Microbiology Ch 9 - Biotechnology and DNA Technology

In the Southern blot technique, which of the following is NOT required? A. restriction enzyme digestion of DNA B. electrophoresis to separate fragments C. transfer of DNA to nitrocellulose D. addition of a labeled probe to identify the gene of interest E. addition of heat-stable DNA polymerase to amplify DNA

E. addition of heat-stable DNA polymerase to amplify DNA

Biotechnology involves the A. use of microorganisms to make desired products. B. use of animal cells to make vaccines. C. development of disease-resistant crop plants. D. use of microorganisms to make desired products and the use of animal cells to make vaccines. E. use of microorganisms to make desired products, the use of animal cells to make vaccines, and the development of disease-resistanct crop plants.

E. use of microorganisms to make desired products, the use of animal cells to make vaccines, and the development of disease-resistanct crop plants.

Scientists like to use fluorescent proteins for various types of recombinant DNA procedures. You have a very small amount of the gene for a fluorescent protein. You'd like to make a fluorescent bacterium (!). Which of the following represents the correct sequence of procedures that you would use? A) 1.Amplify the gene using PCR. 2.Insert the gene into a plasmid vector. 3.Transform the vector into the bacteria. B) 1.Amplify the gene using PCR. 2.Transform the vector into the bacteria. 3.Insert the gene into a plasmid vector. C) 1.Transform the vector into the bacteria. 2.Amplify the gene using PCR. 3.Insert the gene into a plasmid vector. D) 1.Insert the gene into a plasmid vector. 2.Amplify the gene using PCR. 3.Transform the vector into the bacteria.

A) 1.Amplify the gene using PCR. 2.Insert the gene into a plasmid vector. 3.Transform the vector into the bacteria.

What is the sequence of the temperatures of a typical PCR reaction? A. 94 °C, 60 °C, 72 °C B. 72 °C, 94 °C, 60 °C C. 94 °C, 72 °C, 60 °C D. 60 °C, 72 °C, 94 °C E. 72 °C, 60 °C, 94 °C

A. 94 °C, 60 °C, 72 °C

Which of the following attaches the target gene to a desired location? A. DNA ligase B. Chromosomal DNA C. Plasmids D. Restriction enzymes

A. DNA ligase

Which of the following is an application that uses PCR? A. Sequencing a gene, diagnosing a disease, and providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism B. Sequencing a gene C. Providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism D. Diagnosing a disease

A. Sequencing a gene, diagnosing a disease, and providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism

Which of the following is NOT a property of useful vectors? A. They always contain only one gene. B. They must be able to self-replicate. C. They must be small enough to allow them to be manipulated prior to injection. D. They must have properties that allow their survival in the host cell.

A. They always contain only one gene.

Which statement best describes restriction enzymes? A. They are important for cloning applications because they can be used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. B. They can cut only circular plasmid DNA. C. They randomly cut DNA molecules to generate numerous fragments. D. They are necessary for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to occur.

A. They are important for cloning applications because they can be used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

The reaction catalyzed by reverse transcriptase is A. mRNA → cDNA. B. DNA → DNA. C. DNA → mRNA. D. mRNA → protein. E. tRNA → mRNA.

A. mRNA → cDNA.

Which of the following provides the specificity of the PCR reaction? A. primers B. Taq polymerase C. heating to 94°C D. separated DNA strands

A. primers Primers bind to specific regions of the DNA and determine which area(s) will be amplified.

A new arrow labeled "lengthens" could be added between __________. A. "target DNA" → "DNA strands" B. "Taq polymerase" → "primers" C. "target DNA" → "primers" D. "primers" → "DNA strands"

B. "Taq polymerase" → "primers"

In which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize the new DNA strand? A. Both 5' to 3' and 3' to 5' B. 5' to 3' C. 3' to 5'

B. 5' to 3'

Which of the following methods could be used to identify the source of an outbreak? A. production of a recombinant protein B. DNA fingerprinting C. reverse genetics D. artificial selection

B. DNA fingerprinting

What provides the energy for DNA polymerization in a PCR reaction? A. Primers B. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates C. DNA polymerase D. Template DNA

B. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates

What is a thermocycler? A. The special DNA polymerase, used in a PCR reaction, that can tolerate the high temperatures B. The machine that controls the heat of the reaction, cycling between the different temperatures of the different steps during PCR C. The name for the DNA primers used in a PCR reaction D. The process of cycling through the different temperatures of a PCR reaction 30 times

B. The machine that controls the heat of the reaction, cycling between the different temperatures of the different steps during PCR

How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences? A. They have the ability to cut DNA randomly. B. They cut DNA at sites, called recognition sites, that have specific nucleotide sequences. C. They cut DNA at sequences that have lots of adenine bases.

B. They cut DNA at sites, called recognition sites, that have specific nucleotide sequences.

What is the function of the primers in PCR? A. They are the monomer building blocks from which the DNA strand is synthesized. B. They provide a 3' end for the DNA polymerase. C. They polymerize free nucleotides to form the new DNA strands. D. They provide energy for the DNA polymerization reactions.

B. They provide a 3' end for the DNA polymerase.

Why is baker's yeast useful for expressing genetically engineered genes? A. Many inducible promoters from the yeast genome have been cloned, such as the lac operon. B. Yeast cells are eukaryotic and so would likely be successful in expressing eukaryotic genes. C. The yeast cells do not secrete their protein products. D. The yeast cells are best suited for making human products for medical use.

B. Yeast cells are eukaryotic and so would likely be successful in expressing eukaryotic genes.

If you used a broken thermocycler that could not heat above 75°C, which of the following problems could you expect? A. You would get some significant amplification, but less than if you used a "normal" thermocycler. B. You would not get any amplification of DNA. C. You would get the same amount of amplification as with a "normal" thermocycler. D. You would get more amplification than with a "normal" thermocycler.

B. You would not get any amplification of DNA. The DNA strands would never separate, thus no amplification would occur.

The Human Genome Project, which was completed in 2003, was focused on A. finding a cure for all human genetic disorders. B. determining the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome. C. identifying all of the genes in the human genome. D. determining all of the proteins encoded by the human genome. E. cloning all of the genes of the human genome.

B. determining the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome.

What is the temperature used for the extension step? A. 60 °C B. 94 °C C. 72 °C

C. 72 °C

Why is DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus ideal for PCR? A. It does not require energy to polymerize DNA. B. It does not require primers. C. It can synthesize DNA 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'. D. It can withstand the high temperatures associated with PCR.

D. It can withstand the high temperatures associated with PCR.

Which statement regarding agricultural biotechnology is FALSE? A. Scientists have created plants that are resistant to herbicides by using a mutant enzyme gene from Salmonella. B. Scientists have created plants that produce an insect toxin originally found in bacteria. C. Agricultural biotechnology is extremely limited because foreign genes cannot be inserted into plant cells. D. Scientists have used gene silencing to create tomatoes with a longer shelf life.

C. Agricultural biotechnology is extremely limited because foreign genes cannot be inserted into plant cells. This is a false statement; foreign genes can be inserted into plant cells

Why would a recombinant DNA molecule be inserted into a host cell? A. It can protect the recombinant DNA. B. Restriction enzymes can only be used inside of a cell. C. It can be copied, transcribed, and translated into a desired protein. D. Plasmids cannot be isolated outside of a host cell.

C. It can be copied, transcribed, and translated into a desired protein.

How do the strands separate during PCR? A. The primers separate the strands during the annealing step. B. The DNA polymerase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands. C. The high heat of the denaturation step breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands. D. The cycling of the temperatures breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands.

C. The high heat of the denaturation step breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands.

What is the end goal of PCR? A. To allow cells to make DNA faster, thereby growing faster B. To increase the pool of different DNA sequences C. To quickly increase the number of copies of a specific DNA sequence

C. To quickly increase the number of copies of a specific DNA sequence

PCR stands for A. polymerase copy reaction. B. polymerization copying rapidly. C. polymerase chain reaction.

C. polymerase chain reaction.

Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a A. Southern blot. B. clone. C. vector. D. library. E. PCR.

C. vector.

The Pap test for cervical cancer involves microscopic examination of cervical cells for cancerous cells. A new, rapid diagnostic test to detect human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA before cancer develops is done without microscopic exam. The steps involved in this FastHPV test are listed below. What is the second step? A. add enzyme substrate. B. Add enzyme-linked antibodies against DNA-RNA. C. Lyse human cells. D. Add an RNA probe for HPV DNA. E. The order is unimportant.

D. Add an RNA probe for HPV DNA.

Which of the following statements about recombinant DNA technology is FALSE? A. It allows researchers to make protein products of a gene. B. It can be used to screen individuals for many different types of genetic diseases. C. It allows researchers to make many copies of a gene of interest. D. It has limited application because genes of interest cannot be moved from one type of cell to another.

D. It has limited application because genes of interest cannot be moved from one type of cell to another. This statement is FALSE. Recombinant DNA technology is commonly used to move DNA from one type of cell to another.

In general, how might recombinant DNA technology be used to prevent a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene? A. To insert a desirable gene B. To replace a defective gene with a working gene C. To remove an undesirable gene D. To insert a desirable gene, remove an undesirable gene, or replace a defective gene with a functioning gene

D. To insert a desirable gene, remove an undesirable gene, or replace a defective gene with a functioning gene

Foreign DNA can be inserted into cells using a variety of different methods. Which method involves the formation of microscopic pores in the cell's membrane? A. heat shock B. transformation C. protoplast fusion D. electroporation

D. electroporation

Which of the following pairings of recombinant DNA techniques and applications does NOT match? A. PCR: making many copies of a segment of DNA B. gene therapy: replacing a defective gene C. genetic modification of yeast: production of purified insulin D. gene silencing: production of subunit vaccines

D. gene silencing: production of subunit vaccines

Which of the following applications of recombinant DNA technology is NOT controversial? A. biological weapons development B. genetic food modification C. genetic screening D. metagenomics

D. metagenomics

The term biotechnology refers exclusively to the use of genetically engineered organisms for the production of desired products. True False

False