Microbiology - Chapter 23

The urinary system has which of the following roles in the body?

Helps regulate processes in the body, Transports wastes out of the body, Removes unwanted substances from the blood

Chlamydia's ability to grow intracellularly contributes to its virulence for which of the following reasons?

It escapes the host immune system.

Although penicillin is now the drug of choice, which of the following were historically used to treat syphilis?

Salvarsan treatment, Mercury applications

__ diseases are those in which the infectious agent causes an increase in fluid excreted from male and female reproductive tracts.

discharge

Babies born to mothers with gonorrhea can experience infections of the ___ and ___ tract including the pharynx.

eyes, respiratory

Neonates are given antibiotic eyedrops as a universal precaution against eye infections.

gonococcal

The organism Neisseria gonorrhoeae is also known as the .

gonococcus

What structure(s) does Treponema use to bind to mucous membranes or skin?

hook tip

Between the secondary and tertiary stages of syphilis, many infections enter a period of .

latency

Untreated syphilis is marked by three distinct clinical stages designated in order as primary, secondary, and tertiary with periods in between.

latent or quiescent

Prostatitis occurs in which group of people?

men

__ __ disease is the inflammation of the upper reproductive tract structures.

pelvic inflammatory

__ stage of syphilis is characterized by the appearance of a chancre at the site of pathogen entry.

primary

is an inflammation of the prostate gland

prostatitis

Urinary ___ is a blood fluke infection that manifests in the liver, spleen or urinary system.

schistosomiasis

stage of syphilis infection is characterized by systemic signs and symptoms, such as rashes, hair loss, fever, and sore throat, that are eventually resolved.

secondary

Gonorrhea infections are usually transmitted by ___ contact and ___ transmission from mother to newborn.

sexual, vertical

Infants showing signs of profuse nasal discharge, skin eruptions, bond deformation, and nervous system abnormalities may be suffering from congenital .

syphilis

stage of syphilis infection, numerous damaging pathological complications exist in various body systems, such as cardiovascular syphilis or the development of gummas in various tissues.

tertiary or third

The acronym "UTI" means .

urinary tract infection

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection that is spread by contact with the _____ of animals.

urine

Which of the following represent stages of syphilis infection in an adult?

Secondary, Tertiary, Primary

The microbiota of the urethra in male shifts when which of the following occurs?

Sexual activity begins

Discharge diseases, ulcer diseases, and wart diseases are all examples of which of the following?

Sexually transmitted infections (STI)

Which of the following commonly cause urinary tract infections?

Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus, E. coli

The buildup of scar tissue from PID can block the fallopian tubes causing which of the following?

Sterility, Ectopic pregnancies

Secondary syphilis is characterized by which of the following?

Systemic rashes, Hair loss

Damage to cardiovascular and nervous tissues, as well as the development of gummas in the tissues, occurs during which stage of syphilis?

Tertiary

The term 'gonococcus' refers to which of the following?

The agent that causes gonorrhea

The microbial makeup of the vagina shifts during which event?

The menstrual cycle, Pregnancy

The primary lesion, chancre, seen in syphilis infections generally appears after an incubation period of what length?

9 days to 3 months

It appears that infection with HSV-1 may increase some individual's risk of developing which disease over time?

Alzheimer's disease

What universal prevention is used to prevent newborns from gonorrhea complications?

Antibiotic ointment applied to eyes

During the latency phase of syphilis infection, what can be detected in the patient?

Antibodies

What type of antibodies are produced by the body in response to Treponema infection?

Antibodies to treponemal antigens

During the primary stage of syphilis, what is the main sign/symptom?

Appearance of chancre

Most cases of chlamydia infection are which of the following?

Asymptomatic

Which of the following are considered genital ulcer diseases?

Chancroid, Genital herpes, Syphilis

Which of the following is the most common reportable genital infection in the United States?

Chlamydia

A syphilis infection of the fetus or newborn acquired from maternal infection in utero is called what type of syphilis?

Congenital

True or false: The normal biota of the female genital tract remains stable over a life time.

False Reason: This composition varies greatly throughout the various stages of life

Which body system involves the vertical passage of genes from parent to offspring?

Reproductive

Neonatal gonorrhea infections can affect which anatomical structures?

Respiratory tract, Eyes

Gonorrhea infections can be prevented by which of the following means?

Safe sex practices

Chlamydia trachomatis is which of the following?

- Bacterium

According to the CDC what percent of sexually active females between 14 and 19 years old have Chlamydia infections?

- Under 10% (6.8)

What type of organism is Treponema pallidum?

Bacterium

Syphilis is transmissible in the primary and secondary stages, when the spirochete is present in which of the following?

Blood

What is the most common bacterial cause for urinary tract infections?

E. coli

True or false: Similar to males, gonorrhea infection is limited to the most external structure of the reproductive tract in females.

False Reason: This infection can spread to higher reproductive structures such as the fallopian tubes and uterus, resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID.

True or false: Urinary tract infections are kept to a minimum because urine does not provide the important compounds for microbial growth.

False Reason: Urine is a good growth medium for many microorganisms.

True or false: A vaccine currently exists for gonorrhea.

False Reason: Vaccine development is a priority but has been hampered by the lack of a good animal model

Schistosomiasis is a urinary tract infection caused by which of the following?

Fluke

Which of the following describe T. pallidum?

Gram-negative cell wall, Spirochete

Which of the following are not complications of vaginosis?

Increased fetal growth, Increased acidity of vagina, Autoimmune disease

Which of the following are possible complications of gonorrhea in females?

Infection of fallopian tubes, Infertility, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Disseminated disease

Which of the following describe Chlamydia trachomatis?

Intracellular parasite, Gram-negative, Small cells

What aspect of urine makes it a good defense for the urinary tract?

Its flushing action

The presence of which bacterial genus helps to maintain an acidic pH in the vagina, which helps to discourage the growth of other microbes?

Lactobacillus

Syphilis is generally non-transmissible during which of the following stages?

Late latency, Tertiary

It is difficult to get an exact number of Chlamydia cases due to which of the following?

Most cases are asymptomatic.

Which of the following is described as Gram-negative diplococci that appear kidney bean-shaped and occur in pairs?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

__(genus) __ (species) are Gram-negative diplococci that appear kidney bean-shaped and occur in pairs.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Which of the following is a major virulence factor of the syphilis spirochete, since it triggers inflammation?

Outer membrane lipoproteins

Which tests can easily be used to detect syphilis infection?

PCR, Antibody tests, Dark-field microscopy

Which of the following are possible complications of vaginosis?

Pelvic inflammatory disease, Ectopic pregnancies, Infertility, Low birth weight babies

Which drug is currently used to treat syphilis infection?

Penicillin

Which describes the normal microbiota of the kidney, ureters, bladder, and upper urethra?

They are not culturable by current methods.

Which describes the kidney, ureters, bladder, and upper urethra?

They contain microbes that are not culturable.

What are discharge diseases?

Those that cause an increase in excreted fluid from the reproductive tracts

Syphilis is most commonly transmitted by which two of the following?

To the fetus in utero, Through sex

is a protozoan that can cause vaginitis.

Trichomonas

True or false: The initial genital herpes infection is extremely variable in its presentation.

True

What terminology is used to describe infections of the urinary system?

UTI

Genital herpes, syphilis and chancroid are what general type of genital disease?

Ulcer

Organisms like Lactobacillus and Streptococcus can be found in which of the following of most healthy men?

Urethra

Gonorrhea infections are usually transmitted in which ways?

Vertical transmission, Sexual contact

Which of the following are three categories of STIs?

Wart diseases, Ulcer diseases, Discharge diseases

Which type of infection is leptospirosis?

Zoonotic

The most common cause of vaginitis is the organism .

candida albicans

As a virulence factor, Chlamydia has a unique that prevents the phagosome from fusing with the lysosome inside phagocytes.

cell wall

is the primary sore of syphilis that forms at the site of penetration by Treponema pallidum.

chancre

is a localized genital ulcer disease caused by a pleomorphic bacterium.

chancroid

The microbiome of the ___ is highly variable throughout childbearing years, and can vary with the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy.

vagina