Microbiology Chapter 1
If you were a microbiologist in 1950, which of the following scientific principles would you already know? A) Aseptic techniques could reduce the number of wound infections in the surgical setting. B) Biofilms can form on implanted objects in the human body and be responsible for infection. C) Enzymes found in bacteria can be used to cut DNA. D) Very little DNA is transcribed into RNA that is then translated into proteins.
A) Aseptic techniques could reduce the number of wound infections in the surgical setting.
Which statement correctly compares the sizes of different microorganisms? A) Bacteria are larger than viruses B) Bacteria are larger than eukaryotic microorganisms C) Eukaryotic microorganisms are smaller than viruses D) Archaea are larger than eukaryotic microorganisms but smaller than bacteria
A) Bacteria are larger than viruses
Select all answers that are roles played by microorganisms in our environment. A) Carry out photosynthesis B) Biological decomposition C) Nutrient recycling D) Complex relationships with animals but not plants
A) Carry out photosynthesis B) Biological decomposition C) Nutrient recycling
Select all areas that comprise the main aspects of the science of taxonomy. A) Classification B) Genetics C) Nomenclature D) Analysis E) Identification
A) Classification C) Nomenclature E) Identification
Select characteristics exhibited by all cells. A) Cytoplasmic membrane B) Nucleus C) DNA D) Ribosomes E) Cell wall F) Organelles
A) Cytoplasmic membrane C) DNA D) Ribosomes
What part of a phospholipid forms hydrophobic tails? A) Fatty acids B) Glycerol C) Phosphate D) Alcohol E) All of the choices are correct.
A) Fatty acids
Which of the following statements correctly determines the process when following the scientific method? A )Formulate question, conduct research, propose hypothesis, test hypothesis B) Propose hypothesis, test hypothesis, formulate question, conduct research C) Formulate question, propose hypothesis, test hypothesis, conduct research D) Conduct research, formulate question, propose hypothesis, test hypothesis
A) Formulate question, conduct research, propose hypothesis, test hypothesis
Select the nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides that make up RNA. A) Guanine B) Uracil C) Thymine D) Adenine E) Cytosine
A) Guanine B) Uracil D) Adenine E) Cytosine
Select the nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides that make up DNA. A) Guanine B) Uracil C) Thymine D) Adenine E) Cytosine
A) Guanine C) Thymine D) Adenine E) Cytosine
Select statements that apply to the theory of evolution to test your understanding of evolution. A) Has undergone years of testing B) Is a new untested hypothesis C) Has not been disproven D) Lacks supportive evidence E) Is a well-established natural phenomenon
A) Has undergone years of testing C) Has not been disproven E) Is a well-established natural phenomenon
The surgeon who advocated using disinfectants on hands and in the air prior to surgery was _____. A) Joseph Lister B) Ignaz Semmelweis C) Robert Koch D) Louis Pasteur E) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
A) Joseph Lister
The Dutch linen merchant _______ ground glass lenses to detailed specifications so that he was able to develop a microscope for observing and describing living microscopic animalcules. A) Leeuwenhoek B) Pasteur C) Lister D) Koch
A) Leeuwenhoek
Which of the following is not considered a microorganism? A) Mosquito B) Protozoan C) Bacterium D) Virus E) Fungus
A) Mosquito
Select the main groups of macromolecules found in living things. A) Nucleic acids B) Oxygen C) Carbon dioxide D) Lipids E) Proteins F) Carbohydrates
A) Nucleic acids D) Lipids E) Proteins F) Carbohydrates
The Nobel Prize was awarded to Kary Mullis in 1993 for inventing what technique to amplify and subsequently analyze DNA? A) Polymerase chain reaction B) The central dogma of biology C) Restriction enzyme analysis D) Human microbiome project E) Small RNA analysis
A) Polymerase chain reaction
Choose the statement or characteristicthat best describes the Woese-Fox taxonomic system to test your understanding of taxonomy. A) Three distinct cell lines called domains B) Five kingdoms C) Plants, animals, and microorganisms D) Prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
A) Three distinct cell lines called domains
Carl Woese and George Fox developed the three-domain system of taxonomy based on what molecular discovery? A) Variations in the ribonucleic acid of the small ribosomal subunit of organisms B) Mutations in enzyme proteins C) Genetic analysis showing that bacteria and archaea are identical D) Molecular analysis of genes showing that eukaryotes evolved from bacteria, and bacteria evolved from archaea
A) Variations in the ribonucleic acid of the small ribosomal subunit of organisms
Which group of microorganisms is composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering? A) Viruses B) Bacteria C) Parasites D) Fungi E) Helminths
A) Viruses
The major groups of microorganisms studied by microbiologists include ______. Select all that apply: A) bacteria B) plants C) helminths D) algae E) fungi F) viruses G) archaea H) protozoa
A) bacteria C) helminths D) algae E) fungi F) viruses G) archaea H) protozoa
The term used to describe the broad field of science that involves human manipulation of microbes for use in industrial processes is _____. A) biotechnology B) bioremediation C) recombinant DNA technology D) biodegradation
A) biotechnology
Organic chemicals always have a basic framework of the element _____ bonded to other atoms. A) carbon B) nitrogen C) oxygen D) hydrogen E) phosphorous
A) carbon
The orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa is called _____. A) classification B) identification C) nomenclature D) experimentation E) biotechnology
A) classification
The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called _____. A) decomposers B) prokaryotes C) pathogens D) eukaryotes E) fermenters
A) decomposers
A scientist studying the sequence of nucleotides in the rRNA of a bacterial species is working on ________. A) determining evolutionary relatedness B) bioremediation C) recombinant DNA D) nomenclature E) determining if that species is the cause of a new disease
A) determining evolutionary relatedness
The purine _______ always binds with the pyrimidine _______ in DNA and RNA. A) guanine; cytosine B) cytosine; guanine C) adenine; guanine D) thymine; guanine
A) guanine; cytosine
Purines and pyrimidines are components in the building block units of all _____. A) nucleic acids B) carbohydrates C) polysaccharides D) amino acids E) enzymes
A) nucleic acids
Disulfide bonds are involved in maintaining ________ protein structure as well as the ________ level of protein structure exhibited by complex proteins such as antibodies. A) tertiary; quaternary B) quaternary; tertiary C) secondary; quaternary D) secondary; tertiary E) primary; secondary
A) tertiary; quaternary
Which of the following are correctly matched? A)Bacteria—no nucleus B)Bacteria—true nucleus C)Archaea—true nucleus D)Archaea—no nucleus E)Eukaryotes—true nucleus F)Eukaryotes—no nucleus
A)Bacteria—no nucleus D)Archaea—no nucleus E)Eukaryotes—true nucleus
Which of the following is not a pyrimidine? A) Uracil B) Adenine C) Thymine D) Cytosine E) All of these are pyrimidines.
B) Adenine
The Dutch merchant who made and used quality magnifying lenses to see and record microorganisms was _____. A) Francesco Redi B) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek C) Louis Pasteur D) Joseph Lister E) Robert Koch
B) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Which amino acid contains sulfur atoms that form covalent disulfide bonds in its tertiary structure? A) Valine B) Cysteine C) Serine D) Alanine E) Tyrosine
B) Cysteine
Organisms were classified into kingdoms as they were defined. Which list reflects the order of discovery of the kingdoms as we know them today? A) Monera, protista, fungi, plants and animals B) Plants and animals, protista, monera, fungi C) Fungi, monera, plants and animals, protista D) Protista, fungi, monera, plants and animals E) Monera, plants and animals, protista, fungi
B) Plants and animals, protista, monera, fungi
Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms? A) Nomenclature B) Taxonomy C) Phylogeny D) Woesean classification E) None of the choices are correct.
B) Taxonomy
Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that ______. A) microbes are found on dust particles B) a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease C) life forms can only arise from preexisting life forms D) a specific microbe should be classified in a specific kingdom E) microbes can be used to clean up toxic spills
B) a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease
Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of _____. A) biotechnology B) bioremediation C) decomposition D) immunology E) epidemiology
B) bioremediation
Select the correct descending taxonomic hierarchy: A) family, order, class B) family, genus, species C) genus, species, family D) class, phylum, order E) kingdom, domain, phylum
B) family, genus, species
When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called _____. A) bioremediation B) genetic engineering C) epidemiology D) immunology E) taxonomy
B) genetic engineering
All of the following are monosaccharides except _____. A) glucose B) glycogen C) fructose D) ribose E) deoxyribose
B) glycogen
During protein synthesis, _______ RNA is made as a copy of a gene from DNA. A) transfer B) messenger C) ribosomal D) All of the choices are correct.
B) messenger
Cells, like bacteria and archaea, that do not have a nucleus in their cells have traditionally been called _____. A) decomposers B) prokaryotes C) pathogens D) eukaryotes E) fermenters
B) prokaryotes
Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are examples of ________ protein structure. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary
B) secondary
The alpha helix is a type of _____ protein structure. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) None of the choices is correct.
B) secondary
The smallest and most significant taxon is _____. A) genus B) species C) kingdom D) family E) phylum
B) species
All of the following are lipids except _____. A) cholesterol B) starch C) phospholipid D) wax E) triglyceride
B) starch
The first cells appeared about ______ billion years ago. A) 5.2 B) 4.6 C) 3.8 D) 2.9 E) 1.5
C) 3.8
You are trying to identify a chemical that consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphates. What is this chemical? A) DNA B) RNA C) ATP D) Phospholipid
C) ATP
The scientist(s) who proposed organisms be assigned to one of three domains is(are) _____. A) Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur B) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek C) Carl Woese and George Fox D) Robert Whittaker E) Francesco Redi
C) Carl Woese and George Fox
Which pertains to DNA but not to RNA? A) Contains ribose B) Contains adenine C) Contains thymine D) Contains uracil E) Contains nucleotides
C) Contains thymine
Which area of biology states that living things undergo gradual, structural, and functional changes over long periods of time? A) Morphology B) Phylogeny C) Evolution D) Genetics E) None of the choices is correct.
C) Evolution
Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed? A) Species B) Phylum C) Kingdom D) Genus E) Family
C) Kingdom
Which of the following is not a human use of microorganisms? A) Making bread B) Treating water and sewage C) Manufacturing copper wire D) Mass producing antibiotics E) Cleaning up oil spills
C) Manufacturing copper wire
A student forgot to label a beaker containing a DNA solution and a beaker containing a glucose solution. If chemical analysis was performed to identify the contents of each beaker, which of the following would be found in the beaker of DNA but not in the beaker with glucose? A) Amino acids B) Hydrogen and oxygen atoms C) Nitrogen and phosphorus D) Fatty acids E) Carbon atoms
C) Nitrogen and phosphorus
What type of bonds are formed between adjacent term-54amino acids? A) Glycosilic B) Ester C) Peptide D) Disulfide E) Phosphate
C) Peptide
Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis? A) Joseph Lister B) Ignaz Semmelweis C) Robert Koch D) Louis Pasteur E) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
C) Robert Koch
Which of the following is a scientific name? A) Gram-positive streptococcus B) Staphylococcus C) Streptococcus pyogenes D) Anthrax E) Streptobacilli
C) Streptococcus pyogenes
Sterility refers to ______. A) being pathogen free B) having an absence of spores C) having an absence of any life forms and viral particles D) being pasteurized E) being homogenized
C) having an absence of any life forms and viral particles
Disease-causing microorganisms are called _____. A) decomposers B) prokaryotes C) pathogens D) eukaryotes E) fermenters
C) pathogens
The lipid group that is the major component of cell membranes is the _____. A) prostaglandins B) waxes C) phospholipids D) steroids E) triglycerides
C) phospholipids
Most biochemical macromolecules are polymers, which are chains of ______. A) hydrophobic molecules B) electrolytic molecules C) repeating monomers D) repeating carbohydrates E) hydrogen bonds
C) repeating monomers
One nucleotide contains _____. A) one phosphate B) one pentose sugar C) one nitrogen base D) All of the choices are correct E) None of the choices are correct.
D) All of the choices are correct
Characteristics shared by all cells include _____. A) a membrane serving as a cell boundary B) the possession of genetic information C) the presence of cellular fluid D) All of these choices are correct.
D) All of these choices are correct
Which activity is an example of biotechnology? A) Bacteria in the soil secreting an antibiotic to kill competitors B) A microbiologist using the microscope to study bacteria C) Egyptians using moldy bread on wounds D) Escherichia coli producing human insulin E) Public health officials monitoring diseases in a community
D) Escherichia coli producing human insulin
When classifying organisms, early taxonomists did NOT rely on which of the following? A) Analysis of the organism's shape (morphology) B) Analysis of structural and organizational characteristics of the organism C) Analysis of metabolic (nutritional) characteristics of the organism D) Genetic analysis of the organism
D) Genetic analysis of the organism
Which list correctly ranks the microorganisms from largest to smallest? A) Zika virus,Bacillus anthracis, Aspergillis sp., Helminth B) Aspergillis sp., Zika virus, Bacillus anthracis, Helminth C) Bacillus anthracis, Helminth, Aspergillissp., Zika virus D) Helminth, Aspergillissp., Bacillus anthracis, Zika virus E) Helminth, Aspergillissp., Zika virus,Bacillus anthracis
D) Helminth, Aspergillissp., Bacillus anthracis, Zika virus
Which of the features listed below is not found in all cells? A) Cytoplasmic membrane B) Ribosomes C) DNA D) Nucleus
D) Nucleus
Which scientific name is written correctly? A) Staphylococcus aureus B) staphylococcus aureus C) Staphylococcus Aureus D) Staphylococcus aureus E) STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
D) Staphylococcus aureus
Select the characteristic that is exhibited by viruses. A) Viruses are independent living cellular organisms. B) Viruses are much more complex than cells. C) Viruses are composed of both DNA and RNA. D) Viruses are parasitic particles that invade host cells. E) Viruses lack a protein coat.
D) Viruses are parasitic particles that invade host cells
All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that ______. A) cause human disease B) lack a cell nucleus C) are infectious particles D) are too small to be seen with the unaided eye E) can only be found growing in laboratories
D) are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the unaided eye are termed _____. A) bacteria B) viruses C) parasites D) microorganisms E) prokaryotes
D) microorganisms
Helminths are _____. A) bacteria B) protozoa C) molds D) parasitic worms E) infectious particles
D) parasitic worms
The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called _____, A) biotechnology B) genetics C) recombinant DNA D) phylogeny E) taxonomy
D) phylogeny
A fat is called ______ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single bonded to two other carbons and two hydrogens. A) unsaturated B) polyunsaturated C) monounsaturated D) saturated E) None of the choices are correct.
D) saturated
ATP is best described as _____. A) an enzyme B) a double helix C) an electron carrier D) the energy molecule of cells E) All of the choices are correct.
D) the energy molecule of cells
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the relationship between humans and microbes? A)The majority of microorganisms that colonize humans are pathogenic B)Microorganisms are benefited from their colonization of humans, whereas humans are unaffected by the relationship C)Humans are colonized by bacteria and fungi, but not viruses D)Not only do the majority of colonizing bacteria cause no harm to humans, the relationship is beneficial for both microbe and human host
D)Not only do the majority of colonizing bacteria cause no harm to humans, the relationship is beneficial for both microbe and human host
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms? A) Cause human disease B) Lack a nucleus C) Cannot be seen without a microscope D) Contain genetic material E) Lack cell structure
E) Lack cell structure
Which is not true about enzymes? A) They are found in all cells. B) They are catalysts. C) Their shape determines their function. D) They can be desaturated by heat and other agents. E) They have high-energy bonds between phosphates.
E) They have high-energy bonds between phosphates.
The building blocks of an enzyme are _____. A) nucleotides B) glycerol and fatty acids C) monosaccharides D) phosphate, glycerol, and fatty acids E) amino acids
E) amino acids
When assigning a scientific name to an organism, ______. A) the species name is capitalized B) the species name is placed first C) the species name can be abbreviated D) both genus and species names are capitalized E) both genus and species names are italicized or underlined
E) both genus and species names are italicized or underlined
Taxonomy does not involve _____. A) nomenclature B) classification C) taxa D) identification E) common name
E) common name
All of the following are polysaccharides except _____. A) glycogen in liver and muscle B) agar used to make solid culture media C) a cell's glycocalyx D) cellulose in certain cell walls E) prostaglandins in inflammation
E) prostaglandins in inflammation
The most prevalent worldwide infectious diseases are _____. A) AIDS-related diseases B) diarrheal diseases C) malaria diseases D) measles E) respiratory diseases
E) respiratory diseases
The lipid group that serves as energy storage molecules is _____. A) prostaglandins B) waxes C) phospholipids D) steroids E) triglycerides
E) triglycerides
A scientific theory, like the theory of evolution, is just our best guess at explaining a scientific phenomenon, but a theory cannot be considered fact. -true -false
false
A scientist studying helminths is working with bacteria. -true -false
false
All microorganisms are considered pathogens. -true -false
false
All proteins are enzymes. -true -false
false
Current evidence indicates that bacteria and archaea existed on earth for approximately 2 billion years before eukaryotes appeared. -true -false
false
If a hypothesis is accepted, then the findings become a scientific law. -true -false
false
Nucleic acids have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of organization. -true -false
false
Once an organism is assigned to a particular taxonomic hierarchy, it is permanent and cannot be revised. -true -false
false
The names of the three domains are: Bacteria, Protista, and Eukarya (Eukaryota). -true -false
false
Despite the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus, bacteria and archaea are cells with a complex organizational structure. -true -false
true
Many chronic conditions are found to be associated with microbial agents. -true -false
true
Members of the same species share many more characteristics compared to those shared by members of the same kingdom. -true -false
true
Microbes have been found existing in salty, acidic lakes. -true -false
true
Most microorganisms that are found in and on humans do not cause harm and can sometimes benefit the host. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
One distinguishing characteristic of the archaebacteria is that they live in extreme environments. -true -false
true
The most important outcome of polypeptide intrachain bonding and folding is the unique shape of the protein. -true -false
true
The term sterile means free of all life forms. -true -false
true
Viruses are not classified in any of Whittaker's five kingdoms. -true -false
true