Microbiology Final Mastering
All life can be classified into three domains ________.
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Magnification is the quality of the microscope that allows one to distinguish between two points that are very close together.
False
Microaerophiles do not require oxygen for growth.
False
Microorganisms must be cultured before they can be identified.
False
Most viruses are highly resistant to disinfectants and antiseptics.
False
Mutations are always harmful to cells.
False
Penicillin is more effective against gram-negative bacteria than gram-positive bacteria because it specifically interferes with the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide.
False
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is probably the most common cause of viral respiratory disease in adults.
False
Soap is ineffective in killing bacteria. Therefore, hand washing is a rather ineffective measure in preventing disease transmission.
False
The avian influenza A virus is transmitted only between birds.
False
The catarrhal stage of pertussis is characterized by intense mucus production and violent coughing.
False
The common name for the disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum is valley fever.
False
The most common treatments for tinea are either penicillin or cephalosporin.
False
The vast majority of microbes are harmful to humans or plants.
False
__________ involves the ability afforded by genetic engineering to insert a missing gene or replace a defective gene in a human cell.
Gene therapy
Which of these answers describes normal microbiota of the respiratory system?
Microbial antagonism maintains a balance among the normal microbiota.
The following sequence occurs during the initiation of tuberculosis. What is the first step?
Mycobacteria reproduce in macrophages.
During glycolysis, electrons from the oxidation of glucose are transferred to ________.
NAD+
All of these statements are true about DNA replication except:
Only one strand of the parent DNA serves as a template for a newly synthesized complementary strand.
All of these statements are true of diphtheria EXCEPT
Patients can be cured using only antibiotics.
The term describing bacteria with flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell is __________.
Peritrichous
Which kingdom includes multicellular organisms with organelles containing a single circular chromosome, 70S ribosomes, and chlorophyll?
Plantae
A 35-year-old male is hospitalized for cough, fever, and shortness of breath. He is HIV+. Bronchial washings reveal cysts. What is the etiology?
Pneumocystis
All of the following cause conjunctivitis except ________.
Propionibacterium
__________ ammonium compounds are less effective against gram-negative bacteria and more effective against gram-positive bacteria.
Quaternary
Which one of these substances is effective against bacterial endospores?
chlorine bleach
A map that shows the evolutionary relationships of organisms among organisms is the __________.
cladogram
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Streptococcus?
coagulase-positive
Competitive inhibition of enzyme action involves ________.
competition with the substrate for binding at the active site
__________ involves an inhibitor that fills the active site of an enzyme and competes with the normal substrate for the active site. (two words)
competitive inhibition
To look for bacteria that degrade petroleum, a culture medium containing crude oil, sodium nitrate, phosphate buffer, and magnesium sulfate is inoculated with soil. This medium is ________.
complex
A culture medium consisting of agar, peptone, and beef heart extract is a/an ________.
complex medium
The __________ of a compound light microscope focuses light from the light source on the specimen.
condenser
German measles infection during the first trimester of pregnancy may result in __________. (3 words)
congenital rubella syndrome
Which of the following requires cell-to-cell contact?
conjugation
Genes whose products are produced constantly are __________.
constitutive
The epidermis ________.
contains the protein keratin
An exposure to ________ protects against infection with smallpox.
cowpox
The following steps occur during binary fission. What is the third step?
inward growth of membrane After DNA replication and cell elongation, the membrane will grow inward between the two newly formed cells.
All of the following are found in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria except ________.
lipid A
Complement components C5 through C9 form plasma membrane channels in cellular microbes referred to as the __________.
membrane attack complex MAC
The ID50 for many pathogens is significantly smaller when testing with gnotobiotic animals compared to animals with normal microbiota. One reason for this is because gnotobiotic cells would not be protected by ________.
microbial antagonism
A __________ is equal to 0.000001 m.
micrometer
Which of the following is the most convenient and appropriate unit for expressing the size of an average bacterial cell?
micrometer
Scabies is a skin disease caused by a/an __________.
mite
Infection with __________ causes a disease that closely resembles smallpox.
monkeypox
Chemotaxis refers to the ability of microorganisms to ________.
move toward or away from chemical stimuli
The major source of the genetic diversity among microorganisms upon which natural selection operates is ________.
mutation
Salt agar tends to inhibit the growth of most organisms, except Staphylococcus. This is an example of a/an __________ media.
selective
When blood cells are removed from blood, the remaining liquid is referred to as __________.
serum
Large-scale changes in influenza envelope proteins, such as those found in the H5N1 strain, are due to reassortment between different strains. This is called antigenic __________.
shift
Consider a gram-positive cell in a hypertonic medium. If the peptidoglycan were damaged, the cell would __________.
shrink/plasmolyze/collapse
Microorganisms that produce the enzyme keratinase can grow on ________.
skin and hair
An antiseptic Degerming is used to remove microbes from ________.
skin, before an injection
Flagella are too __________ to be seen with the light microscope without adding a mordant.
small
__________ has little value as an antiseptic but is important in the mechanical removal of microbes.
soap
For the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, the word Staphylococcus is the genus name and aureus is the __________. (2 words)
specific epithet
Spherical shaped bacteria that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are called ________.
streptococci
Which of the following mechanisms does not generate ATP using an electron transport chain?
substrate-level phosphorylation
Place these structures of the compound light microscope in the order that light passes through them on the way to the observer's eyes: (1) condenser, (2) ocular lens, (3) illuminator, (4) specimen, (5) objective lens.
(3) illuminator, (1) condenser, (4) specimen, (5) objective lens, (2) ocular lens.
All of the following are visible through a compound light microscope except ________.
0.02-µm ribosome
Streptococcus bacteria lack an electron transport chain. How many molecules of ATP can a Streptococcus cell net from one molecule of glucose?
2
Which biosafety level is described as follows? (open laboratory benchtop, gloves, lab coat, and face/eye protection)
2
When using a 10X ocular lens and a 40X objective, the total magnification achieved is
400X
Which of these statements is true about transduction?
A virus is required for transfer of genetic material.
Iodine is one of the least effective antimicrobial chemicals, effective only against certain very sensitive strains of bacteria.
False
Lipids, proteins, and sugars all may serve as substrates of glycolysis.
False
Microbes are responsible for: synthesis of vitamins breaking down wastes synthesis of acetone and alcohol oxygen generation via photosynthesis All of the above
All
Which pair of organisms are the most closely related?
Amanita fungus-human
At the completion of aerobic respiration, energy has been formed. The energy from the oxidation of glucose is stored in __________?
ATP
Which of the following are products of the light-dependent reactions, on which the light-independent reactions are dependent?
ATP and NADPH
Bergey's Manual includes information on two domains: bacteria and __________.
Archaea
Which of the following properties are true of both bacteria and viruses? Both have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. Both can replicate independently. Both contain DNA and RNA. Both are surrounded by a protein coat. Both use a molecule of nucleic acid to determine heredity.
Both use a molecule of nucleic acid to determine heredity.
Mycobacterium ulcerans causes a skin infection known as a __________. (2 words)
Buruli ulcer
Thrush in children and vaginitis in adults are caused by the fungal genus __________.
Candida
A patient has a rapid onset of fever, headache and chills. He recently returned from Mexico, where he drank local water and stayed in an air-conditioned room. Several weeks ago, he purchased a parrot. After a physical exam, his physician prescribes tetracycline. What is the cause of the patient's illness?
Chlamydia psittaci
The process of using restriction enzymes to create DNA fragments that can be separated by electrophoresis and compared is known as __________. (2 words)
DNA fingerprinting
Decimal reduction time is the time in minutes in which ________ of the population at a given temperature will be killed.
Decimal reduction time (DRT) is the time it takes with a particular treatment to kill 90% of the microbes.
Which of the following is in the correct order?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
In E. coli, the presence of lactose is necessary and sufficient for induction of the lactose-utilization genes. Mutations are always harmful to cells.
False
In a direct microscopic count, dead cells are easily differentiated from live cells.
False
Endospores are:
Endospores are extremely durable structures that can survive high temperatures.
Acid-fast bacteria demonstrate unique staining properties because of a special protein layer found in their cell walls.
False
Aerotolerant organisms can grow in the presence of oxygen because their cell wall protects them from toxic products of oxygen.
False
Bacterial motility and flagellar movement can readily be viewed using transmission electron microscopy.
False
Bacterial smears must be heat-fixed before all staining procedures.
False
Coagulase-negative strains of Staphylococcus are never associated with human disease.
False
E. coli O157:H7 is part of the normal microbiota in the human large intestine.
False
Feedback inhibition generally acts on the last enzyme in an anabolic pathway.
False
Gram stains alone can be used to identify bacteria.
False
Hfr cells transfer genes to recipient cells in a particular order. The term phenotype is used to describe all of the organism's genetic information.
False
Which one of the following would be the most likely to yield a recombinant cell after mating? Which of these statements is not true of translation?
Hfr cell and F- cell Each amino acid is coded for by a single codon.
The etiologic agent of fever blisters is __________.
Human herpesvirus 1 Herpes simplex virus
All of these statements are true of tuberculosis except:
Infection has been greatly reduced due to mass immunization.
All of the following are true of the gram-negative outer membrane except:
It contains enzymes for energy synthesis.
Which of the following statements about a gram-negative cell wall is not true?
It has teichoic acids.
Which of the following is a scientific name?
Legionella pneumophila
You discover a compound that you suspect reduces spoilage in fruit. You treat apples with your compound and inoculate them with Botrytis, a common spoilage fungus. After seven days the dry weight of fungi on the treated apples is 5 mg and 10 mg on the untreated apples. You conclude from these results that ________. All of the following methods are used for food preservation except ________.
Since the treatment appears to have slowed fungal growth, we can say that it is fungistatic.
Which of the following is NOT normal skin microbiota?
Streptococcus
Which of the following is not true for the slide agglutination test?
The absence of agglutination indicates that the antibody reacted with the antigen. This technique identifies signature rRNA sequences of microbes.
What do all of these bacteria have in common? Bacteria in the rumen of cattle and sheep Bacteria in a sewage treatment plant Bacteria growing in the middle ear in chronic otitis media Bacteria growing on the teeth in dental plaque
The bacteria are most likely growing in biofilms.
Consider the polypeptide sequence encoded by the following DNA: TACAAAGAAATT If base number 6 is changed to G, how will this affect the polypeptide?
There will be no change in the polypeptide.
__________ bacteria may survive pasteurization.
Thermoduric, Endospore-forming, Heat resistant
All of these statements are true of plasmids except:
They are essential for survival of the organism in most situations.
Which of these chemicals is not an oxidizing agent? Some microbes are very resistant to antimicrobial chemicals. Which of the following would be the easiest to kill?
Triclosan E. coli
Adding salts to a solution increases osmotic pressure and is used to preserve food.
True
Codons of mRNA temporarily bond to anticodons of tRNA during translation.
True
Enzymes work most effectively at their optimal temperature and pH.
True
Ethylene oxide gas is used to sterilize medical equipment that might be damaged by exposure to the heat of autoclaving.
True
Examples of fungi include the yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.
True
Flagella are appendages that allow locomotion in bacteria.
True
Glycolysis produces ATP through substrate phosphorylation.
True
Immersion oil acts to decrease refraction of light rays and thus increase resolution.
True
Impetigo can be caused by either Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, or both.
True
In prokaryotes, translation of an mRNA molecule can begin before transcription of the mRNA molecule is completed.
True
Influenza vaccines are typically prepared by growing the virus in embryonated eggs.
True
Legionellosis is a form of pneumonia that does not appear to be transmitted from person to person.
True
Psychrotrophic organisms are often responsible for food spoilage in refrigerated foods.
True
The Gram stain is important in medical microbiology because the results help physicians select appropriate antibiotics for treatment.
True
The cell membrane is a fluid structure that allows membrane proteins to move freely.
True
The endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotic organelles evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living within other prokaryotes.
True
The plane in which a bacterial cell divides determines the arrangement of cells.
True
The presence of organic matter, such as blood or saliva, may impair the action of antimicrobial chemicals.
True
The synthesis of sugars by using carbon atoms from CO2 gas is called carbon fixation.
True
One of the most important reasons to diagnose and treat strep throat is ________.
Untreated strep throat may contribute to the development of rheumatic fever.
Which of the following is an appropriate definition for a prokaryotic species?
a population of cells with similar characteristics including structure, morphology, biochemical reactions, surface antigens, and rRNA
For a cell, which of the following compounds has the greatest amount of energy per molecule?
acetyl CoA pyruvate
When stained, bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium are __________.
acid-fast
A "teenage disease" called __________ is caused by gram-positive rods than can be isolated from pus-filled cysts on the face and upper back. (1 word)
acne
A population of bacterial cells has been placed in a very nutrient-poor environment with extremely low concentrations of sugars and amino acids. Which kind of membrane transport becomes crucial in this environment?
active transport
Which of the following processes requires energy?
active transport
An unknown organism grows at the top of a tube of thioglycolate broth. This organism is best described as a/an __________ for its oxygen requirements.
aerobe
The chemical reactions involved in synthesizing proteins and cell wall peptidoglycan are examples of ________ reactions.
anabolic
Oxidizing agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, are useful for irrigating deep wounds where released oxygen will inhibit the growth of __________.
anaerobic bacteria
A child with pus-filled vesicles and scabs on his face, throat, and lower back most likely has __________, caused by a herpesvirus infection.
chickenpox
All of the following are examples of biotechnology except ________. bread making with bacteria and fungi enzyme production by bacteria and fungi bacteria that cause disease antibiotic production by bacteria
bacteria that cause disease
Some antimicrobial treatments kill microbes; some inhibit growth. Which term refers to an agent that inhibits bacterial growth?
bacteriostatic
All of the following are characteristics of the varicella-zoster virus except ________.
benign skin growths
In E. coli, Hfr cells ________. All of these statements are true of base substitutions except ________.
can pass main chromosome genes to a recipient cell Mutations rarely involve base substitutions.
Acid-fast Mycobacteria differ from non-acid-fast bacteria by the presence of ________.
carbol fuchsin waxy material in their cell wall
At the completion of the Krebs cycle, the carbons from glucose are in __________. (name the molecule)
carbon dioxide
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Archaea?
cause disease in humans
Robert Hooke's observation of the individual units in thin layers of cork tissue led to the development of __________ theory.
cell
Which one of the following is a method of vertical gene transmission?
cell division
The yeast Malassezia furfur may be the cause of:
dandruff
Most amino acids are encoded by several different codons. This is referred to as the __________ of the genetic code.
degeneracy
Biological oxidations are also called __________ reactions.
dehydrogenation
Sterilization is the ________.
destruction of all life-forms
A key difference between classification methods and identification methods is that classification methods are designed to ________.
determine evolutionary relationships of organisms
The __________ is the part of the microscope that controls the amount of light entering the condenser.
diaphragm
Lister knew that carbolic acid (phenol) kills bacteria. He used it as the first __________.
disinfectant
Members of the Kingdom Fungi are ________.
either unicellular or multicellular
Which of the following is not a modification of a compound microscope?
electron microscope
Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are resistant to all of the first-line drugs and at least half of the second-line drugs are known as __________ tuberculosis. (3 words or initials)
extensively drug resistant
An organism that grows both in the presence and the absence of oxygen and uses oxygen when it is available is called a/an ________.
facultative anaerobe
Which of the following is not a predisposing condition for candidiasis (yeast infections)?
fifth disease
Which of the following bacterial structures are necessary for chemotaxis?
flagella
Which of the following is not a major target for action of antimicrobials?
flagella
Place the following infections in order of increasing tissue involvement and severity: (1) septicemia, (2) folliculitis, (3) cellulitis, (4) furuncle.
folliculitis, furuncle, cellulitis, septicemia
In the scientific name, Escherichia coli, Escherichia is the ________.
genus
The complete oxidation of glucose typically involves which three stages?
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are collectively referred to as __________.
granulocytes
Operating rooms may receive ventilation from air that has passed through __________ filters to remove microorganisms.
high-efficiency particulate air HEPA
An 81-year-old female has a mass in her lower left lung. Her tuberculin skin test is negative. Microscopic examination of her lung biopsy reveals large, ovoid cells. The patient has ________.
histoplasmosis
The transfer of genetic information between organisms through processes such as transduction or conjugation is called __________ gene transfer.
horizontal
Body temperature, which can change because of infection, is controlled by a region of the brain known as the __________.
hypothalamus
The protection from disease provided by vaccination is called __________.
immunity
The ability of microbes to utilize N2 as a nitrogen source is called __________.
nitrogen fixation
Bacterial growth refers to an increase in the __________ of bacterial cells.
number
Unlike eukaryotes, in prokaryotes chemiosmosis ________.
occurs at the plasma membrane and not the mitochondria
The process of coating bacteria with serum proteins to promote attachment of phagocytes is called __________.
opsonization
Niacin, when added to a medium, would be considered a/an Bacteria growing in and on the human body, including normal microbiota as well as pathogens, are classified as ________.
organic growth factor mesophilic and heterotrophic
All of the following pairs are correctly matched except ________.
oxidation; reaction where electrons are gained
Which of the following fields of study and its example are not correctly matched? parasitology; study of HIV mycology; study of athlete's foot immunology; study of vaccines bacteriology; study of E. coli O157:H7
parasitology; study of HIV
A test that determines which phages a bacterium is susceptible to is called __________. (2 words)
phage-typing
Which of the following types of microscopy is most useful for viewing the internal structures of unstained specimens?
phase-contrast
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called a ________.
phylogeny
The ________ charge of a basic dye adheres to the ________ charge of bacterial cell surfaces.
positive; ......negative
In a/an __________, cells are added to melted agar and poured into a petri dish. (2 words)
pour plate
Which of these conditions is likely to interfere with the effectiveness of an antiseptic or disinfectant?
presence of biofilms
Which of the following infectious agents challenges current sterilization strategies that have been accepted and in use for decades?
prions
To begin transcription, the RNA polymerase binds a region on DNA known as the __________.
promoter
Mad cow disease is caused by a prion, which is an infectious ________.
protein
Bacteria require nitrogen for the synthesis of ________.
proteins
The __________ are unicellular, eukaryotic microbes that move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia.
protozoa
Which of the following types of microorganism and its description is not correctly matched? helminthes; multicellular animals bacteria; prokaryotic fungi; eukaryotic protozoa; small animals
protozoa; small animals
In the Gram stain, if the decolorizing step is deleted, gram-negative cells will appear ________ at the completion of the staining procedure.
purple
Martian soil is inoculated into a glucose-containing medium. The radioactive form of carbon, 14C, is used in the glucose. After incubation for five days, which of the following would provide evidence suggesting that there is life on Mars?
radioactive carbon dioxide
The __________ have at least 113 antigenic types and are the most common agent of colds.
rhinoviruses
Gram-negative cells contain a periplasmic space that is ________.
rich in degradative enzymes
Endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached to its outer surface is referred to as __________.
rough ER
Which of the following kinds of microscopy would be most appropriate for viewing the shape and arrangement of pili or fimbriae on the surface of a bacterial cell?
scanning electron microscopy
A medium containing lauryl sulfate inhibits growth of gram-positive bacteria. This medium is ________.
selective
In the lac operon of E. coli, ________.
the repressor protein binds to the operator in the absence of lactose
You are viewing a sputum smear that has been stained with an acid-fast stain. On this smear you see 5-µm- long red cells. You can conclude that ________.
there are acid-fast bacteria in the specimen
For every NADH that is oxidized via the electron transport chain, __________ ATP are formed.
three
Small stretches of DNA that can move within a genome are referred to as __________.
transposons
The walled-off lesions in lung tissue formed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis are called __________.
tubercles granulomas
The motility of bacteria with flagella occurs through a series of "runs" and __________.
tumbles
All of the following are characteristics of prokaryotesexcept ________.
use mitosis
All of these descriptions pertain to Mycoplasmal pneumonia except ________.
usually a life-threatening illness in adolescence
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a frequent cause of pneumonia in children and young adults, is called __________ pneumonia.
walking/primary atypical
