Microbiology Exam 1

The fluid mosaic model describes which of the following attributes of the plasma membrane? Select all that apply. - A membrane may be comprised of proteins and components embedded among the phospholipids. - Individual phospholipids are not strongly attached to each other - Functions involve dissolving proteins. - Structure involving a double layer.

- A membrane may be comprised of proteins and components embedded among the phospholipids. - Individual phospholipids are not strongly attached to each other.

Consider what you know about inhibitors and the following list of characteristics. Select all attributes that would apply to a competitive inhibitor. Select all that applies. - Binds elsewhere on the enzyme - Binds to the active site - Has a regulatory function - Can be countered by adding more substrate

- Binds to the active site - Has a regulatory function - Can be countered by adding more substrate

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids that have head and tail regions. Which of the following characteristics related to the phospholipid head? - Contains fatty acid chains - Contains phosphate - Is hydrophobic - Is hydrophilic - Repels polar molecules

- Contains phosphate - Is hydrophilic

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism in which enzymes facilitate reaction catalyzation? - Bring substrates together - Covalently bond substrates together - Provide favorable environment - Strain bonds - Orient substrates correctly

- Covalently bond substrates together

Because a Cell has a defined shape and size, explain, the quantity (more or less) of both solute and solvent in a Hypertonic cell. Select all that apply. - Less Solvent - Less Solute - More Solute - More Solvent

- Less Solvent - More Solute

Examine the list of traits/features. Select any that are PROKARYOTIC only. Select all that apply. - Flagella - Nucleoid - Mitochondria - Single circular chromosome - Reproduction by binary fission - Ribosomes

- Nucleoid - Single circular chromosome - Reproduction by binary fission

Consider the following characteristics of movement mechanisms and select those that correspond with facilitated diffusion. Select all that apply. - Requires energy - Requires no energy - Goes down the gradient - Goes against the gradient - Involves channel proteins

- Requires no energy - Goes down the gradient - Involves channel proteins

Enzymes are said to speed up chemical reactions, however, this is not in reference to the time it takes for a reaction to proceed so much as help the chemical reactions occur in the frist place. By which of the following mechanisms do enzymes encourage chemical reactions to take place. Select all the apply. - Shield/Secure substrates - Increase reactivity - Strain substrate bonds - Orient substrates - Decrease inhibitors

- Shield/Secure substrates - Strain substrate bonds - Orient substrates

When examining a chemical reaction, which of the following occurences would be present in an oxidative reaction? Select all that apply. - Transfer of hydrogen - Addition of oxygen - Transfer of electrons - Transfer of oxygen - Addition of hydrogen

- Transfer of hydrogen - Addition of oxygen - Transfer of electrons

Activation energy is best defined as the energy that - is necessary to yield products that are at a lower energy than the reactants. - is used to make new chemical bonds and form products. - is required to bring the reactant molecules to a transition state. - is transferred to the products at the end of the reaction. - is released when an enzyme binds its specific reactant molecules.

- is required to bring the reactant molecules to a transition state.

Order the following units from smallest to largest. Smallest unit ng Smaller unit cg Small unit dg Base unit g Larger unit kg

Smallest unit ng Smaller unit cg Small unit dg Base unit g Larger unit kg

What is the total magnification of an object observed under a microscope with a 10x ocular and a 100x objective lens? a. 3x b. 1000x c. 10x d. 110x

b. 1000x

Energy required to start (catalyze) a chemical reaction comes from a. A singularity b. Molecular collision c. Inhibitors d. Heat

b. Molecular collision

Longer branches in a phylogenetic tree represent ______ lineages. a. Younger b. Older

b. Older

Identify, based on the example, how the molecule is moving. One way to get rid of slugs in your garden is to sprinkle salt on them, so they shrivel up. a. Diffusion b. Osmosis

b. Osmosis

The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion a. Can move materials from a higher to a lower concentration. b. Requires transporter proteins. c. does not require ATP. d. Requires ATP. e. Can move materials from a lower to a higher concentration.

b. Requires transporter proteins.

Which of the following terms describes the clarity of an image? a. True size b. Resolution c. Magnification d. Contrast

b. Resolution

Given the following data set, what would be the most effective way to present it? DAY Basal Body Temperature 1 97 2 97.3 3 96.9 4 97 5 97.2 6 98.7 7 98.9 8 99 9 98.8 a. leave it as a table b. convert to line graph c. convert to bar graph

b. convert to line graph

When designing experiments, scientists examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In a study comparing TV violence and aggression in teenagers, identify the dependent variable. a. Hours of television watched b. Age of teen c. Aggression d. Marital status of parents

c. Aggression

An orchard sprayed with the chemical yields an average of 60 apples per tree, the other orchard yields an average of 40 apples per tree. Based on the data, the scientist would: a. Determine that the chemical decreases apple yield b. Find no relation between chemical use and yield c. Determine that the chemical increases apple yield d. Determine that the results were inconclusive

c. Determine that the chemical increases apple yield

There are 3 problems regarding light that complicate obtaining a good image with a microscope. We can correct for all of them except: a. Spherical aberration b. Chromatic aberration c. Diffusion

c. Diffusion

If sugar is added to the left arm of the U-tube, which results in the net flow of water into the left arm... the sugar water solution in side A would be described as ___________ to side B. a. No answer text provided. b. Isotonic c. Hypertonic d. Hypotonic

c. Hypertonic

Identify the indicated (in BOLD) taxonomic level from the following example: --------------------- Eukaryote Animalia (Chordata)*** Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Felis Catus --------------------- a. Order b. Class c. Phylum d. Family

c. Phylum

There is no net movement across the membrane in dynamic equilibrium, but individual molecules or atoms continue to move randomly across the membrane. This describes, __________ a. a concentration gradient b. active transport c. dynamic equilibrium d. photosynthesis

c. dynamic equilibrium

Some fungi are capable of dimorphic change, alternating between two physical forms, the cue for this change is... a. presence of water b. oxygen levels c. temperature d. reproductive maturity

c. temperature

Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ____ and moves substrates ____ its concentration gradient. a. Energy and channel proteins; down b. Channel proteins; against c. Energy and channel proteins; against d. Channel proteins; down

d. Channel proteins; down

___________ fungi are not divided into cells, and many nuclei are present in the cytoplasm of a single hypha. a. Ascus b. Mycelium c. Septate d. Non-septate

d. Non-septate

All of the following options correctly pairs a structure with its function in prokaryotic cells, except one. Which definition is NOT correct? a. Flagella = feeding apparatus b. Capsule = nearly indestructible internal cell containing DNA and other essentials c. Endospore = food digestion vacuole d. Pili = help prokaryotes stick to each other and to surfaces

d. Pili = help prokaryotes stick to each other and to surfaces

All of the following options correctly pairs a structure with its function in prokaryotic cells, except one. a. Endospore = food digestion vacuole b. Flagella = feeding apparatus c. Capsule = nearly indestructible internal cell containing DNA and other essentials d. Pili = help prokaryotes stick to each other and to surfaces

d. Pili = help prokaryotes stick to each other and to surfaces

Permeability of the plasma membrane to a given substance depends on all of the following except: a. Charge b. Gradient c. Size d. Temperature

d. Temperature

All cells have these two characteristics: a. contain DNA in the nucleus and have a plasma membrane b. contain mitochondria and chloroplasts c. produce a cell wall outside of the plasma membrane d. have a plasma membrane and ribosomes in the cytoplasm

d. have a plasma membrane and ribosomes in the cytoplasm

A forest fire destroys trees in a large area. The forest rangers use the burned area to study the effect of different types of grasses on soil erosion. They choose ten plots of ground that are the same size. Each of these plots receives the same amount of sun. Each of these plots also has the same kind of soil and the same slope. The rangers plant each with a different type of grass. Measurements of soil erosion are made every week for the entire summer. What is the independent or manipulated variable in this study? a. the size of the plots b. the type of soil in the plots c. the amount of soil erosion d. the types of grasses

d. the types of grasses

When converting dL to kL what is the magnitude of change? 10 to the nth. N = a. 5 b. 1 c. 3 d. 4

dl = 10-1kl = 10 3 Then look at the difference. 3 - -1 = 3+1= 4 Answer = 4

When converting mL to kL what is the magnitude of change? 10 to the nth. N = a. 5 b. 3 c. 1 d. 6

ml = 10-3kl = 10 3 Then look at the difference. 3 - -3 = 3+3 = 6 Answer = 6

Identify the difference between monoecious and dioecious forms. Monoecious Dioecious

monoecious - having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal. dioecious - having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals.

The scientific name of an organism is composed of which two taxonomic levels? Select two. - Phylum - Genus - Class - Kingdom - Species - Family - Domain - Order

Genus species

Catalysts are specific, which means each enzyme can catalyze _____________ (how many) reactions.

One

2Mg + O2 —-> 2MgO Oxidation Reduction

Oxidation

Identify the following reaction: H2—-> 2H+ + 2e- Oxidation Reduction

Oxidation

Identify the following reaction: F2+ 2e —-> 2F- Oxidation Reduction

Reduction

What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

1. Make an observation 2. Formulate a hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Collect and analyze data 5. Discuss and conclude

By which of the following mechanisms can a cell transport a substance from a lower to a higher concentration? - Active transport - Facilitated diffusion - aquaporins - Simple diffusion - extracellular enzymes

Active transport

Which of the following are true of enzymes. Select all the apply. - Composed of protein - Unchanged by reaction - Specific - Activity is dependent upon reaction environment - Reusable

All are correct

Classify each statement as a description of prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells. DNA is not enclosed by a membrane - Prokaryotic Does not have membrane-bound organelles - Prokaryotic Is generally a small cell - Prokaryotic Is generally a large cell -Eukaryotic Has simple structure -Prokaryotic Has complex structure - Eukaryotic

DNA is not enclosed by a membrane - Prokaryotic Does not have membrane-bound organelles - Prokaryotic Is generally a small cell - Prokaryotic Is generally a large cell -Eukaryotic Has simple structure -Prokaryotic Has complex structure - Eukaryotic

Based on the fluid descriptions across the membrane; match each type of movement with the appropriate direction. Intracellular fluid: 13% water Extracellular fluid: 25% water Moves from outside to in = Osmosis Moves from inside to out = Diffusion

Moves from outside to in = Osmosis Moves from inside to out = Diffusion

Which of the following are the requirements when creating a hypothesis for an experiment? Select all that apply. 1. A hypothesis is base on knowledge and research 2. A hypothesis is an idea about the solution to a problem. 3. A hypothesis should make a claim about how two factors are related. 4. A hypothesis is created after an experiment is completed.

The answer is 1, 2, and 3

Hypotheses must be observable and testable. Which of the following would be considered good hypotheses? Select all that apply. 1. If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light, then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer. 2. If the rate of photosynthesis is related to wave lengths of light, then exposing a plant to different colors of light will produce different amounts of oxygen. 3. Chocolate may cause pimples. 4. Why do leaves change colors in the fall?

The answer is 1,2, and 3

Identify which of the following are required criteria for living cells. Select all that apply. 1. Consist of 1 + cells 2. Exhibit growth or development 3. Ability to reproduce 4. Obtain and use materials 5. Regulate self 6. Respond to the environment

The answer is all of the above

Calculate the range of the following series of numbers: 1, 5, 2, 7, 6, 7, 9, 12 and 15. a. 14 b. 7 c. 7.11 d. 6

a. 14

Calculate the mode of the following series of numbers: 1, 3, 5, 5, 6, 8, 22, and 10 a. 5 b. 21 c. 7.5 d. 10

a. 5

Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ____ and moves substrates ____ its concentration gradient. a. Channel proteins; down b. Energy and channel proteins; down c. Channel proteins; against d. Energy and channel proteins; against

a. Channel proteins; down

Identify, based on the example, how the molecule is moving. The student sitting next to you just came from gym class and forgot to shower, and you can tell. a. Diffusion b. Osmosis

a. Diffusion

Which of the following represents the first and second laws of thermodynamics? a. Energy can be transferred and transformed, in processes leading to increased entropy. b. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can be transferred or transformed. c. Energy is infinite and can be transferred and transformed. d. Energy can be transferred and transformed, increasing order of the universe

a. Energy can be transferred and transformed, in processes leading to increased entropy.

Two solutions are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose, but not sucrose. Side A is half filled with a solution of 2M sucrose and 1 M glucose; Side B is half filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. In terms of tonicity, Side A is ___________ to Side B. a. Isotonic b. Hypertonic c. Hypotonic

a. Isotonic

What is the significance of the SD or Standard Deviation? a. It represents the precision b. It represents the accuracy c. It represents the overall difference d. It represents the general value

a. It represents the precision

Which of the following phylogenetic groupings contains the entire family line (all known descendants of a common ancestor)? a. Monophyletic b. Paraphyletic c. Polyphyletic

a. Monophyletic

Sitting in class sweating profusely, you notice that the door seems to be closed every time you perspire in class. This is most closely associated with which step in the scientific method? a. Observation b. Method c. Results d. Conclusion

a. Observation

Identify the indicated (in BOLD) taxonomic level from the following example: --------------------- Eukaryote Animalia Chordata Mammalia (Carnivora)*** Felidae Felis Catus --------------------- a. Order b. Class c. Family d. Phylum

a. Order

Identify the following reaction: Na + O —-> NaO a. Oxidation b. Reduction

a. Oxidation

When graphing data, the independent variable, is the... a. X axis b. Y axis c. Scale d. Legend

a. X axis

Consider the taxonomy hierarchy. in printed scientific names, only the ____ is capitalized. a. genus b. family c. class d. species e. kingdom

a. genus

Consider the taxonomy hierarchy. The most broad (general) level of taxonomic classification is: a. kingdom b. phylum c. class d. family

a. kingdom

When converting ng to cg which direction will the decimal move? a. left b. right

a. left

A forest fire destroys trees in a large area. The forest rangers use the burned area to study the effect of different types of grasses on soil erosion. They choose ten plots of ground that are the same size. Each of these plots receives the same amount of sun. Each of these plots also has the same kind of soil and the same slope. The rangers plant each with a different type of grass. Measurements of soil erosion are made every week for the entire summer. What is the dependent or responding variable in this study? a. the amount of soil erosion b. the size of the plots c. the type of soil in the plots d. the types of grasses

a. the amount of soil erosion