Microbiology Disease List

Enteropathic Escheriachia Coli

"E. Coli" Bacteria from contaminated food & water Fecal-oral route Causes: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, watery diarrhea= dehydration, fever, dysentery Treatment: Drink water with glucose so it is absorbed in the body (antibiotic) Prevent: Wash hands, cook meat properly, pasteurize drinks

Staphylococcus Aureus

"Food poisoning".... clumping? Most commonly spread in hospitals while doing procedures. Found in Salads containing (egg, tuna, chicken and macaroni), also in deli meat. (person-to-person contact) Causes: nausea, vomiting and retching, and abdominal cramps, common boils, rash, diarrhea, shock, skin broken Treatment: antibiotics and minor surgery for boils Many strains are resistant to antibiotics

Tetanus: Clostridium Tetani

"Lock Jaw" Caused by clostridium tetani, Gram positive ROD shaped bacterium An acute and serious infection from dust or dirt entering the wound and affects the central nervous system. (stepping on a nail) Exotoxins secreted where bacteria is present, endospores grow and colonization expands. Causes: restlessness, muscles contract uncontrollably, inability to swallow, can break spine Toxoid gives immunity

Infectious Mononucleosis

"MONO" Kissing Disease An acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus Causes:by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever. The disease affects mostly young people and is usually transmitted by saliva. Enlarged spleen can rupture (no strenuous exercise)

Streptococcus Pyogenes

"Strep throat" Streptococcus pyogenes (gram positive coccus that grows in chains) Superficial skin infection Person-to-person contact (thin blisters develop) Causes: sore/red throat, with pus and tiny hemorrhages, lymph node enlargement, tenderness of neck (lymph nodes) Treatment=penicillin Prevention: avoiding crowds; adequate ventilation; daily penicillin to prevent recurrent infection

Schistosomiasis: Schistosoma mansoni

"Swimmer's Itch" Schistosoma mansoni is a blood fluke Being in fresh water in an endemic area. Comes from birds pooping in fresh water then the snails take up the organism and let it out into the water. Causes: liver damage, malnutrition, weakness, accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity Prevention: Avoid swimming in fresh water in endemic areas, single oral dose of praziquantel annually ---Elimination of snails, stay out of shallow end

Tuberculosis "TB"

"TB" (tiny gram negative ROD) Infectious disease resulting from infection by the species, Mycobacterium Infection is usually by inhalation, and the disease usually affects the lungs, although it can occur elsewhere in the body. Has a latent stage and can come back later in life Causes: runny nose, chronic fever, weight loss, violent coughing, sputum production Can be given anti-tubercular meds long-term There is a vaccination

Candida Albicans

A parasitic fungus that can infect the mouth or the skin or the intestines or the vagina, because of excessive moisture From too tight of clothes or fat folds Causes: itching, odor, rash Treatment: Over the counter meds, cleanliness and maintaining normal skin dryness

Gonorrhea

A sexually transmitted bacterial disease caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae (gram negative diplococcus) Causes: Men= inflammation of the genital mucous membrane, burning pain when urinating, and a white discharge. Women= painful urination, discharge, can lead to infertility (ectopic pregnancy) Asymptomatic carriers Transmitted by sexual contact No immunity, solution is abstinence, monogamous relationships & condoms

Rabies: Rhabdovirus

An acute viral infection that is most commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal. Enveloped SSRNA virus Causes: excessive salivation, hyper activity, fever, pupil dilation, hydrophobia, brain damage Immunization before the virus reaches the brain

Bacterial Endocarditis vs. Rheumatic Heart Disease

Bacteria that grows on heart's endocardium Causes: stroke and heart attack The clot in heart valve can be released, antibody induced/autoimmune damage, streptococcal bacteria causes rheumatic fever Treatment: can have heart transplant, or treat with heart medication to prevent reinfection

Herpes Simplex Virus HSV-1 & Herpes Zoster

Causative Agent: Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) Transient viral vesicles (e.g. cold sores or fever blisters) that infect the facial area, especially the mouth and nose. Involvement of the esophagus suggests AIDS Herpes Zoster "chicken pox/shingles" Infected by close physical contact & saliva Can manifest as shingles later Treatment: Anti-viral medication, or sunscreen can prevent recurrences due to ultraviolet exposure

Common Cold Syndrome

Causative agent: rhinoviruses (single strand RNA) Spread by inhalation of infected droplets and is transferred by nose/eyes and contaminated hands Causes: scratchy throat, runny nose, headache, cough No treatment but can control the symptoms Hand washing! avoiding people with colds.. the usual

Giardiasis

Caused by Giardia lamblia (flagellates pear-shaped protozoan with 2 nuclei) Most commonly identified waterborne illness in the U.S Infection of the intestines with protozoa found in contaminated food and water. Can be contracted from clear mouton streams, chlorinated city water that has not been filtered Person-to-person contact (common in daycares changing dipers ) Causes: Mild=indigestion, flatulence, nausea Severe=vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss Treatment: Boiling/disinfecting drinking water, filtration

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Causes community-aquired infections (gram negative ROD with single polar flagellum) P. aeruginosa is found in environments such as soil and water Naturally occurring bacteria that can cause nail infection when nail services are performed in unsanitary conditions. Obligate aerobe, non-spore forming Can get it from hot tubs, pools, contact lens solution Causes: chills, fever,external ear canal infections, shock because of infection Treatment: High doses high doses high doses from antibiotics

Botulism

Form of food poisoning caused by a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum (gram positive, ROD shaped) Sometimes found in dented cans (canning process fails to destroy all of the endospores...then grow in the food) Muscles cannot trigger contraction Causes: Blurred vision, nausea, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, generalized paralysis Mechanical pegs to prevent drooping of eyelids Treatment: enemas, stomach pumping, heat food to boiling before serving

Clostridium Perfringens

Gas Gangrene Is a bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene Common in diabetics Oxygen tension in tissues of extremities drops Causes: discoloration of skin, bumps, swelling, blisters Treatment: can result in amputation, or pressure chambers to push oxygen back into the tissues

Syphilis

Infectious disease caused by (spirochete) treponema palladium ***Can imitate many other diseases Transmitted by direct intimate contact that may involve any organ or tissue over time, usually manifested first on the skin with the appearance of small, painless red papules that erode and form bloodless ulcers called chancres Causes: chancres, aches, fever, rashes, gummal, damage to large blood vessels, eyes and nervous systems Prevention: NO unprotected sex, monogamous relationships

Kuru: Mad Cow Disease

Ingestion of infected brain tissues (where prions attack body) Can be spread by contaminated surgical instruments, cannibalism Causes: the inability to eat (must be given pre-chewed food) behavioral changes (dementia) anxiety, insomnia, fatigue There is no known treatment (fatal) Prevention: Sterilize instruments used on infected person by autoclaving

Streptococcus Species

Is a Beta-hemolysis virus. Spread by direct contact and droplet infection, ingestion of contaminated food Causes: reddening of the tonsil area, inflamed pus-filled lesions on pharynx and tonsils, sore throat, enlargement of lymph nodes Treatment: can take penicillin

Malaria: Plasmodium sp.

Most common serious infectious disease world-wide An infectious tropical disease caused by a protozoan and transmitted to humans by a mosquito Causes: high fevers, chills, sweating, and anemia, flu-like symptoms Once injected into the human, parasite enlarges and another mosquito sucks the blood and gets infected (spreading to other humans) Vaccine available

Trochinosis: Trichinella Spiralis

Round worms! Causes: Fever, swelling of upper eyelids, muscle soreness Human ingestion of encysted worm in uncooked pork.. females release larvae into blood vessels Treatment: no effective drugs to eliminate larvae, just can control the symptoms

Poliomyelitis

Spherical shape/icosahedral Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis where the CNS is affected Destruction of motor neurons Enters the body orally and enters the bloodstream Asymptomatic in many(most people's immune systems conquer the virus, but if infected this means the virus is rampant Fecal-oral route (in poor sanitation areas) Causes: Early=Headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea, pain, muscle spasms. Later=muscles shrink, bones don't develop Artificial ventilation for respiratory paralysis There is no cure, but immunization is available

Lyme Disease

Spirochete An infection caused by a bacteria carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick Causes: vary but may include a rash at the site of the bite (bulls-eye) and flulike symptoms such as fever, headache, joint pain, and fatigue, dizzy & fainting, paralysis of face, stiff joints even dementia-like behavior Prevention: Insect repellent to cover skin Antibiotics are effective in early stages

Tapeworms: Taenia Solium

TAPEWORM.Have a flat ribbon body with no digestion system attach within the intestines of the host and absorb nutrients. Caused from eating undercooked meat containing the larval forms. Some types can migrate to the brain and cause serious neurological issues Causes: discomfort, nausea, hunger, weight loss Treatment: surgery to remove, properly cooking pork can be a preventative

Influenza "Flu"

The "flu" single stranded, enveloped RNA virus An acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months Constantly changing virus (flu shot) Causes: fever, muscle aches, lack of energy, dry cough, headache, nasal congestion There is no treatment because it's viral, but the vaccine is usually 80-90% effective

Pnuemococcal Pnemonia

The causative agent of respiratory tract infections (gram positive Streptococcus pneumoniae) --Known for thick polysaccharide capsule Spread (bacterial/viral) by air droplets (Not very common anymore) Alpha-hemolysis Causes: cough, fever, chest pain, and sputum (phlegm) Fluid fills the lungs and swell Vaccination can stimulate antibody production Treatment: penicillin Need to prevent a secondary infection

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) AIDS

The causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) A retrovirus of the lentivirus family that infects CD4 T cells, leading to their slow depletion, which eventually results in immunodeficiency Spread by sex, blood, contaminated needles, mother to fetus Causes: flu or mono-like symptoms (fever, sore throat, head and body aches, rashes, enlargement of lymph nodes) Can take antimicrobial meds to prevent infections that complicate HIV There is no vaccine

Dental Carries: Streptococcus Mutans

Tooth decay (carries means decay) Spread through saliva exchange • Dental plaque results from the accumulation of foods, proteins from saliva, and necrotic debris on the tooth enamel; bacteria grow in the plaque and cause production of acid that dissolves the tooth enamel Causes: severe, throbbing pain of toothache, discoloration, roughness Thrives in acidic environments (mouth) Prevention: reduce sucrose in diet, brush/floss

Salmonellosis

Transmitted by food that is contaminated by feces. Caused by the bacterium salmonella enteric. Common in poultry (eggs) -baking Causes: severe diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and high fever, abscess shock, gastroenteritis, enteric fever Usually not an antibiotic unless invasion of tissue/blood occurs Prevention: Properly cooking and handling of food, vaccine against typhoid fever