Microbiology Chapter 7

The important by-product of the Hill reaction is _______. oxygen electrons hydrogen ions water protons

oxygen

The primary function of carotenoids, the orange accessory pigments, is _______. light harvesting for photosynthesis generation of a hydrogen ion gradient prevention of chlorophyll a photo oxidation initiation of electron transport reduction of FAD

prevention of chlorophyll a photo oxidation

During glycolysis, which of the following reactions are energy-consuming? (Select all that apply) production of ADP production of ATP production of NADH production of NAD+

production of ATP production of NADH

During glycolysis, which of the following reactions are energy-releasing? (Select all that apply) production of NAD+ production of ATP production of NADH production of ADP

production of NAD+ production of ADP

What function does NADPH serve in the Calvin cycle? oxidation of carbon dioxide reduction of 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-PGAL pyruvate oxidation to acetyl CoA oxaloacetate reduction to citrate 3-PGA oxidation to 3-PGAL

reduction of 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-PGAL

During the formation of 3-PGA, the role of RuBPase is to (Select all that apply) slow down the reaction between the carbon dioxide and RuBP. speed up the reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP. lower the activation energy so carbon dioxide and RuBP can combine more readily. raise the activation energy to allow the maximum amount of collisions to occur.

speed up the reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP. lower the activation energy so carbon dioxide and RuBP can combine more readily.

Which of the following molecules is capable of participating in coupled redox reactions in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? (Select all that apply) ATP ADP NADH NAD+

ATP ADP NADH NAD+

Which of the following processes can use pyruvate as a substrate? gluconeogenesis alcoholic fermentation lactate fermentation oxidation to acetyl CoA All of these processes use pyruvate as a substrate.

All of these processes use pyruvate as a substrate.

Which of the following molecules is capable of participating in coupled redox reactions in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? (Select all that apply) FADH NADH NAD+ FADH2

FADH NADH NAD+ FADH2

True or False: A chemical reaction that releases energy is referred to as an endergonic reaction.

False

Select the CORRECT statement. (Select all that apply) Fatty acids can be converted to glucose and used in cellular respiration. Fatty acids can be used to generate ATP in a process called beta-oxidation. Proteins can be broken down into amino acids which can be used to supply energy for cells. Amino acids can be converted to glucose and used in cellular respiration.

Fatty acids can be converted to glucose and used in cellular respiration. Fatty acids can be used to generate ATP in a process called beta-oxidation. Proteins can be broken down into amino acids which can be used to supply energy for cells. Amino acids can be converted to glucose and used in cellular respiration.

_____________ is/are shuttled and/or transferred during the electron transport system. (Select all that apply) Hydrogen ions Electrons ADP ATP

Hydrogen ions Electrons

How is the energy from redox reactions used to move hydrogen ions across the membrane by chemiosmosis? It opens a channel allowing the free flow of hydrogen ions. It attracts the hydrogen ions by adding negative charge to the membrane. It causes conformational changes in the carrier proteins, which push the hydrogen ions to the other side. It deprotonates buffers. It denatures the protein carriers allowing hydrogen ions to leak across the membrane.

It causes conformational changes in the carrier proteins, which push the hydrogen ions to the other side.

Why is alcohol still important in modern health care? It works well in killing pathogens on the skin. It is used in water purification. It kills pathogens ingested with food. It kills pathogens in the blood. It is used to kill pathogens during in food processing.

It works well in killing pathogens on the skin.

ATP is considered a better energy source than heat for driving metabolic reactions because _______. it can be easily converted into other forms of energy as needed it can be used with almost all energy-requiring reactions heat can denature cellular proteins Options a and c are correct. Options a, b, and c are correct.

Options a, b, and c are correct.

_______ is the enzyme responsible for the carbon fixation step that initiates the Calvin cycle. Triose isomerase RuBPase Aldolase Pyruvate dehydrogenase Enolase

RuBPase

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the complete oxidation of glucose by a cell during aerobic respiration? It occurs in many small steps to minimize activation energy barriers. It occurs in many small steps so energy extracted can be efficiently stored in activated carriers. It releases 686 kcal/mol of energy. The initial reaction releases a large amount of heat. It requires oxygen.

The initial reaction releases a large amount of heat.

What happens to the NADH and FADH2 molecules produced during the critic acid cycle?

They are used by ETS to generate ATP and water.

True or False: Glucose unites many different metabolic pathways because it can be used as a substrate or generated as a product.

True

True or False: Potential energy is stored energy.

True

Which scenario represents the greatest potential energy? a skier at the top of the beginner slope a skier at the top of the expert slope a skier at the bottom of the mountain a skier riding the ski lift a skier moving rapidly down the slope

a skier at the top of the expert slope

Which of the products of pyruvate oxidation enters the citric acid cycle? CO2 acetate acetyl CoA NAD+ pyruvic acid

acetyl CoA

The enzyme responsible for cleaving fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon molecules is _______. triose isomerase RuBPase aldolase pyruvate dehydrogenase enolase

aldolase

A + B -> AB The following equation is an example of a/an (Select all that apply) anabolic reaction. exergonic reaction. endergonic reaction. catabolic reaction

anabolic reaction endergonic reaction

Yeast performs fermentation under _______ conditions to regenerate an adequate supply of _______. acidic; alcohol acidic; carbon dioxide aerobic; NAD+ anaerobic; NAD+ anaerobic; NADP+

anaerobic; NAD+

If a microbiologist inoculated a tube of this medium with Haemophilus influenzae, incubated it for 24 hours, and observed a clear, green medium, she would conclude that this bacterial species _______. secretes acidic by-products as it grows secretes basic by-products as it grows secretes both acidic and basic by-products as it grows secretes no by-products as it grows fails to grow in OF glucose basal media

as it grows fails to grow in OF glucose basal media

\What organic molecules can humans and E. coli both use as their carbon source? (Select all that apply) carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

AB -> A + B The following equation is an example of a/an (Select all that apply) anabolic reaction. endergonic reaction. catabolic reaction. exergonic reaction.

catabolic reaction. exergonic reaction.

ATP generated by substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation can be used by cells (Select all that apply) for movement. for active processes across plasma membranes. to fuel anabolic reactions. for DNA replication.

for movement. for active processes across plasma membranes. to fuel anabolic reactions. for DNA replication.

Glycolysis (Select all that apply) generates two ATP molecules. involves the oxidation of one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules. is also known as the citric acid cycle. is used by members of the archaea to extract energy.

generates two ATP molecules. involves the oxidation of one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules. is used by members of the archaea to extract energy.

During alcoholic fermentation, ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced. The fate of the ethanol during the process is it

is lost through evaporation.

Under low oxygen conditions, pyruvic acid can be converted to _____________ while under adequate oxygen conditions, lactic acid can be converted to

lactic acid; pyruvate.

Naturally occurring oil-degrading bacteria exist in the Gulf of Mexico because _______. hydrocarbons are an abundant food resource in marine habitats natural oil seeps from underground reservoirs led to the evolution of species able to use this carbon source oil dissolves more easily in salt water than freshwater promoting bacterial growth they are a fluke of evolution all bacteria possess oil-degrading enzymes because they are essential for survival

natural oil seeps from underground reservoirs led to the evolution of species able to use this carbon source