pathogens, primary cause of disease, opportunistic pathogens
main types of cytoskeletal fibers?
actin, intermediate microtubule filaments.
group translocation
active process; only seen in prokaryotic cells as it passes through protein it is chemically changed and will no longer be subject to concentration gradient and is also no longer the substrate specific for protein making it trapped
active
active transport; endocytosis; exocytosis
HYDRATION
addition of water
plasmids
additional DNA, small DNA molecules, replicated independently, nonessential information, used in genetic engineering biotechnology
2 types of purines
adenine guanine
TYPES OF PURINES
adenine (A) guanine (G)
which of the following are functions of the bacterial capsule?
adherence
the two main functions of the glycocalyx are ___ and ___
adherence, protection
which of the following are functions of the bacterial capsule
adherence, protection
which of the following describes the function of fimbriae
adhesion
three possible pathways based on final electron receptor
aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation
heat fixation should take place right after which step in a smear preparation
air drying of smeared bacterial cells
seaweed and kelp are a type of
algae
the cell types shown in this image represent ___
algae
metabolic pathways
all ___ are very organized and use enzymes
energy
all cells require __
which is true regarding all bacterial cells
all lack a nucleus
which of the following is not a common staining method used for visualization of bacteria
all of the above are commonly used
enzymes
all protein or holoenzymes (completely protein in nature)
MATTER
all tangible (hold/see) materials that occupy space & have mass
redox reactions
allow for more efficient energy storage
compartmentalization
allows for division of labor
peptidoglycan
almost all bacteria cell walls contain...(meurein) archaea never have this
prokaryotic cell wall
almost all bacteria have this structure; rigid structure, determines the shape of the cell, protects from osmotic pressure, anchor point for flagella, and contributes to pathogeneses
glycolysis
also known as Embden - Meyerhof pathway, common pathway, glucose (6C) partially broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C) [anaerobic: cytoplasm], 2 NADH; 4 ATP, and 2 ATP consumed; so net gain of 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
Entner - Doudoroff pathway
alternate pathway to glycolysis, typically not seen in G+ bacteria, major contributor to biosynthesis (reducing power as NADH and NADPH and vital precursor metabolites for anabolic pathways)
the building blocks of enzymes
amino acids
what does entamoeba histolytica cause?
amoebic dysentery by protozoa
Phospholipids are ____ molecules in that they have a polar (hydrophilic) head and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails.
amphipathic
phospholipid bilayer
amphipathic (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) lipids are constantly moving back and forth, proteins are interspersed randomly throughout lipids (have a hydrocarbon tail and a hydrophilic head) this makes them amphipathic meaning double natured
which of the following are types of flagellar arrangements with more than one flagellum
amphitrichous, peritrichous, lophotrichous
An amino acid contains:
an amino group a carboxyl group a variable R group a carbon does NOT contain: a nitrogen base
pilus
an appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it
NONPOLAR
an electrically neutral molecule
hermaphrodite
an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs
Autotroph
an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
the cell types that is believed to be the precursor to all three domains is referred to as the last common ___
ancestor
protozoa
animal like protists, all unicellular, none photosynthetic, and large number are pathogens
negatively charged ions
anions
where do you find female pinworms depositing their eggs?
anus
oxidation
any reaction causing a loss
virulence factors
anything that benefits in causing disease
whcih group of protozoa are nonmotile?
apicomplexa
which group of protozoa are nonmotile?
apicomplexa
coenzyme
apoenzyme plus a cofactor (protein portion) yields a...
place the steps of the endospore stain in the correct sequence?
apply malachite green to smear cover smear with small piece of paper towel steam over water bath rinse apply safranin to smear rinse and blot dry
All members of the Kingdom Monera in the Whittaker system became a part of either the _______ domain or the Bacteria domain in the Woese-Fox system.
archaea
The three domains of the Woese-Fox system include the true bacteria in Domain Bacteria, the extreme microbes in Domain ________, and the eukaryotic organisms in Domain Eukarya
archaea
bundle
archaea flagella is a...
ATP
archaea use...to power flagella
pathways
are amphibolic and provide: energy, reducing power, and precursor metabolites
microbes
are becoming resistant through mutations
most fungi
are free-living
why might it be important to perform a gram stain on bacterial cells?
as part of the information used to choose an appropriate antibiotic Tx
why might it be important to perform a gram stain on bacterial cells
as part of the information used to choose an appropriate antibiotic treatment
As recently as the late 1800s, doctors did not practice _______ techniques in surgical settings.
aseptic
Yeast Cell reproduction by budding is
asexual
prokaryotes
asexual, unicellular, no membrane bound organelles
catabolic reactions
at any given time, will have more products than substrate
Protons + Neutrons=
atomic weight
polar molecules are composed of covalently bonded:
atoms of different electronegativity
pili
attach to cell to exchange genetic material
fimbriae
attachment
pathogenicity
attachment can enhance ____ in some bacteria
penicillin
attacked PTG
1 μm
average size of bacteria
twisting or flexing of spirochete bacteria is attributed to its
axial filaments
Explain how to make a 4% solution of NaCl. a. Dissolve 4 g of NaCl in 10 ml of water. b. Dissolve 4g of NaCl in 100 ml of water. c. Dissolve 4g of NaCl in 1 litter of water d. Dissolve 4g of Nacl in 1 ml of water
b. Dissolve 4g of NaCl in 100 ml of water.
___ carbon compounds form due to the ability of carbon atoms to create multiple bonds. a. Linear b. Ringed c. Hydrophilic d. Branched
b. Ringed & d. Brached
Anything that has mass and occupies space is called ____. a. organic b. matter c. inorganic d. energy
b. matter
A(n) ____ is a positively charged subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom. a. neutron b. proton c. positron d. electron
b. proton
Elements are ____ when their electron shells are _____. a. stable; unfilled b.unstable; unfilled c. unstable; filled d. stable; filled
b. unstable; unfilled & d. stable; filled
based on their cellular morphology, the red cells on this slide would be referred to as
bacilli
a group of cells in a palisade arrangement will have the cellular morphology
bacillus
bacterial cells that are rod-shaped are called
bacillus
the proper term for a rod-shaped bacterial cell is a(n)
bacillus
three genera of pathogenic bacteria that form endospores are ___, ___, and sporosarcina
bacillus, clostridium
which of the following bacteria genera are capable of producing endospores
bacillus, clostridium
in the eukaryotic cell propelled by a flagellum, the flagellum moves ___
back and forth
in a negative stain, which of the following is stained
background
in a negative stain, which of the following is stained?
background
which of the following is stained during the first part of the capsule staining procedure
background of the slide
which of the following is stained during the first part of the capsule staining procedure?
background of the slide
which of the following is stained during the first part of the capsule staining procedure?
background on the slide
Bacteria such as Staphylococus belong to the Domain ______
bacteria
all terms of life
bacteria and single celled organisms can carry out ___
-colonies -biofilms
bacteria can act as a group called
protons
bacteria use...to power flagella: still use ATP just not for this function
All _____ are microorganisms, but not all _____ are microorganisms
bacteria; eukaryotes
-reproduction -metabolism -nutrient processing
bacterial cells are capable of carrying out all necessary life activities such as
single unit
bacterial flagella is a...
eukaryotic cells are __ than prokaryotic cells
bigger
LIPIDS
biological molecules such as FATS that are incoluble in water and contain special ester linkages. - main function, cell components, cell secretions, and nutrient and energry storage
CARBOHYDRATES
biological molecules whose monomers are simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds to form polysaccharides
NUCLEIC ACID
biological molecules whose polymers are chains of nucleotide monomers link together by phosphate-pentose covalent bonds - DNA is linked by H bonds
what is the route of transmission of trypanosoma
blood-sucking vectors
what is the route of transmission of trypanosoma?
blood-sucking vectors
if carbolfuchsin was omitted from the acid-fast stain, what color would non-acid fast cells appear?
blue
if carbolfuchsin was omitted from the acid-fast stain, what color would non-acid-fast cells appear
blue
when two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons a chemical _____ is formed.
bond
DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS
bonds are permeantly broken "break down"
Algae are
both microscopic or macroscopic
pilis and fimbria
both provide adhesion but not locomotion
fungi have the capacity to reproduce by
both sexual and asexually
fungi have the capacity to reproduce
both sexually and asexually
Peroxisomes contain enzymes that ________
break down hydrogen peroxide
catabolism
breaking down large molecules
pinocytosis
bring in liquid material
endocytosis
bring in material from surrounding environment (pinocytosis or phagocytosis)
the 2 most important representatives of trypanosomes are Trypansoma ___________ and Trypansomas________, the pathogens casuing chagas disease and african sleeping sickness
brucei cruzi
axial filaments
bundles of endoflagella (...enclosed in proteins) that spiral around the cell, found in spirochetes only, move in a corkscrew motion
which of the following conditions place patients at risk of an opportunistic fungal infection
burns AIDs diabetes
which of the following illustrates a properly stained capsular stain
c
Pasteur
called in to study silk worm colony disease; discovered fermentation and pasteurization
Singer and Nicholson
came up with a fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane's phospholipid bilayer
prokaryotes
can be grouped based on size, morphology (genetically determined), and cell arrangement
some bacteria
can use sulfur for energy
select which statement most accuratly reflects certain characteristics of fungi?
candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus.
the ___ is the name given to a structure external to and bound tightly to the cell wall that is made of polysaccharides and proteins and contributes to the pathogenicity of the organism
capsule
arrangements of glycocalyx
capsule or slime layer (chemical composition varies depending on species)
which of the following stains do not require heat fixation
capsule stain
which of the following stains do not require heat fixation?
capsule stain
excessive heat fixation can cause damage to which of the following structures, lowering the quality of the stained preparation
capsule, cell wall, cell membrane
pathogenic
capsules are formed by ____ bacteria
white blood cells
capsules protect bacteria against phagocytic _________
the two types of glycocalyx in bacteria are
capsules, slime layer
glycocalyx
carbohydrate coating in animal cells, surrounds and stabilizes plasma membrane, active in cell - cell recognition (communication), and present only in cells without cell wall
which of the following components are found in glycocalyces like those shown in the image
carbohydrate, protein
Cell walls are composed of...
carbohydrates
--- is the initial stain used in the acid-fast stain
carbolfuchsin
___ is the initial stain used in the acid-fast stain
carbolfuchsin
in the Kinyoun acid-fast staining method, highly concentrated ___ is used to penetrate the cell wall and colorize acid-fast bacterial cells.
carbolfuchsin
in the kinyoun acid-fast staining method, highly concentrated ___ is used to penetrate the cell wall and colorize acid-fast bacterial cells
carbolfuchsin
substances that increase the rate of an action
catalyst
positively charged ions
cations
mycobacterium
cause diseases and are hard to treat
Gram Negative Bacteria
cell envelope has 3 layers: outer membrane lies under glycocalyx, then cell wall, then cytoplasmic membrane
endospore
cell makes copy of genetic material, forms...; happens in response to bad environmental conditions (start with one end with one)
phospholipid bilayer
cell membrane
which of the following could be determined through simple staining of a microbial smear
cell morphology, cellular arrangement
Lysosome
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
Which of the following are criteria used by the Whittaker system to classify organisms?
cell structure, cell type, nutritional type, body organization
what structure is used in the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology to divide bacteria and archaea into four major divisions
cell wall
biogenesis
cells arise form preexisting cells
groupings
cells may form... cells adhere together after division; form characteristic arrangements (depends on plane of division)
palisades
cells of a chain remain partially attached and fold back, creating a side-by-side row of cells
which of the following can be determined by observing bacteria that have been stained through a light microscope
cellular arrangement, cellular morphology
staining can be used to identify which of the following
cellular structures, cellular arrangement, cell shape
____ is a long, fibrous polymer composed of beta glucose found in plants and algae.
cellulose
tapeworms are parasitic helminths that are grouped into a subdivision of flatworms called
cestode
long-ribbon like shape is which type of helminth?
cestodes
2 major groups of flatworms?
cestodes and trematodes
which worm types are hermaphoditic
cestodes and trematodes
__ disease is endemic to central and south america and is transmitted by a vector called the reduviid bug
chagas
______ disease is endemic to Central and South America and is transmitted by a vector called the reduviid bug
chagas
strep arrangement
chain of cells is a...
streptococci
chains of a few to hundreds of cells
streptobacilli
chains of cells
grouping factors
characteristic arrangement of prokaryotes determine...
COVALENT BOND
chemical bond formed by sharing electrons
IONIC BOND
chemical bond in which electrons are transferred and not shared
REACTANTS
chemical substances that start a reaction and that are changed by the reaction
chemotherapy
chemical treatment of a disease
during ___, bacterial cells move by flagellar motion in response to chemical signals
chemotaxis
The _____ is the organelle that is responsible for photosynthesis
chloroplast
____ is a well-known photosynthetic organelle that is NOT found in protozoans
chloroplast
is a well known photosynthetic organelle that is NOT found in protozoans
chloroplast
is a well-known photosynthetic organelle that is NOT found in protozoans.
chloroplast
the _____ is a well-known photosynthetic organelle that is NOT found in protozoans
chloroplast
what organelle is known for the metabolic pathway of photosynthesis
chloroplast
which is larger, a mitochondrion or a chloroplast?
chloroplast
In plant and algae cells, ______ are organelles that contain pigments for photosynthesis.
chloroplasts
____ are organelles that are similar to mitochondria , but they are larger and contain photosynthetic pigments
chloroplasts
plastids
chloroplasts, found in algae and green plants, contains chlorophyll pigment in the coin-like thylakoids, stacked thylakoids - grana, 70S ribosomes and circular DNA; divide independently of cell
The steroid ___ can be found as a component of animal cell membrane where it functions as a reinforcement agent.
cholesterol
eukaryotic chromosomes within the nucleus consist of dark fibers known as __
chromatin
Linear DNA coiled around histones condenses to form which larger structure?
chromosome
the three methods of locomotion in protozoa are __ , flagella, pseudopodia.
cilia
some protozoans have short-hair-like structures called ______ which are shorter than flagella which whip back and forth providing motility
cillia
In eukaryotic cells mitochondria contain ______ shaped DNA
circular
mitochondrial DNA is
circular
similar to that of bacterial cells, mitochondria contain _____ DNA rather than linear forms of the molecule
circular
_____ is the part of taxonomy that involves arranging organisms into groups based on relationships and history
classification
acid fast cell walls
classified as gram - positive, mycolic acid bound to PTG, contain Mycobacterium and Norcardia (some of the slowest growing bacteria)
chlamydia
classified as gram negative with no PTG, have cysteine - rich proteins, and cannot reproduce outside of host cell
Taxonomy involves ___ and ___ living things.
classifying and naming
Taxonomy involves ________ and ______ living things
classifying; naming
if carbolfuchisin, was omitted from the acid-fast stain, what color would acid-fast cells appear?
clear
if carbolfuchsin was omitted from the acid-fast stain, what color would acid-fast cells appear
clear
if malachite green was omitted from the endospore stain, the endospores would appear --- in color.
clear
if malachite green was omitted from the endospore stain, the endospores would appear ___ in color
clear
if methylene blue was omitted from the acid-fast stain, NON-acid-fast cells would be ___ at the end of the staining process.
clear
if methylene blue was omitted from the acid-fast stain, non-acid-fast cells would be ___ at the end of the staining process
clear
if sarfranin was omitted from the endospore stain, the vegetative cells would appear --- in color.
clear
if safranin was omitted from the endospore stain, the vegetative cells would appear ___ in color
clear (colorless)
which of the following bacterial genera are capable of producing endospores?
clostridium bacillus
the prefix "staphylo-" is used to indicate that the cells are arranged in
clusters
which components of the bacterial endospore are responsible for its resistance to environmental challenges
coat, cortex
arrangement
coccobacillis is a cell shape not an...
the term used for a short, plump bacterial rod is
coccobacillus
a spherically-shaped bacterial cell is termed a(n)
coccus
the three most common shapes of bacterial cells are known as ___, ___ and spirillum/spirochete bacteria.
coccus, bacillus
endoplasmic reticulum
comes from surface of nucleus
NAD
common electron carrier will eventually become NADH
which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a wax ?
complex ringed compound
bacterial chromosome or nucleoid
composed of condensed DNA molecules. DNA directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins
which structures are formed by the golgi apparatus and transport products to lysosomes or the cell membrane for release through exocytosis ?
condensing vesicles
asexual "free" fungal spores that develop by pinching off or by segmentation of hyphae.
conidia
2 subtypes of asexual fungal spores are sporangiospores and _______
conidiospores
Image B illustrates a fungus that reproduces by forming
conidiospores
in protozoa, two cells fuse temporarly and exchange micronuclei during a process called
conjugation
the genetic transfer of material through pili is termed
conjugation
which is a type of sexual reproduction in protozoa?
conjugation
protein synthesis
consumes energy and precursor molecules in the biosynthesis of macromolecules
periplasm
contain digestive and neutralizing enzymes
gram negative cell
contain toxin that damage humans, have little to no peptidoglycan
nucleus
contains all chromosomes, double membrane will fuse and form pores - things enter and leave through here ribosomal DNA synthesized in nucleolus
ORGANIC
contains carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
which two of these terms are better applied to eukaryotic flagella than to bacterial flagella
contains microtubules, structurally complex
nucleus
contains nuclear envelope (has a double membrane with pores) nucleolus (sites of rRNA synthesis) and has DNA typically in multiple pairs of linear chromosomes (associated with histone proteins)
gram negative cell wall
contains outer lipopolysaccharide membrane (LPS), o - specific polysaccharide side chain and lipid A endotoxin, have porin channels, and periplasm
cell membrane
contains proteins and lipids
14C6
contains: 6 protons 6 electrons (because always equal) is an isotope of carbon (yes because isotopes have different # of neutrons, so 2 top #s will be different) mass # 14 does not pertain: 14 neutrons - it only has 8 neutrons (to find # of neutrons you must subtract the # of protons from the mass #)
The ______ _______ helps regulates osmotic pressure in protozoa that live in a hypotonic environment.
contractile vacuole
which structure helps regulate osmotic pressure in protoazoan cells which live in hypotonic envrionments?
contractile vacuole
enzymes
controls metabolic diversity
which of the following are terms used to describe the colored dyes applied in the gram staining technique
counterstain, primary stain
bond that results from sharing of electrons
covalent
Robert Hooke
credited with discovering cells (also coined the term cells)
Leeuwenhoek
credited with discovering living, moving cells (animalcules) but did not share technology
name given to tubular finger like internal membrane structures of the mitochondrion?
cristae
the folded membrane within the mitochondrion in the picture are
cristae
trypanosoma ____ is the causitive agent of chagas disease
cruzi
What is the primary dye used in the gram staining technique?
crystal violet
based on the image, what step of the capsular stain was omitted
crystal violet
what is the primary dye used to the gram staining technique
crystal violet
which stain is used to stain the cytoplasm of the cells in the capsule stain
crystal violet
which stain is used to stain the cytoplasm of the cells in the capsule stain?
crystal violet
Place these reagents in the proper order of their use in the Gram staining techique
crystal violet gram's iodine decolorizer safranin
place these regents in the proper order of their use in the Gram staining technique
crystal violet gram's iodine decolorizer safranin
Granules
crystals of inorganic compounds not enclosed by membranes. Used in metachromatic staining, magnetosomes.
sarcina
cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells
Golgi body
curved cisterns, not continuous, modifies, packages, and secretes products of endoplasmic reticulum, and produces lysosomes and vacuoles
bacillus
cylindrical
A ______ is a dormant, resting state of protozoal cell.
cyst
is a dormant, resting state, of a protozoal cell
cyst
diagnosis of giardiasis and crytosporidiosis involves looking in patient stool samples for
cysts trophozoites
Diagnosis of Giardiasis and crypstosporidiosis involves looking in patient tool samples for
cysts, trophozoites
The _____ is a flexible molecular framework throughout the cytoplasm that anchors organelles and permits shape changes in some organisms
cytoskeleton
is responsible for cellular shape changes and movement such as formation of pseudopods extending out from the amoeba
cytoskeleton
the ___ is a network of actin and tubulin filaments that are located just under the cell membrane and that contribute to cell shape
cytoskeleton
__ is the most common solvent in natural systems. a. acid b. alcohol c. base d. water
d. water
in a differential staining technique, a ___ is used to remove the primary stain from the bacterial cell
decolorizer
in a differential staining technique, a --- is used to remove the primary stain from bacterial cell.
decolorzier
Bacteria and fungi that contain the enzymes necessary to break down cellulose are often classified as _____, a grouping of organisms that play an essential in the recycling of nutrients.
decomposers
match each reaction type with the correct example:
decomposition = AB -> A+B synthesis = x+y -> XY Exchange= PQ+ RS -> PR + QS
AB then A + B
decompostion
what name is given to the host in which the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction
definitive host
During a ____ synthesis reaction, a carbon from a sugar unit of one carbohydrate molecule gives up its OH group and a carbon from the sugar unit of another carbohydrate molecule loses the H from its OH group which produces a water molecule.
dehydration
during the formation of a carbohydrate bond, the step in which a carbon molecule gives up its OH group, and the other uses the H from its OH group, thereby producing a water molecule.
dehydration synthesis
anabolic reactions
dehydration synthesis, endergonic (pos. delta G), keq<1, not favorable, and protein synthesis
cytoplasmic membrane
delicate thin fluid structure, defines boundary, and serves as a semi permeable barrier (selectively permeable) act as a gatekeeper
The backbone of DNA is a polymer if alternating __ and ___.
deoxyribose; phosphate
capsules protect bacteria against phagocytic white blood cells and biofilms infect long-term indwelling artificial devices
describe the differences between capsules and biofilms
which of the following are characteristics of a mature endospore
desiccation-resistant, radiation-resistant
Ehrlich
developed "magic bullet" called Salvarsan to treat syphilis, coined term chemotherapy
Jenner
developed first westernized vaccine against smallpox
Koch
developed series of steps to prove specific microbes cause specific diseases
Hesse
developed technique to allow for growth of pure cultures using agar to generate semi - solid growth surface
Domagk and Fourneau
development of sulfa drugs and mass produced the drugs (joint effort)
biofilms are often stratified, meaning that
different microbes occupy spaces that best fit their environmental needs
the type of stain designed to show differences between various organisms or cellular structures if referred to as a ___ stain, whereas a ___ stain uses only one dye to stain all cell types
differential, simple
The lysosome is an organelle which merges with a vacuole to allow __________
digestion of engulfed structures from phagocytosis
lysosomes are membrane-bound organelle that contains _________
digestive enzymes
lysosomes
digestive enzymes are very non - specific enzymes (garbage disposal) involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death)
some fungi are termed ___ because they can exist in a yeast form or can form hyphae.
dimorphic
the prefix "___" means "in pairs."
diplo
choose the prefixes that may be used to describe arrangements of bacilli
diplo-, strepto-
a sugar containing 2 monosaccharides
disaccharide
sucrose (fructose + glucose)
disaccharide
Fleming
discovered antimicrobial properties of the first true antibiotic
Pasteur
discovered process of fermentation, provided evidence to support theory of biogenesis and developed rabies vaccine based on discoveries regarding avirulence
Alexander Fleming
discovered properties of penicillin
pathogens
disease causing
MOLECULE
distinct chemical substance that results from the combo of 2 or more atoms
viruses
do not have cells they either have RNA or DNA (not both), they are obligate intracellular pathogens (cannot reproduce without dividing in host cell), and composed of protein and genetic material
archaea
do not have fatty acids, but do have hydrocarbon chains; monolayer usually happen with...with no cell wall in extreme environment
prokaryotes
do not have internal structure and no membrane bound organelles - cannot have genetic variation through sexual reproduction
prokaryotes
do not have membrane sterols; bacteria may have hopanoids
prokaryotes
do not have nucleus
characteristics of enzymes
do not make reactions happen that could not happen on their own, not permanently altered or used up, substrate specific, and function is based on structure
microfilaments
do not organize into tubes - form chains; move cytoplasm - moves nutrients around and wastes away
eukaryotes
do not use group translocation
rough ER
does not make proteins but finishes the job by making sure they're folded correctly
glycolysis
does not require oxygen; pathway is a series of ten chemical reactions each catalyzed by a different enzyme
In the Woese-Fox system of classification, the most general category to which any organism is assigned is the _________
domain
endospore
dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions
endospores
dormant cell, they are extremely resilient, used for protection essentially think escape pod
Endospores
dormant, tough, non reproductive bodies produced by Bacillus, Clostridium and Sporosarcina to withstand harsh conditions. - cell replicates its chromosome then wraps it in durable wall so that it can protect chromosome from adverse conditions. -goes through sporangium converts from vegetative state to sporulating cell Bioterrorism: Bacillus Anthracic (anthrax?) Medical Relevance: Clostridium- tetanus, gangrene, botulism
mitochondria
double membrane, inner membrane is folded into cristae, site of cellular respiration (ATP production), and 70S ribosomes and circular DNA; divide independently of cell
plasmid
double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes
which of the following environmental factors typically trigger cyst formation in protozoans?
dry conditions lack of nutrients
environmental factors trigger cyst formation in protozoans?
dry conditions, lack of nutrients
cytoskeleton
dynamic network of protein filaments (microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments) functions to anchor organelles, structural support, shape alteration, and movement
In protozoa, the layer of the cytoplasm called the _____ plays a role in locomotion, feeding, and protection
ectoplasm
The ______ is the clear outer layer of cytoplasm found in amoeba
ectoplasm
in protozoa, the layer of the cytoplasm called the ___ plays an important role in locomotion, feeding, and protection
ectoplasm
is the clear outer layer of cytoplasm found in amoeba
ectoplasm
what name is given to the clear outer layer of cytoplasm found in amoeba?
ectoplasm
Eukaryotic organisms are:
either unicellular or multicellular
These are substances that, when placed in a solution, release ions capable of conducting an electrical current.
electrolytes
conduct an electrical current
electrolytes
reduction
electron acceptor
oxidation
electron donor
the subatomic particles that surround the nucleus are:
electrons
common electron carrier
electrons and protons are typically removed together (the equivalent of a hydrogen atom)
free energy
electrons moving toward less negative acceptors release... amount of ___ released correlates with magnitude of difference in standard reduction potential
cell membrane
embedded with numerous proteins (act as receptors, transport, enzymes)
the basal body of a flagellum is located
embedded within the cytoplasmic membrane, wall, and outer membrane
The process of forming a cyst, in which the trophozoite cell rounds up into a sphere and its ectoplasm secretes a thick cuticle around the cell membrane is called_________
encystment
he process of forming a cyst in which the trophozoite cell rounds up into a sphere
encystment
polar
end of cell
what name is given to the liquid fraction within amoeba that contains granular materials?
endoplams
the granular inner region of cytoplasm in amoeba is called __
endoplasm
the granular inner region of the cytoplasm in amoeba is called
endoplasm
what name is given to the liquid fraction within amoeba that contains granular materials?
endoplasm
is a membrane bound series of tubules that function in transport and storage
endoplasmic reticulum
the micrograph shows a ___, a cell type that can withstand hostile environments
endospore
diseases such as anthrax, tetanus, gas gangrene and botulism are caused by bacteria that are able to form
endospores
in order to withstand hostile conditions and facilitate survival, some bacteria produce resistant structures known as
endospores
in order to withstand hostile conditions and facilitate survival, some bacteria produce resistant structures known as ___
endospores
the depletion of nutrients is a stimulus for ___ in bacteria
endospores
endospores are difficult to stain due to which of the following?
endospores have thick spore coat endospores exclude dye
omitting the steaming in an endospore stain would result in which of the following
endospores would not take up stain
omitting the steaming in an endospore stain would result in which of the following?
endospores would not take up stain
biologist believe that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes through which process?
endosymbiosis
active processes
energy (ATP) required, includes active transport
Gibbs free energy
energy available to do work
1st law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can change form
glycolysis
energy conserving stage step 6. inorganic phosphates are added to the two G3P, and two NAD+ are reduced step 7. two ADP are phosphorylated by substrate - level phosphorylation to form two ATP step 8 and 9. the remaining phosphates are moved to the middle carbons; a water molecule is removed from each substrate step 10. two ADP are phosphorylated by substrate - level phosphorylation to form two ATP; two pyruvic acid are formed
photosynthesis
energy conversion same process as found in mitochondria in electron transport chain
glycolysis
energy investment stage Step 1. glucose is phosphorylated by ATP to form glucose 6 phosphate step 2 and 3. the atoms of glucose 6 phosphate are rearranged to form fructose 6 phosphate and this is phosphorylated by ATP to form fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate
exergonic
energy is released
endergonic
energy is taken in
energy of activation
energy required to start a reaction
chemical work
energy used to make bonds
mechanical work
energy used to move flagella and other movement organelles
transport work
energy used to move material in a cell
2nd law of thermodynamics
entropy - the universe favors entropy; spontaneous reactions (those that are favored) are those that increase entropy
glycolysis
enzymes in glycolysis split glucose (6 C sugar) into two 3C sugars; sugars are then oxidized (releasing energy), and their atoms are rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvic acid
keq
equilibrium constant - relates amount of substrate to chemical product produced
plasmid
essentially extra pieces of DNA
which statements are true about algae?
eukaryotes both unicellular and multicellular
what type of organism are algae?
eukaryotic
which of the following terms distinguishes algae from bacteria?
eukaryotic
endosymbiotic theory
eukaryotic cells evolved from an association between two different prokaryotic cells
ribosomes
eukaryotic...are bigger and different from prokaryotic ribosomes
cell membrane
every living thing has a...no exceptions
cell theory
every living thing made of cells
Who is susceptible to parasitic infections?
everyone
who is susceptible to parasitic infections?
everyone
endosymbiotic theory
evolution from prokaryotes yields eukaryotes
anabolic reactions
exact opposite of catabolic reactions
prokaryotes
exhibit a variety of shapes
Needham
experiment seemed to support theory of spontaneous generation due to repopulation of heated broths by microbes
Louis Pasteur's
experiment ultimately disproves spontaneous generation
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
express the chemical exchanges b/w atoms or molecules that occur during chemical reactiopns such as synthesis or decomposition
outer membrane
extra membrane similar to cell membrane but also containing lipopolysaccharide. Controls flow of materials, and portions if it are toxic to mammals when releases
axial filaments
extremely efficient, found only in bacteria, and can bore through things
if decolorization was omitted from the acid-fast stain, what color would non acid-fast cells appear?
f carbolfuchipink/red
T or F: all protists are microscopic
false
T or F: cell wall thickness is often used to help identify fungi?
false
only microscopic features are used to identify fungi from clinical samples
false
sporulating bacteria can actively reproduce
false
the simple stain provides enough information about microbe to clearly identify its species
false
what part of the phospholipid forms hydrophobic bonds?
fatty acids
Triglycerides are composed of:
fatty acids & glycerol
The route for infection with pinworm is ____ transmission
fecal-oral
Common characteristics of helmiths lifecycle
fecal-oral route of transmission difficult to erradicate worm eggs are shed
the part of the bacterial flagellum inicated by the letter A is termed the
filament
what structures are parts of a flagellum in prokaryotes
filament, hook, basal body
the cellular appendage indicated by an arrow in this image is a
fimbria
protein
fimbriae composition varies, but most contain _____
biofilms
fimbriae have the inherent tendency to stick to each other and to surfaces causing the formation of ____
in this image, the appendages indicated by the letter A are ___, while the appendages indicated by the letter B are ___
fimbriae; pili
fimbriae
fine, hairlike bristles extending form the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces
The element helium has two electron. which shells are filled in helium?
first
microorganisms
first living organisms on the planet, live everywhere life is possible, largest component of earth's biomass, and the entire ecosystem depends on their activities
Semmelweis
first suggested that invisible agents cause disease; after implementing aseptic techniques the death rate dropped dramatically
Hooke
first visualize cells with microscope (cork cells specifically)
peritrichous
flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
amphitrichous
flagella at both poles of the cell
polar
flagella attached at one or both ends of the cell
attachment
flagella can also be used as ___ in some species
filament, hook, and basal body
flagella structure has three basic parts:
which of the following are considered external structures of prokaryotic cells
flagella, pili
the cellular appendage indicated by the arrow on this image is a
flagellum
tumble
flagellum reverses direction, causing the cell to stop and change course -repellants cause numerous tumbles
which appendages provide motility
flagellum, axial filaments
Two major groups of helmiths
flatworms ( tapeworm) and roundworms (pinworms)
stroma
fluid in chloroplast
trematodes are also called
flukes
What are helminths?
flukes, tapeworms, roundworms
Entner - Doudoroff pathway
for each molecule of glucose ___ produces two molecules of NADPH and one molecule of ATP for use in cellular biosynthetic reactions; pathway is found in some G- bacteria (generally not found in G+ bacteria)
lysosomes
formed in Golgi and membrane enclosed sacs of digestive enzymes
slime layer
forms loosely around the cell and protects the cell from loss of water and nutrients
True about enzymes
found in all cells are catalysts participate in cell's chemical reactions can be denatured by heat and other agents They DO NOT: have high-energy bonds between phosphates
hami
found in archaea only
cell wall
found in plants, algae, and fungi, composed of chitin, glucan, cellulose, mannan, silica, and calcium carbonate (NOT PTG)
Louis Pasteur
found that when exposed to an avirulent bacteria the body's immune system knows how to battle it
ATP
free energy is used to phosphorylate ADP to form... (metabolic money)
identify the cellular location of 80S ribosomes
free-floating in the cytoplams rough endoplasmic reticulum
identify the cellular locations of 80s ribosomes
free-floating in the cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes
full of digestive enzymes
flagella
function in cell motility and are long in relation to size
In chemistry, a particular molecular combination that reacts in predictable ways and confers particular properties on a compound is called a ___ group.
functional
the __ are a group of heterotrophic organisms with cell walls of chitin.
fungi
these cells, termed hyphae are found in
fungi
which produce true hyphae
fungi
What does candida albican cause
fungus causes candidiasis
pos. delta G
gained energy
DNA + RNA
genome
all of the genetic material of the cell
genome
the complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism
genome
For the organisms Escherichia coli, Escherichia represents the ______ level of classification
genus
The _____ theory of disease, first proposed in the 1800s, stated that microorganisms could cause infection and illness.
germ
the process by which an endospore rehydrates and begins cellular metabolism is termed
germination
which of the following are macroscopic fungi?
gill fungi, puffballs, mushrooms
amino acids
glycan chain held together by... (tetrapeptide chain)
Triglycerides and phospholipids both contain which of the following ?
glycerol , fatty acid chains
The outer coating of polysaccharides found on some bacteria that functions in the attachment to other cells, protection, or communication is called the ____.
glycocalyx
the ___ is a polysaccharide protective outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on the structure
glycocalyx
for which organelle do lysosomes orignate
golgi apparatus
the ___ stain provides critical information about the peptidoglycan structure of the cell wall
gram
what might happen if you omitted the safranin step while performing the gram stain on a mixed culture of gram positive and gram negative cells
gram negative organisms might not be visible
gram staining
gram positive and gram - negative bacteria can be identified using a 'gram stain'; determine cell wall composition
what outcome could be expected if you forgot the crystal violet step while performing a gram stain
gram positive and gram negative organisms would stain pink
if you forget to use the decolorizer, which cell types will appear purple
gram positive and negative
what is the primary due used in the gram staining technique?
gram's iodine
what is used as the mordant in the gram staining technique
gram's iodine
what type of cell wall contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan and no outer membrane?
gram-positive
if you forget to use the decolorizer, which cell type(s) will appear purple?
gram-positive gram-negative
which of the following correctly describe how the Gram stain works to color different types of cells?
gram-positive cells retain the purple dye-mordant complex because of their thick layer of peptidoglycan. gram-negative cells are decolorized and stained by the pink/red secondary stain
which of the following terms describes the stack of thylakoids located within chloroplasts?
grana
which of the following terms describes the stacks of thylakoids located within chloroplasts?
grana
ACIDIC
greater concentrations oh H+ than OH- below pH 7
BASIC
greater concentrations oh OH- than H+ above pH 7
if safranin was omitted from the endospore stain, what color would be the endospores appear?
green
if safranin was omitted from the endospore stain, what color would the endospores appear
green
in this image, the endospores are ___ in color
green
tetrads
groups of 4
Processes that define life include:
growth reproduction and heredity metabolism movement and/or irritability does NOT include: invading host cells
Robert Koch
had three steps to identify a disease (called Koch's postulates)
POLAR
has a negative & positive charge at same time
toxicity
has been and continues to be a problem
phospholipid bilayer
has integral proteins embedded in...or peripheral proteins attached to outside of cell (act as receptors and transport ways) small, uncharged molecules can pass freely between this...(cell membrane)
pleomorphic
has more than one cell shape
Gram Positive Bacteria
has two layers in cell envelope: cell wall w/ peptidoglycan and cytoplasmic membrane
hydrophobic
hate water
archaea
have distinct membrane lipids - ether(much more rigid and harder) linkage (ester linkage in other cells) glycerol group enantiomer, branched isoprenoid sidechain, may form mono-layer with greater rigidity (not all have this but some will)
mitochondria and chloroplasts
have distinct prokaryotic characteristics
eukaryotic cells
have many unique features that distinguish them from prokaryotes (cilia, membrane sterols, ribosome structure, membrane bound organelles, and nucleus)
helminthes
have microscopic life stages: adult from is macro
extremozymes
have molecular applications, made of proteins but found in organisms that live in extreme environments
peroxisomes
have more specific enzymes and destroys destructive oxygen qualities
protozoa
have no cell wall but some have a pellicle surrounding the plasma membrane
gram positive cells
have single pair of rings in their flagella
gram positive cells
have strong glycan tetrapeptide chains (PTG) or peptidoglycan
animal cells
have weird abstract shapes because they do not have a cell wall
lophotrichous
having small bunches of flagella on one end of cell is called what?
in order to ensure that dye penetrates the spore coat and stains the endospore, which of the following is needed
heat
in order to ensure that dye penetrates the spore coat and stains the endospore, which of the following is needed?
heat
when should heat fixation take place during the capsular stain
heat fixation is not required in the capsular stain
When should heat fixation take place during the capsular stain?
heat fixation is not required in the capsular stain.
which of the following describes the correct sequence of the gram stain procedure
heat-fixed slide; use of crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer, and safranin
which of the following describes the correct sequence of the gram stain procedure?
heat-fixed slide; use of crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer, and safranin
which of the following describes the correct sequence of gram stain procedures
heat-fixed; use of crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer, and safranin
which of the following is true regarding proper heat fixation
heating too briefly may result in bacteria not adhering to the slide
hello
hello
hi hello
hello
Tapeworms (cestodes), roundworms (nematodes), and flukes (trematodes) are called
helminths
the glycocalyx is important in the ability of bacteria to cause infection because it
helps the bacteria evade immune defenses. allows the bacteria to adhere well to medical devices. allows for the formation of biofilms.
A worm that has both male and female sex organs is said to be __________________________.
hermaphroditic
some trematodes are ___ , meaning that the female sex organisms are within the body of the same helminth.
hermaphroditic
plants are mainly autotrophs white fungi are ___
heterotrophic
organisims that acquire nutrients from organic compounds?
heterotrophs
A 6-carbon sugar such as glucose and fructose is called a _____.
hexose
which environmental condition favors the trophozoite form in protozoa?
high moisture and food
emerging diseases
higher than normal number with larger area - not necessarily a new disease
capsule
highly organized and attached to its cell
eukaryotic chromosomes are bound to __ proteins in the nucleus
histone
eukaryotic chromosomes are bound to __ proteins in the nucleus.
histone
what does histoplasma capsulatum cause?
histoplasmosis caused by fungi
pili
hollow tube, used in the exchange of DNA
most helminths require the body of a ___ in order to derive nutrients and complete their life cycle.
host
the life cycle of Malaria parasites involves ___ and ___ as host.
humans, and mosquitoes
An acidic solution has excess ___, and a basic solutions has excess ____.
hydrogen ; hydoxyl
a bond that results from polar covalent bonds
hydrogen bond
a weak type of bond that forms between a hydrogen covalently bonded to one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen, on the same molecule, or a different molecule
hydrogen bond
In organic compounds, carbon most often associates with which of the following compounds?
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
A ___ reaction breaks the bond between two glucose molecules.
hydrolysis
catabolic reactions
hydrolytic, exergonic (-deltaG), keq>1, spontaneous, and cellular respiration
ionic compounds are:
hydrophilic polar and ionic
which of the following would be observed to determine microscopic characteristics of a fungus?
hyphae individual spores
__________ are able to flourish at high temperatures such as those flung in thermal heat vents and volcanic waters
hypothermophile
A _____ is a tentative explanation of an observation
hypothesis
aseptic techniques
idea that unseen organisms need to be avoided through these ___
Use of a laboratory test to determine the fermentation capabilities of a microbial species is part of the process known as ______ of a certain bacterial species.
identification
Which two diagnostic tools are used for cases of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis?
immunology tests, ova and parasite testing of stool samples.
Joseph Lister
implemented aseptic surgery
triglycerides
important storage lipids
Walter Hesse
in charge of finding a successful medium; found agar
70S
in chloroplasts and mitochondria
DNA
in eukaryotic aligned with histone proteins
sterols
increase stability of cell membrane
sterols
increase stability of cell membrane: no other prokaryotes have these besides the mycoplasmas
hopanoids
increases stability of membrane
CATALYST
increases the rate of a chemical reaction ex. enzymes
which stain is used to stain the background in the capsule stain
india ink or nigrosin
which stain is used to stain the background in the capsule stain?
india ink or nigrosin
Schledien and Schwann
individual scientists that came up with the cell theory around the same time
biofilms
infect long-term indwelling artificial devices
identify the common modes of transmission of helminths to humans
infected animals contaminated soil contaminated food/water
The general term "_____ disease" means that the disease is caused by a microorganism.
infectious
catalysts
influence reaction rate by lowering the activation energy
cilia
internally made same way flagella is and can be used to move things across surface in stationary cell
enterobiasis is limited to which location in the host?
intestine
Edward Jenner
invented the first vaccine; didn't understand why it worked just knew it did
Christian Hans Gram
invented the process of gram staining
a bond that results from the transferring of electrons
ionic bond
a reaction that occurs when ionic bond is broken and atoms separate into ions
ionization
During the process of dissolution, ___ become hydrated or surrounded by a sphere of water molecules.
ions
atoms that gain or lose electrons become charged particles called:
ions
staphylococci
irregular clusters
delta G
is a change in energy
standard reduction potential
is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced
which two of The following statements regarding pfiesteria infection are true??
is an large algae that produces a toxin, occurs in more than 20 forms.
nucleoid
is not a structure just a particular area and is where DNA is found in the cell
staph arrangement
is random cluster of cells (look like grapes)
membrane
is selectively permeable - few molecules pass through freely and movement involves both active (forcing substance against flow or natural gradient) and passive processes
plane of division
is where the cell can divide
Waksman
isolated antibiotic from Streptomyces; coined the term antibiotic and led to the discovery of other microbes that serve as antibiotics
selective toxicity
kill harmful pathogen while leaving the host cell fine
All bacteria would be placed into the same _____, one of five groupings in the Whittaker system of classification.
kingdom
In the Whittaker system, organisms were divided into one of five ______.
kingdoms
MACROMOLECULES
lare, molecular compounds assembled from smaller subunits
80S
large 60S and small 40S subunits, membrane bound; attached to ER and nuclear membrane, and free in cytoplasm
enterobiasis is a helminth infestation of the ___ , which allows the eggs to pass in the feces.
large intestine
multiple bonding of carbons can give rise to:
large, complex compounds, long chains, branched compounds, ringed compounds
Helmith must complee life cycle by transmitting an infective form to the body of another host. ______ development (intermediate host) and adulthood and mating in ______ host
larval; definitive
vivo
latin phrase describing cultivation or testing within a living system
eukaryotes
level of internal compartmentalization, this allows them to be about 10 times larger than prokaryotic cells allows different chemical reactions to be performed at the same time
redox reactions
liberate energy; always coupled, oxidation (electron donor), reduction (electron acceptor)
glycosidic bonds
link subunits of disaccharides and polysaccharides together
cholesterol
lipid
phospholipid
lipid
triglyceride
lipid
wax
lipid
Triglycerides are ___ important in storage,
lipids
teichoic acids
lipoteichoic or wall teichoic acids and polyacohols that provide antigenic specificity
coccus, bacillus, and spirillum
list and describe three structures common to all bacteria
viroid
little naked piece of RNA that cause disease in plants
gram negative cells
little or no peptidoglycan, no teichoic acids, have a LPS outer membrane, and 4 ring basal body anchoring flagella
most protozoa
live as solitary singled-celled organisms
spontaneous generation
living organisms arise from a combination of non-living material
which of the following generally defines the nucleolus?
location for ribosomal RNA synthesis
which of the following generally defines the nucleolus?
location for ribosome RNA synthesis.
actin cytoskeleton
long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell just inside the cell membrane and contribute to the shape of the cell
pilin
long, rigid tubular structures are made up of ___ protein
Ehrlich
looked to find selective toxicity; salvarsan (treatment for syphilis) not widely available
neg. delta G
lost energy
hydrophilic
love water
splitting open
lyses is what?
glycolysis
lysis stage step 4. fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate is cleaved to form glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) step 5. DHAP is rearranged to form another G3P
The _____ is an organelle which merges with a vacuole to allow digestion of engulfed structures from phagocytosis
lysosome
the ______ is a membrane-bound organelle derived from the Golgi that contain digestive enzymes and can provide protection against invading organisms
lysosome
which of the following is a membrane-bound organelle that containst digestive enzymes
lysosome
which of the following organelles is immediately involved in phagocytic function by white blood cells
lysosome
which eukaryotic structures are not present in prokaryotic cells
lysosome, mitochondrion, nucleus,
When organisms are visible to the naked eye, they are called ______
macroscopic
mushroom and puffballs are ____ fungi because they are visible with the naked eye.
macroscopic
which type of fungi is visible to the naked eye?
macroscopic
microfilaments
made of actin
prokaryotes
majority of ... have one of three shapes: round (coccus), rod (bacilli), and spiral (vibrio, spirillium, and spirochete)
microorganisms
majority of our oxygen comes from ___
fungi
make asexual and sexual spores and can be pathogenic but tend to be opportunistic pathogens: also produce toxins
microorganisms
make up the majority of the biodiversity in an environment
the acid-fast cell wall contains large amounts of mycolic acid. this glycolipid ___
makes the cell wall resistant to decolorization with acid-alcohol also makes the cell wall less permeable to chemicals
--- is used to stain the endospore in the endospore staining procedure.
malachite green
___ ___ is used to stain the endospore in the endospore staining procedure
malachite green
gram positive cells
many rigid layers of peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, no outer LPS membrane, and a 2 ring basal body anchoring flagella
mycelium
mass of hypha
which region of the mitochondrion contains fluid, ribosomes and is the location for the metabolic cycle?
matrix
prokaryotes
may have a cytoskeleton but will be very simple
cell wall
may have external protein or sugar layer
cilia
means of movement: pretty rare in eukaryotes and never in prokaryotes
WEIGHT
measurement of the gravitional pull on the mass of a particle
Redi
meat experiment dealt a blow to theory of spontaneous generation by showing maggots did not arise from decaying meat but from an external contaminant
sexual fungal spores arise by the fusion of 2 parent cells, followed by which type of division?
meiosis
sexual fungal spores by the fusion of 2 parent cells followed by which type of division?
meiosis
vacuole
membrane bound structures within cells which contain fluids and/or particles and typically act as temporary storage
During protein synthesis, __RNA is made to be a copy of a gene from the DNA.
messenger
copy of DNA
messenger RNA
pasteurization
method of cleaning beverages and liquids and such
the counterstain used in the acid-fast stain is ___ ___
methylene blue
John Tyndall
microbes in dust, some heat resistant
factors associated with emerging diseases
microbial evolution, changing human behavior/lifestyles, complacency of human population, and population expansion/global travel
"Microbes" and "______" are terms that can be used interchangeably.
microorganisms
Organisms that are only visible with the aid of a microscope are referred to as
microorganisms
bioremediation
microorganisms that remove or lessen the pollutants in an environment
all protist are
microscopic
_____ are long, hollow protein fibers that comprise the cytoskeleton
microtubules
which cellular filament comprises flagella?
microtubules
which type of cytoskeletal proteins compose mitotic spindle fibers
microtubules
which of the following are the main types of cytoskeletal fibers
microtubules actin filaments intermediate filaments
which unit is appropriate to measure the size of a pinworm ?
millimeter
Often called the "powerhouse" of cells, the ______ is the organelle where ATP is synthesized for cellular energy use.
mitochondria
The _____ is the organelle responsible for the vast majority of APT generated in eukaryotic cells
mitochondria
the ribosomes in ATP producing organelles called __ are clearly bacterial in nature, providing evidence in support of endosymbiosis
mitochondria
What organelle has both an inner and an outer membrane?
mitochondrion
The orderly division of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division i s called
mitosis
Asexual fungal spores arise by ______ division of a single parent cell
mitotic
asexual fungal spores arise by___ division of a single parent cell.
mitotic
which environmental factor is most critical for protozoa growth?
moisture
van der WAALS FORCE
molecular interaction that plays major roles in shape & function of biological molecules
two or more atoms bonded together are called a:
molecule
COMPOUND
molecule that is a combo of 2 or more elements
S layer
monolayer of protein used for protection and/or attachment
All macromolecules except lipids are formed by polymerization, or joining of repeating ____.
monomers
The simplest unit of carbohydrate is called a _____.
monosaccharide
deoxyribose
monosaccharide
fructose
monosaccharide
ribose
monosaccharide
Two ___ are combined to make a disaccharide.
monosaccharides
a simple sugar such as glucose that is the basic building block for more complex carbohydrates
monosaccharides
a chemical that fixes dye in or on cells by forming an insoluble compounds is referred to as ---
mordant
capsule
more tightly bound to a cell than a slime layer and is denser and thicker than a slime layer
a microbiologist can identify bacteria based on their ___, ___, serological analysis, and genetic techniques
morphology, physiology
a cell wall and some form of glycocalyx are found in ___ bacterial cells
most
in most cells
most catabolic and anabolic reactions work together
flagella
most common means of motility; naked protein that rotates; filamentous appendages composed of flagellin (H antigens); rotate powered by PMF or ATP (runs and tumbles)
ATP
most common source of energy for work
flagella
most common way prokaryotes move is with the organelle ___
best describes the function of cillia and flagella?
motility
the ability to move is referred to as
motility
chemotaxis
movement in response to chemical signals
negative chemotaxis
movement of a cell away from a repellant or potentially harmful compound
positive chemotaxis
movement of cell in the direction of a favorable chemical stimulus
osmosis
movement of solvent (most commonly water)
phototaxis
movement toward light
The electrones of an atom are:
moving in pathways called orbitals and always equal to the number of protons
cell wall
much more common and simpler than prokaryotic cell wall
helminths
multicellular animals, flatworms and round worms, many are pathogenic, and only some life stages microscopic
hypha
multicellular filament
mildews and molds
multicellular fungi and formed by a series of hypha
Microorganisms:
must be visualized using a microscope
facilitated diffusion
must pass through membrane protein (allow certain substrates through)
viruses
mutate very quickly
Masses of vegetative hyphae, also called __________, absorb nutrients from the surface of a substrate on which a fungus grows
mycelia
Rhizopus hyphae form a mass called a __________ that is observable on moldy bread.
mycelium
which of the following is a significant lipid component of the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria
mycolic acid
which of the following is a significant lipid component of the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria?
mycolic acid
the acid-fast cell wall contains large amounts of mycolic acid. which of the following can be attributed to the presence of mycolic acid?
mycolic acid makes the cells more difficult to stain chemicals cannot readily penetrate the cell wall of these cells
fungal diseases
mycoses
fungal diseases are called _______
mycoses
flagellum, hook, and different proteins
name the three parts of a bacterial flagellum
the capsule staining technique begins with a ___ stain
negative
the capsule staining technique begins with a ____ stain.
negative
feedback inhibition
negative allosteric effector, isozymes may still function, and pathways that are essential to the cell will have different pathways to circumvent the inhibition of the original pathway
ELECTRON
negative charge
ANION
negative ion
Gram-___ cell walls contain a thin layer of peptidoglycan whereas gram-___ cells walls contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan.
negative, positive
gram-___ cell walls contain a thin layer of peptidoglycan whereas gram-___ cell walls contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan
negative, positive
HYDROXIDE ION (OH-)
negatively charged b/c it has kept its electron
what does Enterobius vermicularis cause
nematode causes pinworm infection
a round body is characteristic of which type of helminths?
nematodes
common name given to the group of roundworm helminths is
nematodes
which of the following statements most accurately the life cycle of helminths.
nematodes all exhibit separate sexes
endoplasmic reticulum
network of flattened tubules (cisterns) continuous with nuclear membrane
NEUTRON
neutral/no charge
A(n) ___ is a neutral particle in the nuclei of all atoms except hydrogen.
neutron
Isotopes are atoms, of the same element, that differ in
neutron #
mycoplasmas
no cell wall (only group of bacteria), have sterols in plasma membrane, can have basically any shape and are very tiny (used to be mistaken for viruses)
passive processes
no energy required, along gradient (most often a concentration gradient), includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
100%
no energy transfer is ____ % efficient
isotonic
no net movement of water
smooth ER
no ribosomes and the site of lipid/fat synthesis
ribosomes
non membranous organelles
this slide depicts a mixed culture of bacteria that were properly stained using the acid-fast stain. which are more numerous, acid-fast or non-acid-fast cells
non-acid-fast
this slide depicts bacteria that were properly stained using the acid-fast staining technique. the bacteria appear to be ___
non-acid-fast
The vast majority of algae are
non-pathogenic
the vast majority of algae is
non-pathogenic
most known protozoans are
nonpathogenic
Lipids contain long C-H (hydrocarbon) chains that are ___ and ___.
nonpolar ; hydrophobic
equally distributed electrons from ___ covalent bonds, whereas unequally distributed electrons form __ covalent bonds.
nonpolar; polar
which type of hyphae do not contain cross walls?
nonseptate
germ theory of disease
not credited to any one person; idea that unseen pathogens cause disease
mitochondria
not involved in endomembrane system - involved in energy processing (not making) site of cellular respiration (multi - step process) proton imbedded membranes for electron transport chain sites of ATP production: matrix and can divide whenever they want
archaea
not known to be human pathogens and usually found in extreme environments
slime layer
not organized and loosely attached
plasmids
not part of primary chromosome may contain non - essential yet beneficial DNA (how to make a toxin, etc.) used in conjugation (sharing of DNA) we use them as vectors
fimbria and pili
not used for movement, used for attachment
which of the following structures seperates DNA from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?
nuclear envelope
Which biomolecule is found in chromatin?
nucleic acid
Purines and pyrimidines are components in the building block units of:
nucleic acids
which of the following are considered internal structure of prokaryotic cells
nucleoid, inclusions, ribosomes
A dense region found within the nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized is called the
nucleolus
the nucleus is found within the ___ of a cell.
nucleoplasm
rank the following from beginning =1 to end =4 for protein exocytosis
nucleous (mRNA synthesis) RER (protein synthesis golgi cell membrane
key difference between eukaryotic and prokyriotic cells is the presense or absence of ___ and other membrane bound organelles
nucleus
protons and neutrons make up the atom's central core referred to as its
nucleus
rank the following from the begging =1 to "end =4 to protein exocytosis
nucleus, RER, Golgi, cell membrane
Carbohydrates can generally be represented by the formula (CH2O)n in which "n" represents the ______ of units of this combination of atoms.
number
the valance number is the
number of outermost electrons
viruses
obligatory intracellular parasite, no true cellular organization, considered non living
monomorphic
one cell shape and only one
Schwann
one of the scientists who proposed the cell theory
One nucleotide contains the following:
one phosphate one pentose one nitrogen base
bacteria
only...produce endospores and only a few gram positive cells produce them
pentose phosphate pathway
operates simultaneously with glycolysis and provides a means for the breakdown of five - carbon sugars (pentose) as well as glucose; produces important intermediate pentoses used in the synthesis of (1) nucleic acids, (2) glucose from carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, and (3) certain amino acids; produces reduced coenzyme NADPH from NADP+. yields a net gain of 1 ATP for each molecule of glucose oxidized
A(n) ___ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of a eukaryotic cell.
organelle
an ___ defined as an intracellular , membrane bound component of a eukaryotic cell
organelle
Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as
organelles
roughly 60-80% of a eukaryotic cells total volume is made up of various__ found within the cytoplasm
organelles
plastids
organelles used to synthesize and store hydrocarbons
Biochemicals are ___ compounds containing carbon atoms.
organic
Carboxyl groups can be found in :
organic acids , proteins, fatty acids
BIOCHEMICALS
organic compounds produced by living things
Heterotroph
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
normal microbiota
organisms that live in or on your body that outcompete pathogens
gylcocalyx
outermost part of cell; made inside the cell and secreted to the surface; general functions (protection, attachment, and motility) some bacteria use... to slide across surface
A reaction where an electron is lost
oxidation
peroxisome
oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2 and is formed by dividing perosiomes
glycolysis
oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid, is usually the first stage in carbohydrate catabolism; occurs in most living cells; word literally means splitting of sugars
heterotrophic metabolism
oxidize organic energy source releasing electrons, typically utilize carbohydrates (CH2O) - glucose is #1 source
Algae produce _____ (a gas) which benefits us greatly and is used in aerobic respiration
oxygen
Water is a polar molecule because ____ pulls the shared electrons to itself, giving it a more negative charge, and thus giving the hydrogens a more positive charge.
oxygen
algae produce __ (a gas) which benefits us greatly and is used in aerobic respiration.
oxygen
what is a major ecological benefit of algae?
oxygen production
Neutral
pH = 7 water
Base
pH above 7
characteristics of an acid
pH less than 7 lactic acid vinegar hydrogen ion donor
centrosome
pair of centrioles and proteins found near nucleus - involved in the assembly of microtubules
diplobacilli
pairs of cells with their ends attached
A microbial pathogen is considered a _____ because it derives benefits from its host and harms its host in the process
parasite
which term is used to describe a fungal pathogen actively causing disease?
parasitic
protozoans acquire their food by which or the following mechanisms?
parasitic feeding on live tissue scavenging dead plants
the study of organisms that derive nourishment and protection from another living organisms known as hosts is called?
parasitology
simple diffusion
pass through membrane layer directly
A ________ is the term used for any infectious agent that causes disease, such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses.
pathogen
Cyrptococcus and candida are yeast that are _______
pathogenic
Xylose is a ____, which means it is 5- carbon sugar.
pentose
___ is a network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the structural support of bacteria cell walls.
peptidoglycan
Florey and Chain
performed clinical trials and mass produced penicillin (revolutionary)
axial filament
periplasmic flagella contains an
what host defense is prevented by the capsule of some pathogenic bacteria
phagocytosis by white blood cells
group translocation
phophotransferase system, PEP group translocation
All of the following are ecological or commercial benefits of fungi except: photosythesis fermentation antibiotic production decomposition
photosynthesis
All of the following are ecological or commerical benefits of fungi except:
photosynthesis
algae use a well-known metabolic process called ___ for the production of their food.
photosynthesis
chromatophores or thylakoids
photosynthetic pigments on in-foldings; they are infoldings of cell membranes not organelles - manipulate cell membrane (just manipulation)
when bacteria move in response to a light source, this overall movement is referred to as ___.
phototaxis
sex pilus
pili is also known as the _______
gram-negative
pili is only found in ________ bacteria
conjugation
pili is used on ______, the partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another
If you decolorize for more than 30 seconds, gram-positive organisms will most likely appear ____ in color.
pink
if malachite green was omitted from the endospore stain, vegetative cells would appear ___ in color
pink
if malachite green was omitted from the endospore stain, vegetative cells would appear ___ in color.
pink
if you decolorize for more than 30 seconds, gram positive organisms will most likely appear ___ in color
pink
if you omit the Gram's iodine step while preforming the Gram stain, gram-positive cells will most likely be ____ in color.
pink
gram negative
pink or red stain
if decolorization was omitted from the acid-fast stain, what color would non acid-fast cells appear
pink/red
if methylene blue was omitted from the acid-fast stain, what color would acid-fast cells appear
pink/red
if methylene blue was omitted from the acid-fast stain, what color would acid-fast cells appear?
pink/red
the helminth enterobius vermicularis causes which disease?
pinworm infection
place the following steps of the capsular stain in the proper sequence?
place a drop of nigrosine on a clean slide add bacteria to nigrosine and mix spread the mixture over slide and air dry apply crystal violet rinse
____ are floating communities of algae that play essential roles in food webs and oxygen production
plankton
are floating communities of algae found in fresh water and marine environments that play an essential role in food webs and produce much of earths oxygen
plankton
bacteria that live as single cells are described as
planktonic
algae
plant like (not plants though) not pathogenic, but some produce toxins that can be harmful
rigid
plant, fungi, and algae cells are... because they have a cell wall
Which of the following are examples of eukaryotic organisms ? a. Bacteria b. Plants c. Archaea d. Animals e. Fungi f. Insects
plants , animals, fungi, insects.
the genus ___ is the protozoa that causes malaria
plasmodium
the flagella on these cells can best be described as
polar
the single flagellum attached at one end of each of these cells can best be described as
polar
a carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed into a number of monosaccharides
polysaccharide
cellulose
polysaccharide
glygogen
polysaccharide
starch
polysaccharide
contains glycosidic bonds
polysaccharides
PROTON
positive charge
CATION
positive ion
in this image, the figure on the left represents a gram ___ cell wall whereas the figure on the right represents a gram ___ cell wall
positive; negative
HYDROGEN ION (H+)
positively charged b/c it has last its electron
Koch's four ______ are a series of proofs that establish whether an organism is pathogenic and which disease it causes
postulates
inclusions
predominantly used for energy storage
A protein's ___ structure refers to the specific sequence of amino acids that makes up the polypeptide chain.
primary
the first dye applied in a differential staining technique is referred to as the ___ stain
primary
which of the following are terms used to describe the colored dyes applied in the Gram staining technique?
primary and counterstain
fungi are involved in human disease in which of the following ways?
primary cause of disease opportunistic pathogens accidental pathogens
Humans are generally resistant to fungal infections except two types ____ and ______
primary pathogens; opportunistic pathogens
which of the following are terms used to describe colored dyes applied in the Gram staining technique?
primary stain counterstain
ribosomes
produced in two subunits, they join to send an important message so to speak, and they have different ultra structures
fermentation
produces alcohol
Golgi apparatus
produces lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles
pentose phosphate pathway
produces many intermediate materials for other pathways: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, ribulose 5-phosphate (if only 5 carbon sugars are available it can biosynthesize 6 carbon sugars), major contributor to biosynthesis (reducing power in NADPH, vital precursor metabolites for anabolic pathways, and intermediates may be used to generate ATP)
substances left by a reaction
product
A ______ cell will not contain organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus
prokaryotic
A(n) ___ cell will not contain organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus.
prokaryotic
3 domains
prokaryotic: bacteria and archaea eukaryotic: eukarya
the S layer surrounding many bacterial cells is comprised of
protein
NOT a function of cytoskeleton?
protein synthesis
ribosomes (70S)
protein synthesis, composed of large and small subunits, made of riboprotein and ribosomal RNA, differ in density from eukaryotic ribosomes, target for antimicrobials
bacterial micro compartments
protein-coated packets used to localize enzymes and other proteins in the cytoplasm
Structural polysaccharides can be conjugated to which of the following?
proteins , amino acids, nitrogen bases, lipids
prions
proteins and cause serious diseases
Algae and protists are both members of Whittakers Kingdom
protista
Both protozoans and algae are found in the kingdom _________
protista
The atomic number of an element represents the number of ___ in the nucleus
protons
The MAJOR types of microorganisms include:
protozoa, fungi, bacteria, algae, and viruses
fimbriae and pili
provide attachment points or channels
flagella and axial filaments
provide motility
what is the main function of membrane sterols?
provide stability to the membrane
cellular respiration
provides precursor molecules and energy for anabolic reactions
what is the primary function of the capsule
provides protection
some yeast cells form elongated structures called
pseudohypha
Amoeba move by extending their cytoplasm to form a(n) __________________ or "false foot."
pseudopod
Amoeba move by extending their cytoplasm to form a(n) __________________ or "false foot."
pseudopodium
which of the following are microscopic fungi??
puff balls , mushrooms , gill fungi
two ring
purines
the nitrogenous base of a nucleic acid comes in 2 forms:
purines pyrimidines
gram positive
purple stain
centrosome
put together and take apart based on cell needs; during interphase, an additional...will appear that will act as a spindle apparatus
one ring
pyrimidines
A protein's ____ structure is the most complex protein structure and is characterized as the overall 3- dimensional shape of a large protein composed of multiple polypeptide chains
quaternary
entropy
random disorder
molecules entering or starting a reaction
reactant
SYNTHESIS REACTION
reactants bond together (reactant A + reactant B = product AB) "bulild up"
EXCHANGE REACTION
reactants trade portions b/w each other
Golgi apparatus
recieves proteins from the ER and is part of the secretion system to the cell surface
microbes
recycle vital elements, aid in bioremediation, agriculture, molecular biology and biotechnology, food microbiology, industrial microbiology, disease causing microorganisms, and normal microbiota
if decolorization was omitted from the acid-fast stain, what color would acid-fast cells appear
red
if decolorization was omitted from the acid-fast stain, which color would acid-fast cells appear?
red
if you decolorize for more that 30 seconds, gram-positive organisms will most likely appear ___ in color
red
if you omit the Gram's iodine step while performing the Gram stain, gram-positive cells will most likely be --- in color.
red
if you omit the gram's iodine step while performing the gram stain, gram positive cells will most likely be ___ in color
red
Gram-negative cells appear ___ after Gram staining whereas gram-positive appear __
red purple
Gram-negative cells appear __ after Gram staining whereas gram-positive cells appear __.
red, purple
gram negative cells appear ___ after gram staining whereas gram positive cells appear ___
red; purple
an atom has gained an electron. It has been:
reduced
a reaction that receives electrons
reduction
MASS NUMBER (MN)
reflects the number of PROTRONS & NEUTRONS in an atom
ATOMIC NUMBER (AN)
reflects the number of PROTRONS in an atom
exocytosis
releases contents into external environment
dehydration synthesis
remove water to make a bond; energy is put into them
basic structure of PTG
repeating bonds produce glycan chain, glycan chain will be connected through tetrapeptide chain
AMPHIPATHIC
repels & attracts water
AB + XY then AX+BY
replacement
Adult worms get nutrients and _____ in hosT
reproduce
which of the following are prominent in parasitic worms?
reproductive system thick cuticles
active processes
requires cell supply energy pump is a membrane protein powered by ATP 3 sodiums out 2 potassiums in
primary chromosome
resides in nucleoid, typically single cellular chromosome, archaea have histone proteins but bacteria have condensin (DNA organized with this) proteins, asexual reproduction (binary fission, budding, fragmenting spores)
endospores
resting cells, highly resistant to heat, desiccation, chemicals, and UV light, not reproduction; when they produce the old cell dies
ribosomes
ribosomal RNA
what is the function of the nucleolus?
ribosomal subunit synthesis
_________ can be bound to the rough ER or free in the cytoplasm. They can also be found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts
ribosome
rough ER
ribosomes present and the site of protein synthesis
staining techniques do not provide information on which of the following structures
ribosomes, cell membrane
spirillum
rigid helix
Helical shape
rigid helix twisted 2x or more around axis.
which of the following has ribosomes embedded on its surface ?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
pinworm has what type of body form
round
nematodes having an ___ body
round and tubular
counterclockwise rotation of the flagellum causes a bacterial cell to swim or ___ towards a stimulus, interrupted clockwise rotation in which the cell ___ and changes its course
run, tumbes
--- is used to stain the vegetative cells in the endospore staining procuder?
safranin
The name of the counterstain, or secondary stain, typically used in the gram stain technique is ___
safranin
___ is used to stain the vegetative cells in the endospore staining procedure
safranin
the name of the counterstain, or secondary stain, typically used in gram stain technique is
safranin
the name of the counterstain, or secondary stain, typically used in the Gram stain technique is ___
safranin
organisms that obtain their nutrients from the dead plants or animals in soil or aquatic habitats are termed ___
saprobes
A fat is called _____if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single bonded to 2 other carbons and hydrogens.
saturated
solid fats are usually which type of the following types of fats?
saturated
examples of algae ?
seaweed and kelp
The ___ structure of a protein involves the formation of hydrogen bonds that result in the formation of alpha helices or beta sheets.
secondary
in a differential staining technique, the stain that is used after the decolorization step is called the counterstain, or ___ stain
secondary
Functions of Golgi Apparatus
secretion, protein modification
term refers to cross walls found in some fungal hyphae?
septa
electron transport chain (system)
sequence of electron carriers used in oxidative phosphorylation is called an... the transfer of electrons releases energy, some of which is used to generate ATP from ADP through a process called chemiosmosis
endomembrane system
series of membranes either connected or communicating by vesicles that all synthesize or distribute proteins and lipids
what is the mode of transmission for trichomonas
sexual or direct contact
what is the mode of transmission of trichomonas
sexual or direct contact
fungi have the capacity to reproduce by
sexually and asexually
identify all the characteristics used to classify helminths
shape size unique structures kinds of hosts mode of reproduction
fimbriae
shorter and thinner; archaea can have these but will probably have hami
cilia
shorter, more numerous and move cell or propel substances across cell
eukaryotic plasma membrane
similar in structure and function to prokaryote, phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, addition of carbohydrates and sterols (cholesterol, ergosterol), aid in cell signaling, cell recognition, and stability
passive
simple and facilitated diffusion; osmosis
which of the following provides a quick and effective method used to visualize and determine bacterial morphology and arrangement
simple stain
monotrichous
single flagellum
Characteristics of Yeast
single-cell yeast budding to reproduce create blastospores helpful or pathogens
The valence of oxygen is______.
six
some bacteria are covered with a loose shield called a ___ ___ that protects the cell from dehydration and loss of nutrients
slime layer
which three of the following terms all refers to a similar structure?
slime layer capsule glycocalyx
lophotrichous
small bunches or tufts
precursor metabolytes
small molecules that help synthesize bigger molecules
fimbriae
small, bristle like fibers sprouting off the surface of certain species of bacteria
to prepare a ___, a sample of bacteria is taken from a culture and spread onto a clean microscope slide
smear
very rare
snapping division happens but is very...
When sodium and chlorine combine, ___ loses its single outer orbital electron to _____ thus filling the outer shell of both atoms and creating an ionic bond.
sodium ; chlorine
The rule of ___ can be paraphrased as "like dissolves like"
solubility
A substance that is uniformly dispersed in a dissolving medium or solvent is called a(n) ____.
solute
a solution is composed of one or more substances called _______ that are uniformly dispersed in a dissolving medium called a ______.
solute, solvent
In a solution, the ___ can be gaseous, liquid, or solid but the ___ is usually liquid.
solute; solvent
which of the following identifies how it is possible to completely eradicate some helminths?
some helminths only infect humans so once everyone is cured, the helminth is gone too.
bacteria
some pathogenic, multiple morphological and physiological differences form archaea:... are more modern and ubiquitous
cytoskeleton
some prokaryotes have them, but it is extremely simple; all eukaryotic cells have them and they're complex
organelles
some...work together to perform a function
flagellum
specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds long, rotating filament. The movement pushes the cell forward and provides motility
organelle
specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the ___ level of classification.
species
For the organism, Escherichia coli, coli represents the ______ name.
species
The level of classification directly under the genus is the _____.
species
coccus
spheres, oval, bean-shaped, pointed
the helical structure of a ___ is more rigid than the spring-shaped form of a spirochete
spirillum
what bacterial cell type is a flexible, spring-like structure?
spirochete
two subtypes of asexual spores
sporangiospores and conidiospores
the saclike head on a fungal stalk is called an
sporangium
it is not common for many fungi to produce ___ when environmental conditions worsen
spores
___ are cells produced by the apicomplexa via sexual reproduction that inhibit a unique gliding from motility
sporozoites
____ are cells produced by the apicomplexa via sexual reproduction that exhibit a unique gliding form of motility
sporozoites
___ is the process of endospore formation
sporulation
which methods are used in the identification of protoza from clinical samples?
stages in life cycle mode of reproduction method of motility
identify a few characteristics used in the identification of protozoa from clinical samples.
stages in life cycle, mode of reproduction, method of motility.
place the flowing steps of the acid-fast stain in the proper sequence
stain with carbolofuchsin rinse off excess primary stain decolorize with acid-alcohol rinse with water to stop the decolorization process counterstain with methylene blue rinse off counterstain blot dry
which occurs first in the endospore stain
staining of the endospore
which occurs first in the endospore stain?
staining of the endospore
the organism in the slide exhibit a cellular arrangement known as
staphylococcus
___ like cellulose is a polymer of glucose but in this case, it is a branching chain
starch
uncommon shapes
stella (star shaped) and haloarcula (rectangular bacteria)
antigenic
stimulates the immune system
vacuoles
storage facility, derived from Golgi, store nutrients, and sequester harmful substances
inclusions
storage sacs, metachromatic granules (store phosphates), polysaccharide granules (sugars), lipid inclusions (lipids), sulfur granules, carboxyzomes (store items needed for photosynthesis) magnetosomes (iron oxide), and gas vesicles (last two used for movement)
inclusion/granule
stored nutrients such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals or particles that can be tapped into what is needed
the prefix "___" means "in a chain"
strepto
spherical cells arranged in a chain are called
streptococci
what term represents chains of cocci
streptococci
which of the following represent arrangements of cocci
streptococci, sarcina, tetrads
the morphology and arrangement of the organism represented in the image would be characteristic of the genus
streptococcus
The _______ is the ground substance that surrounds the thylakoids within the chloroplast
stroma
flagella
structure larger and more complicated than prokaryotic arrangement of microtubules
chromosomes and ribosomes
structures essential for life - found in every living cell
etiology
study of the causes of disease
ELECTROLYTES
substances such as salts, acids, and bases that release ions when dissovled in water b/c their charge enable them to conduct and electrical current
PRODUCTS
substances that result from the reaction
Common table sugar is called:
sucrose
Pepidoglycan (PTG) (murein)
sugar found only in bacteria; archaea may have proteins or alternate sugars (many antimicrobials interfere with PTG synthesis [penicillin])
Semmelweis
suggest invisible agents were passing from Dr to patients causing disease in maternity wards, implemented aseptic techniques to reduce disease transmission
Virchow
suggested biogenesis
____ functional groups are found in proteins that contain the amino acid cysteine.
sulfhydryl
bacterial endospores are involved in
survival
A +B then AB
synthesis reaction
factors influencing enzyme activity
temperature, pH, UV radiation, chemicals, substrate concentration, competitive inhibition, and non - competitive (allosteric) inhibition
factors that influence reaction rate
temperature, substrate concentration, and enzymes (biological catalysts)
archaea
tend to have one flagellum on one end
sarcinae
tetrad on a tetrad
The pH scale is based on a mathematical derivation of the negative logarithm of the concentration of ___ in moles per liter in a solution.
the H+ ions
reducing power (potential energy)
the ability to reduce i.e. donate electrons
In the capsular stain, what does the counterstain dye?
the background
what is stained by the initial dye in the capsular stain procedure
the background
what is stained by the initial dye in the capsular stain procedure?
the background
you have just performed an acid-fast stain, and all of the cells appear to be blue. which of the following could explain you results?
the bacteria are non-acid fast.
you have just performed an acid-fast stain, and all of the cells appear to be blue. which of the following could explain your results
the bacteria are non-acid-fast
CHEMICAL REACTION
the breaking and making of bonds and rearrangemenrt of atoms
encapsulated organisms are difficult to directly stain because ___
the capsule is not permeable to stains the capsule does not react with most stains
why is heat fixation not part of the protocol for the capsule stain
the capsule may be damaged
why is heat fixation not part of the protocol for the capsule stain?
the capsule may be damaged
Which of the following descriptions reflects observations of a capsular stain that may have been heat fixed?
the capsules cannot be seen clearly on the slide
which of the following descriptions reflects observations of a capsular stain that may have been heat fixed
the capsules cannot be seen clearly on the slide
cell wall, cell membrane, and outer membrane (in some bacteria)
the cell envelope is composed of two or three basic layers known as ______ and act as a single protective unit
mitosis
the cellular process in which the somatic cells of the body divide
in the capsular stain, what does the counterstain dye
the cytoplasm
which of the following structures makes it difficult to stain endopores
the endospore coat
which of the following structures makes it difficult to stain endospores
the endospore coat
ATP is best described as
the energy molecule of cells
the origin of the various groupings for cocci, for example strepto-, staphylo-, diplo-, is
the geometry of the cell division planes
what could happen if heat fixation was performed prior to doing a capsular stain
the heat might alter the morphology of the bacteria
what could happen if heat fixation was performed prior to doing a capsular stain?
the heat might alter the morphology of the bacteria.
which of the following describes the correct method for heat fixation
the heating should be very brief . passing the slide through the flame for 3-5 seconds is enough
IONIZATION
the ionic bond is broken and the atoms dissociate into unattached, charged particles
virulence
the measure of the severity of a disease
simple diffusion
the movement of a solute from area of high concentration to low concentration
osmosis
the movement of a solvent (water) across a semi - permeable layer (membrane) from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration (water chases solutes)
what is stained by a counterstain in the acid-fast stain procedure?
the non-acid-fast organisms on the slide
which statement accurately reflects the distribution of helminth infections worldwide ?
the number of cases of disease world wide total in the billions.
you just preformed an acid-fast stain on an acid-fast organism, yet some of the bacteria appear blue and some appear red. which of the following could explain your result?
the primary stain was not allowed to stain long enough you have a mixed population of bacteria in which some organisms are acid-fast and some are not
this image shows the results of an endospore stain performed on an endospore-producing strain of bacteria. identify which step in the endospore stain was omitted in order to get the results depicted in this slide
the primary stain, malachite green was not used
genetically
the production of pili is controlled _______
MASS
the quanity of matter that an atomic particle contains
CHEMISTRY
the science of matter and the change it undergoes
you are observing Klebsiella pneumoniae on a slide that has been stained using the capsular staining method; however, you do not see capsules surrounding the cell as you expected. What is the likely reason for this?
the slide was heat fixed
you are observing klebsiella pneumoniae on a slide that has been stained using the capsular staining method; however, you do not see capsules surrounding the cells as you expected. what is the likely reason for this
the slide was heat fixed
what is the most likely reason for the poor appearance of the bacteria on this slide
the slide was heat fixed for too long
Provirus
the stage of an animal virus life cycle which is integrated into the host cell's genome
MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW)
the sum of all the atomic masses of the atom
metabolism
the sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism; amazing diversity but also unity (ordered, enzyme - meditated pathways)
what is thought to cause gram positive cells to retain the primary stain and the mordant complex whereas gram negative cells are decolorized
the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer
what is thought to cause gram-positive cells to retain the primary stain and the mordant complex whereas gram-negative cells are decolorized?
the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer
what is thought to cause gram-positive cells to retain the primary stain and the mordent complex whereas gram-negative cells are decolorized?
the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer
stains are commonly used for all the following except
the treatment of disease
A scientific ________ is a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts developed through experimentation that explain or account for a natural event.
theory
six
there are ____ functional categories of enzymes
energy
there is ___ in chemical bonds; this is why they are broken apart in catabolic reactions
endosymbiotic theory
there is circumstantial evidence and molecular evidence
spirochetes
these rarely remain attached after cell division
which statement accurately reflects characteristic of fungal spores?
they allow for multiplication, they can be used to identify some fungal species, they are survival mechanism for fungi in inhospitable environments.
which of the following statements is true about algae?
they are both unicellular and multicellular, they are eukaryotes
which of the following is true about algae?
they are eukaryotes, they are both unicellular and multicellular
which of the following apply to endospore?
they are used for surviving adverse environmental conditions
which of the following apply to endospores
they are used for surviving adverse environmental conditions
select the statement that most accurately reflects characteristics of protozoa.
they exhibit various forms of motility.
mycolic acid
thick hydrocarbon
why is it important to air dry the bacteria before they are immobilized by heat fixation
this ensures the optimal preservation of the bacterial morphology
where within the thylakoid do you find the pigment chlorophyll
thylakoid membrane
the inner chloroplast membrane folds into small, disc-like sacs called
thylakoids
3 types of pyrimidines
thymine cytosine uracil
TYPES OF PYRIMIDINES
thymine (T) cytosine (C) uracil (U)
Red ________ is due to the overgrowth of certain marine algae during particular seasons.
tide
ribosomes
tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis
membrane
tissue development is a job for...proteins in multicellular eukaryotic cells
what is the purpose of the smear preparation
to allow for visualization of individual bacteria
what is the purpose of the gram staining technique
to characterize unknown bacteria
what is the purpose of a negative stain?
to visualize the bacteria to visualize the capsule to determine morphological structures of the specimen
microscopic fungi are those fungi
too small to be seen by the naked eye
microorganisms
too small to be seen with the unaided eye, true cellular forms, ubiquitous (everywhere), and both helpful and problematic
problems with modern chemotherapeutics
toxicity, resistance, and lack of adequate anti - viral drugs
carrier
tranfer RNA
membrane- bound packets that carry protein from the ER to the Golgi apparatus are called ___ vesicles.
transitional
membrane proteins functions
transport, maintain cell integrity (attachment of proteins to internal structures), receptors for cell signaling (proteins in outer layer - receptors typically glycoproteins)
what is the name given to the free-living, motile cellular form of protozans?
trophozoite
T of F: fungi can produce toxic allergens
true
T or F: Humans are the sole biological reservoir in certain helminth infections
true
T or F: Some fungi are used to produce useful compounds like antibiotic
true
T or F: a majority of algae are photosynthetic
true
T or F: algae inhibit both marine and freshwater environments
true
T or F: burn patients are at an increased risk for fungal infections
true
T or F: fungi reproduce by means of sexual and asexual formation
true
T or F: spore diversity is an important feature when classifying and identifying fungi
true
T or F: the most critical environmental condition for protozoan surical is moisuture levels
true
bacterial endospores are more resistant to disinfectants than vegetative cells
true
staining allows for the visualization of bacterial cells because it increases contrast during microscopic imaging
true
this image likely depicts a gram stained slide
true
two clinically significant genera of bacteria that are capable of producing endospores are clostridium and bacillus
true
false: pili
truse/false" bacterial fimbriae are used for conjugation
which protoan is the cause of Chagas disease?
trypanosoma cruzi
eukaryotes
tubulin arranged in 9+2 array with membrane covering
catabolism and anabolism
two fundamental tasks required for growth and reproduction (both metabolic pathways)
-flagella and axial filaments -fimbriae and pili
two major groups of appendages
Microorganisms are ___, meaning they are found in all natural habitats as well as in most artificial habitats created by humans.
ubiquitous
Microorganisms are _______, meaning they are found in all natural habitats as well as in most artificial habitats created by humans.
ubiquitous
ribozymes
unconventional enzyme, is a catalytic RNA (novel type), and has special roles in protein synthesis
chromosomes
under normal conditions, the...are just a mass of chromatin; becomes more dense when they are going to divide
flagella attach to a cytoplasmic extension called the ____ membrane in the mastigophora protozoa
undulating
mastigophora (flagellated protozoans) have which of the following cytoplasmic extensions?
undulating membrane
anabolic reaction
unfavored reaction (keq < 1)
eukaryotes
unicellular and multicellular, asexual and sexual reproduction, and multiple membranous organelles
yeast
unicellular fungi
fungi
unicellular or multicellular, absorb nutrients from their environment, and primarily opportunistic pathogens
Which of the following describe fungi?
unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic
algae
unicellular or multicellular, photosynthetic, high morphological diversity, and not pathogenic
protozoa
unicellular, most are mobile (pseudopods, flagella, cilia), absorb nutrients from environment or live as parasites, many are pathogenic
____ fats have hydrocarbon chains with at least on double bond.
unsaturated
if there is atleast one double bonded C (C=C) in the hydrocarbon chain of the fat
unsaturated
anabolism
use energy from catabolism to synthesize necessary components
hydrolytic
use water to break bonds
phagocytosis
used to bring in solid material
respiration
uses reducing power to generate ATP - NADH and FADH2 provide electrons to power proton motive force
biofactories
using bacteria to aid in the production of medicine
how do you smear a bacterial culture onto the microscope glass slide
using the loop, you spread the bacteria onto the center of the microscope slide
SOLUTE
usually granules part of solution
SOLVENT
usually liquid part of solution
phagocytosis
utilizes pseudopodia; surround material, fuse together, bring in capture material
_____ are membrane bound structures within cells which contain fluids and/or particles and typically act as temporary storage
vacuoles
which term listed below is used to describe the many different types of solid or liquid particles surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer found within cells?
vacuoles
The reactivity of an element and the type of bonds that it can form are determined by the element's _____.
valence
ISOTOPE
variant form of the same element that differ in the number of NEUTRONS which has a diff mass number
pleomorphism
variations in size and shape among cells of a single species
The placement of an -R for a functional groups in organic compounds indicates that the residue:
varies from one compound to another.
terminal electron acceptor
varies from pathway to pathway; oxygen in aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration uses alternate inorganic molecule
insect ___ are crucial to the life cycle of trypanosoma species.
vectors
metabolically active bacteria that are reproducing are in the ___ state
vegetative
an ___ is a metabolically active and growing cell
vegetative cell
microtubules
very important; anchoring points, move substances in cell, help with movement; essential role in cell division
vesicular transports
vesicles membrane sac - only in eukaryotes and those with no cell wall
a curved rod (comma-shaped bacterium) is specifically described as a(n)
vibrio
bacterial cells that are curved rods or comma-shaped are called ___ whereas helical bacteria are referred to as spirilla or spirochetes
vibrio
________ are infectious agents that are not classified into any level of either the Woese-Fox or the Whittaker system
viruses
Microbiology involves the study of microscopic organisms, including:
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, archaea, helminths
the important solvent associated with living things
water
hypotonic
water moves into the cell and may cause it to burst
hypertonic
water moves out of the cell
Which of the following are examples of compounds found in living systems?
water, carbohydrates, proteins
cytoplasm
water-based solution filling the entire cell
HYDROGEN BOND
weak chemical attraction that forms b/w covalently bonded H and either O or N
diplobacilli, streptobacilli, palisades
what are the 3 arrangements and groupings of bacilli
tetrads, staphylococci, streptococci, and sarcina
what are the 4 arrangements and groupings of cocci
coccus, bacillus, and spirillum
what are the three general shapes of bacteria
coccus, bacillus, spirillum
what are the three general shapes of bacteria
plaque on teeth protect bacteria
what is an example of a biofilm
uncoating
what is it when an enzymes in a vacuole dissolve the envelop and capsid of a virus?
S layer
what is known as a surface coating?
slime layer and capsule
what is known as part of the glycocalyx?
spirilla
what is occasionally found in short chains
a run is counterclockwise movement of the flagella in a smooth liner direction while in a tumble the flagellum moves in a reverse direction and causes the cell to stop and change course
what is the difference between a run and a tumble
non - competitive (allosteric) inhibition
when a molecule binds with an active site, then leaves, but changes the chemical nature of the active site making the enzyme ineffectual in binding with the active site
competitive inhibition
when an molecule of some sort comes in and blocks the active site (the binding site) which does not allow the enzyme to bond with it
eukaryotes
will have a cytoskeleton and it will be complicated; not static and constantly changing microtubules
substrates
will not work until an enzyme activates them
protozoa
will use elements to cover cell membrane
enterobiasis are found
worldwide
there are many types of staining tech used in microbiology. which of the following is not a commonly used staining
wright's stain
there are many types of staining techniques used in microbiology. which of the following is not a commonly used staining technique
wright's stain
which describes the unicellular form of a microscopic fungus?
yeast
a capsule stain was performed, using crystal violet as a primary stain, followed by a water rinse and then nigrosin as a counterstain. as you observe the slide through the microscope, you suspect you made an error. which of the following is the most likely problem with your technique
you should have started with nigrosin as the primary stain and used crystal violet as a counterstain
a capsule stain was performed, using crystal violet as a primary stain, followed by a water rinse, and then nigrosine as a counterstain. As you observe the slide through the microscope, you suspect you made an error. Which of the following is the most likely problem with you technique?
you should have started with nigrosine as t primary stain and used crystal violet as the counterstain
In a stratified biofilm...
— Aerobes are found near the surface — Anaerobes are found near the substrate
Two correct statements regarding bacterial chromosome?
— The chromosomes is coiled around basic proteins to dit in side the cell compartment — the chromosome carries the genes required for cell maintenance and growth
Opportunities where microbes act as a group rather than as individuals
— biofilm — when nanowire are present
What roles to teichoic and lipoteichoic acid play in gram-positive cells?
— enlargement during cell division — contribute to charge of the cell surface — maintenance of the cell wall
Methods used to identify bacteria
— genetic technique — cell morphology — serological analysis — bacterial biochemistry
True statements regarding archaea
— included in the human microbiome — found in acidic habitats with pH of 1
Archaea are
— prokaryotic — closely related to eukaryotes — able to exist in extreme environments
True statements about ribosomes
— ribosomes often occur in c gains termed polysomes — in an electron micrograph, ribosomes appear as small spherical dots
Characteristics that are true for archaea but NOT bacteria
— similar ribosomes structure to eukaryotes — easily live in harsh environments
Which structures are found in gram-positive cells but NOT in gram-negative cells?
— single membrane bilayer — teichoic acid
The order of biofilm formation
— stick surface texture attracts single cells — colonists attach to the surface — receptors, DNA, and other molecules are released as attractants — individual cells break off to begin new biofilms
True statements about bacterial S layer
— the S layer is rarely observed in cells grown in the lab in rich medium — the S layer consists of thousands of copied of a single protein