Microbiology Chapter 14 Q/A

Hormones released from host cells can change bacterial gene expression. True or false?

True.

Norma Microbiota can influence host cell gene expression. True or false?

True.

Which of the following is a host structure that recognizes microbial structures? a. Tight junction. b. Toll-like receptor. c. Lipopolysaccharide. d. Petechia. e. Firmicute. f. All of the above. g. None of the above.

b. Toll-like receptor.

Which of the following structures is designed to sample Microbiota to maintain a low immune response to Microbiota? a. Maternofetal barrier. b. Blood-brain barrier. c. Peyer's patch. d. Petechia. e. Pattern recognition receptor.

c. Peyer's patch.

What is problematic about treating bacterial infections that have spread to the brain? A. There is potential to harm the good bacteria of the brain. B. Neurons in the brain will degrade antibiotics. C. Many antibiotics are not capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier. D. Bacterial infections do not spread to the brain.

C. Many antibiotics are not capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier.

When bound to microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) direct host cells to do what? A. Tighten tight junctions. B. Digest fatty acids. C. Produce cytokines. D. Export epinephrine.

C. Produce cytokines.

The collection of microbes associated with a human body site is referred to as _____.

Microbiota or microbiome.

Animals that are germ-free or whose microbes are all known are called what type of animals? A. Bioburden. B. Aseptic. C. Gnotobiotic. D. Sterile.

C. Gnotobiotic.

Microbiome transplants are performed only between relatives. True or false?

False.

Which of the following body compartment me are sterile in healthy individuals? A. Cerebrospinal fluid. B. Oropharynx. C. Stomach. D. Blood. E. Heart.

A. Cerebrospinal fluid. D. Blood. E. Heart.

Which of the following treatments has been shown to be effective against both inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis caused by Clostridium difficile in patients who did not respond to antibiotics? A. Fecal transplant. B. Antivirals. C. Phage therapy. D. Ingestion of yogurt.

A. Fecal transplant.

What is the cause of dental Carrie's (tooth decay)? A. Fermentation products of normal flora. B. Cytokines produced by normal flora. C. Chemicals present in food products. D. Host immune response in food products.

A. Fermentation products of normal flora.

Which microbial reservoir has the largest anaerobe-to-aerobe ratio? A. Intestine. B. Genitourinary tract. C. Mouth. D. Skin.

A. Intestine.

Immunomodulins are made by which of the following? A. Normal flora on mucosal surfaces. B. Pathogens in the digestive system. C. Endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. D. Tight junctions of epithelial cells.

A. Normal flora on mucosal surfaces.

How has the development of clean water impacted modern civilization? A. Reduced fecal transmission of bacteria, resulting in missing Microbiota. B. Increased amount of water consumed. C. Increased transmission of hormone-activating compounds. D. Decreased amounts of important trace minerals.

A. Reduced fecal transmission of bacteria, resulting in missing Microbiota.

An acidophile would live in the _______ while an alkaliphile would live in the _______. A. Stomach; duodenum. B. Duodenum; stomach. C. Stomach; colon. D. Colon; stomach.

A. Stomach; duodenum.

How do microbes on the skin contribute to innate immunity. A. They produce fatty acids that inhibit the growth of pathogens. B. They produce buffers to maintain the alkaline pH of the skin. C. They trigger the production of epinephrine when pathogens are present. D. They increase the Bioburden of the host systems.

A. They produce fatty acids that inhibit the growth of pathogens.

Which of the following is/are used to study host-Microbiota relationships in the laboratory? A. Tight junctions. B. Fecal transplants. C. Gnotobiotic animals. D. Quorum sensing.

C. Gnotobiotic animals.

How can the use of antibiotics alter the Microbiota of the vagina? A. It allows the increased growth of Candida, a pathogen that is not normally present in the vagina. B. It allows the increased growth of Candida, a normal component of the vaginal Microbiota. C. It allows the increased growth of Treponema, a pathogen that is not normally present in the vagina. D. It allows the increased growth of Treponema, a normal component of the vaginal Microbiota.

B. It allows the increased growth of Candida, a normal component of the vaginal Microbiota.

How do naturally occurring Staphylococcus strains inhibit the growth of pathogenic strains? A. Producing antibodies. B. Producing short-chain fatty acids. C. Outcompeting for nutrients. D. They do not inhibit pathogenic strains.

B. Producing short-chain fatty acids.

Which of the following can completely change the intestinal mix of microbes? A. Rashes. B. Sun exposure. C. Antibiotic treatments. D. Gnotobiotic delivery.

C. Antibiotic treatments.

How has the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori changed recently? A. Decreased from over 80% to 60%. B. Increased from 10% to over 80%. C. Decreased from 80% to under 10%. D. Increased from 10% to nearly 60%.

C. Decreased from 80% to under 10%.

Which of the following has the highest bioburden? A. Genitourinary tract. B. Mouth. C. Skin. D. Intestines.

D. Intestines.

Which genus of bacteria makes yogurt an excellent probiotic? A. Diphtheroids. B. Candida. C. Haemophilus. D. Lactobacillus.

D. Lactobacillus.

Future approaches to disease and preventions will likely involve intentional manipulation of the human microbiome. Consider, for example, a new drug that prevents the formation of ether-linked membrane lipids. Which of the following medical conditions might this formula be used to treat? A. Cholera. B. Type I diabetes. C. Enterocolitis caused by Clostridioides difficile. D. Obesity. E. Cystic fibrosis.

D. Obesity.

Which was developed first? A. Fecal transplants. B. Probiotic therapy. C. Antibiotics. D. Phage therapy.

D. Phage therapy.

Why is resistance more of an issue with antibiotic treatment than with phage therapy? A. The diseases that are treated with antibiotics are more severe. B. Bacteria cannot develop resistance to phases. C. Antibiotics use a more susceptible chemical pathway. D. Phases have the ability to evolve.

D. Phases have the ability to evolve.

Which of the following is the most effective way to identify microbes in the gut microbiome? A. TSA plates grown in a warm environment. B. Liquid growth media containing chyme. C. Tissue culture using intestinal epithelial cell. D. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect and sequence 16S rRNA genes.

D. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect and sequence 16S rRNA genes.

Which of the following would NOT be a good organism choice for a vaccine delivery system? A. Streptococcus salivarius. B. Lactobacillus acidophilus. C. Lactococcus spp. D. Staphylococcus aureus.

D. Staphylococcus aureus.

An organism that is part of normal microbiota but can cause infection of an immunocompromised host is called an ________.

Opportunistic pathogen.

Organisms that cause disease in an immunocompromised host only are called __________.

Opportunistic pathogens.

Which of the following organisms is Y-shaped and is considered a probiotic bacterial organism? a. Salmonella enterica. b. Bifidobacterium. c. Staphylococcus aureus. d. Lactobacillus. e. Staphylococcus epidermis.

b. Bifidobacterium.

The improvement in hygiene practices over the past century has been associated with _____. a. Increased cases of intestinal infections b. Increased cases of allergies. c. Decreased life span. d. An increase in antibiotic-resistant organisms. e. Increased microbiota.

b. Increased cases of allergies.

The benefits of having a microbiome include which of the following? a. The production of cytokines by intestinal microbes. b. Interfering with pathogen colonization. c. Stimulation of neuron development. d. All of the above. e. b and c only. f. None of the above.

b. Interfering with pathogen colonization.

Which of the following body sites is considered sterile? a. Urethra b. Kidney c. Small intestine d. Stomach e. Tonsils

b. Kidney.

Phage therapy is considered a viable alternative to antibiotics because ______. a. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are more susceptible to phage. b. Phases can evolve to infect phage-resistant bacteria. c. Antibiotics will not affect phage-resistant bacteria. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

b. Phases can evolve to infect phage-resistant bacteria.

Which of the following factors will influence the types and relative numbers of microbes inhabiting the intestine? a. Antibiotic usage. b. Types of ingested foods. c. Housemates. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

d. All of the above.

You perform an experiment using germ-free mice to study host-microbe interactions. Germ-free mice have an abnormally low level of T cells (a type of white blood cell) in their spleens. You find that transferring feces from a normal mouse to the intestines of germ-free mice restores normal T-cell levels over time. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion? a. Host cells secrete a factor that permits growth of the fecal transplant organisms. b. Donor T cells present in the transplant repopulated the recipient's spleen. c. Factors produced by the recipient's original Microbiota inhibited production of T cells. d. Factors produced by donor Microbiota stimulated production of T cells.

d. Factors produced by donor Microbiota stimulated production of T cells.

Bifidobacterium is a common inhabitant of the ______. a. Skin b. Oral cavity c. Lung d. Intestine e. Urinary tract

d. Intestine.

A germ-free animal is characterized by ______. a. Increased numbers of T cells. b. Diminished brain activity. c. Increased cardiac output. d. Thin intestinal walls. e. Neutrophils that exhibit enhanced phagocytic activity.

d. Thin intestinal walls.

Our microbiome could be considered an organ system for which of the following reasons? a. Microbiota contribute to our caloric intake. b. The microbiome is located in specific parts of the body. c. Microbiota and human cells communicate with each other. d. A persons microbiome can be inherited. e. All of the above. f. None of the above.

e. All of the above.

Endothelial cells are a major part of which barrier? a. Blood-brain. b. Maternofetal. c. Peyer's patches. d. All of the above. e. a and b only. f. None of the above.

e. a and b only.

A germ-free animal is also called a _______ animal.

gnotobiotic.