Microbiology Exam 4 practice questions

What best describes how John Snow identified the source of the cholera outbreak in London in 1853 A He closed down all the public water wells in that part of London B He determined the the broad street water well was in close proximity to most of the cholera cases C He determined that the public water system was contaminated with sewage D He tested each water well in the city for cholera contamination E none of the above

B He determined the the broad street water well was in close proximity to most of the cholera cases

What aspect of the 1918 influenza pandemic was MOST surprising A The flu spread around the globe B Many young healthy people died once contracting this flu C Many old people and pregnant women died once contracting this flu D The flu originated in Spain, hence the name "Spanish Flu" E Nothing was surprising about the 1918 pandemic flu

B Many young healthy people died once contracting this flu

Lysogenic conversion is: A when a phage excises from the bacterial genome B When a phage integrates into the bacterial genome C When an integrated phage expresses some gene products, many times producing toxins D When a phage begins to attack other bacterial cells E none of the above

C When an integrated phage expresses some gene products, many times producing toxins

What % of fixed carbon is transferred from the roots to the soil A 0% B less than 10% C between 10 and 40%

C between 10 and 40%

Shingles is a latent infection caused by what virus A small pox B cellulitis C chicken pox D impetigo

C chicken pox

Which is true about "Antigenic Shift" A It is more common than antigenic drift B It occurs due to small changes in surface glycoproteins C viral genome segments can be swapped D It is the primary reason for needing the flu shot every year E none of the above

C viral genome segments can be swapped

H. pylori survives the very low pH of the stomach by: A Secreting a protective mucus layer B Secreting ammonia C Secreting urease D Secreting compounds toxic to epithelial cells E none of the above

C secreting urease

Which is caused mostly by viruses A Whooping Cough B Tuberculosis C Common cold D None of the above are caused by viruses

C: common cold

HIV infects cells by way of what receptor? any nucleated cell receptor none listed CD4 receptor on Th cells CD8 receptor on Tc cells The HIV receptor on macrophages

CD4 receptor on Th cells

Which is true for Mycobacterium tuberculosis A Has a very think layer of peptidoglycan B Requires a high infectious dose C Commonly spread via fecal to oral route D Has a thick protective waxy layer of mycolic acid E none of the above

D Has a thick protective waxy layer of mycolic acid

Which is NOT true about food poisoning A May be caused by toxins of non-microbial origin B Vomiting and diarrhea are caused by pre-formed toxins C Usually has a short incubation period D Usually the product of persistent microbial infections of the GI tract

D Usually the product of persistent microbial infections of the GI tract

Which statement about Zika virus is NOT true A Zika can be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus B Infection during pregnancy can cause certain birth defects C Local mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission has been reported in the continental United States D Zika virus was created by the Gates foundation to depopulate the world E Zika virus can be transmitted sexually

D Zika virus was created by the Gates foundation to depopulate the world

Which statement about STDs is NOT true A the US has the highest STD infection rate of any developed country B 50% of sexually active youths will have had an STD by 25 C women suffer the most from serious complications of STDs D all of the above are true

D all of the above are true

HIV is a retrovirus that carries reverse transcriptase in the viral particle. What does reverse transcriptase do? A reverses the direction of transcription B blocks transcription of RNA C converts DNA into RNA D converts RNA to DNA E none of the above

D converts RNA to DNA

Which is not true about rhizosphere microflora A Make minerals (N, P, K, Fe, etc.) available to the plant B Secrete chemicals that influence root growth (plant hormones) C Create environment to favor growth of beneficial microbes D Protect the plant root from pathogenic microbes E All of the above are true

E All of the above are true

HIV is transmitted in humans by A Body fluids exchanged during sexual activity B Contaminated blood used for transfusions C Contaminated needles used by intravenous drug users D Perinatal transmission E All of the above

E: All of the above

Which of these STDs is bacterial A HIV B Herpes C Chlamydia D Gonorrhea E Both C and D

E: Both C and D

The most common STD in the US is: HPV HIV herpes Gonorrhea

HPV

An AIDS victim is usually killed by: a. massive replication of the HIV virus during the late stages of the disease. b. loss of fluids following HIV infection of the small intestine. c. release of toxins from infected lymphocytes. d. opportunistic pathogens that invade following collapse of the immune system. e. accumulation of virus proteins within the cells of the nervous system.

d. opportunistic pathogens that invade following collapse of the immune system.

Antibacterial drugs are usually given for an extended period of time (up to 12 months) to treat people suffering from: a. gonorrhea. b. chlamydia c. cholera. d. tuberculosis. e. Lyme disease.

d. tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen causing tuberculosis: a. is a rod-shaped bacterium. b. has developed resistance to many antibiotics. c. is an important pathogen attacking patiens with AIDS. d. is spread from person-to-person via respiratory droplets. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

The avian flu virus H5N1: a. has killed hundreds of humans. b. is carried in the intestines of wild birds where it does not much harm to that animal. c. cannot be transmitted easily from person to person. d. causes serious disease in domestic poultry such as chickens. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

In an HIV infection, the virus preferentially infects: a. the antibody-producing cells of the immune system. b. cells of the immune system that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. c. cytotoxic T-cells. d. memory B-cells. e. none of the above

e. none of the above

The virulence of Vibrio cholerae, the cholera pathogen, is due to its: antibiotic resistance acid tolerance capsule enterotoxin production

enterotoxin production

Cowpox is caused by a bacterial infection True False

false

Fungi outnumber bacteria in the soil but bacteria have a much greater biomass True False

false

Plants can naturally produce antibodies to combat viral and bacterial infections. True False

false

Mycorrhizae DO NOT: help with disease resistance fix nitrogen make water uptake more efficient help store and release nutrients increase uptake of mineral nutrients like phosphorus

fix nitrogen

The infectious dose for Salmonella is quite high because: many Salmonella bacteria are needed to form a biofilm within the host in order to cause disease. only virus-infected cells can cause disease. each bacterial cell only makes a small amount of toxin and it takes a lot of toxin to cause disease. none listed most of the bacteria get killed by the acid environment in the stomach.

most of the bacteria get killed by the acid environment in the stomach.

Cholera victims are usually (Hint: there are several ways to treat Cholera but which one is far and away the most used) treated with: none listed rehydration therapy rapid vaccination intravenous antibiotics

rehydration therapy

Which disease is LEAST prevalent worldwide whooping cough Zika virus tuberculosis small pox

small pox

Antibiotic resistance is a particularly serious problem with infections caused by Clostridium difficile. T/f?

True

HIV and TB co-infections are very problematic worldwide, particularly in developing nations. T/F?

True

Latent tuberculosis infections can often reactivate. T/F?

True

Pneumonia pathogens can be bacterial or viral. T/F?

True

Relationships between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plants are at least 400 million years old and thought to contribute to the ability of plants to colonize the relatively dry land habitats. True/False

True

The genes and subsequent proteins for cholera toxin are located on phage DNA which is integrated into the DNA of the bacterium Vibrio cholera. T/F?

True

With the influenza virus, antigenic drift results from surface glycoprotein mutations that cause a minor change in the HA and NA proteins. T/F?

True

Shingles is caused by a: virus none listed bacteria fungi

virus

A disease that has spread widely around the world is considered a pandemic. T/f?

true

Clostridium difficile infections are difficult to treat and many times life threatening because A C. diff bacteria are found in the normal intestinal flora B C. diff bacteria can cause severe inflamation C C. diff bacteria are resistant to almost all antibiotics D C. diff bacteria are gram - endospore forming bacteria E none of the above

C C. diff bacteria are resistant to almost all antibiotics

HIV infects cells that have A CD8 receptors B Toll like receptors C CD4 receptors D any of the above E none of the above

C CD4 receptors

Edward Jenner was an English doctor who developed the vaccination procedure for smallpox. T/f?

true

Plant have receptors very similar to our TOLL, NOD, and RIG receptors True False

true

Plants can transfer what level of fixed carbon to the rhizosphere? >90% 10-40% 60-75% 0%

10-40%

What has to take place for antigenic shift to occur A Two different flu viruses have to infect the same host B People have to be in close contact with chickens or waterfowl C The virus has to be recognized by the adaptive immune system D none of the above

A Two different flu viruses have to infect the same host

The common superficial skin infection that produces exfoliating toxins is A impetigo B cellulitis C scalded skin syndrome D staph aureus MRSA infection

A impetigo

A toxin secreted by bacteria, usually protein based A exotoxin B endotoxin C either of the above D none of the above

A exotoxin

Which is the BEST approach to HIV/AIDS management A prevention B development of a vaccine C drug therapy D injections of T cells E none of the above

A: prevention

Microbial virulence factors include: toxins enzymes All listed capsules

All listed

What best describes why Edward Jenner was emboldened to test his smallpox vaccine on James Phipps A James had already been exposed to smallpox before Jenner's test so he was less likely to become reinfected B Milkmaids almost never got smallpox after acquiring cowpox so the same was likely for James after being infected with a cowpox pustule C Jenner had already conducted trials on hundreds of adults and was now ready to test his vaccination on the more disease susceptible children D James was eager to be the first child purposefully exposed to smallpox

B Milkmaids almost never got smallpox after acquiring cowpox so the same was likely for James after being infected with a cowpox pustule

The typical cause of death from Cholera is: A hemorrhagic diarrhea B loss of fluid and dehydration C very high fever D lung failure E none of the above

B loss of fluid and dehydration

This disease is characterized by a breakdown of desmosomes A cellulitis B scalded skin syndrome C necrotizing fascitis D chicken pox

B scalded skin syndrome

Which is NOT true about HIV A A retrovirus with RNA genome B Attacks T cells with CD8 receptors C An enveloped virus D HIV leads to AIDS E All of the above are true

B: Attacks T cells with CD8 receptors

Which is not true about skin defenses: A Keratinized epidermis is very tough B Sebaceous secretions- low pH, inhibitory to microbes C Lysozyme in sweat, tears and saliva D Epidermal cells are rarely sloughed off

D

Which is true about AIDS develops during the late stages of HIV-1 infection A CD4 T-cell populations get very low B Immune system function is severely compromised C Patient dies due to a number of opportunistic type infections and cancers D All of the above

D All of the above

Which is NOT true about Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) A HA binds to Sialic acid to facilitate virus entry B HA and NA are proteins on the surface of the flu virus C NA promotes release of the flu virus by breaking connections between HA and Sialic acids D All of the above ARE true

D All of the above ARE true

A victim of cholera usually dies because of intense intestinal bleeding. T/F?

False

Bacterial STDs are as common as viral but often incurable

False

HIV infects cells via the CD8 receptor. T/F?

False

Lyme disease is restricted to the Northeastern states in the areas around Lyme, Connecticut. T/F?

False

Plants have pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors as well as B and T lymphocytes to help stop microbial infections. True/False

False

Rhizobial bacteria AND mycorrhizal fungi fix nitrogen in a symbiotic relationship with plants True/False

False

The influenza virus only infects humans. T/F?

False

Which of the following statements about Lyme disease is NOT TRUE. Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete. Lyme disease is highly contagious and easily spread from person to person. Rodents are an important reservoir for Lyme disease. Lyme disease can be treated with antibiotics. Lyme disease is vectored by a tick.

Lyme disease is highly contagious and easily spread from person to person.

Which of the following is caused by a protozoan pathogen? a. Trichomoniasis b. Lyme disease c. Impetigo d. cholera e. none of the above

a. Trichomoniasis

Antimicrobial drug resistance is an important problem with all of the following except: a. all listed do have antimicrobial resistance problems b. tuberculosis. c. HIV/AIDS. d. chlamydia. e. gonorrhea.

a. all listed do have antimicrobial resistance problems

The global eradication campaign for smallpox was successful because: an effective vaccine was available. all listed humans are the only host for the virus all infected people show symptoms. the virus is eliminated from the body upon recovery, no chronic carriers

all listed

Which is true about Zika virus: Zika virus can lead to the birth defect microcephaly It is mostly spread by mosquitoes all listed Zika virus can be spread by sex There is no vaccine currently available worldwide

all listed

necrotizing fasciitis is caused by: virus none listed bacteria fungi

bacteria

When the pathogen causing gonorrhea is passed to a newborn from an infected mother: a. the baby may develop a genitourinary infection. b. the baby may develop lifelong immunity to infection by the gonorrhea pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. c. the baby may suffer an infection of the eyes that can result in blindness. d. the mother has probably suffered from HIV infection. e. none of the above.

c. the baby may suffer an infection of the eyes that can result in blindness.

In his classic 1853 epidemiological study, English physician John Snow: showed that vaccination could control smallpox. proved that E. coli could cause severe diarrhea. controlled cholera by shutting down a source of contaminated water. demonstrated that Staphylococcus was present in the throats of healthy people

controlled cholera by shutting down a source of contaminated water.

Which of the following pathogens is NOT spread by the fecal-oral route? a. Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium causing cholera b. Salmonella enterica, the cause of gasteroenteritis. c. Enteropathogenic E. coli. d. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium causing tuberculosis. e. None of the above, they are all spread by the fecal-oral routes.

d. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium causing tuberculosis.

The 1918 pandemic flu killed young healthy people through a cytokine storm of the immune system. T/F?

true

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterial infection. True False

true