Microbiology for Mortuary Science, Chapter 23

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Hexachlorophene

450 times more effective as a germicide than phenol. Now only available with an RX; is an ingredient in several commercial embalming chemicals

Chlorine

A gas that is combined with water to form sodium hypochlorite. Household bleach contains about 5 % sodium hypochlorite, making it several hundred times stronger than needed to kill most disease causing microorganisms

Temperature

A physical method to control the growth of microorganisms

Chemical Methods of Controlling Microorganisms

Antimicrobial agents ending in -cide are agents that will kill; those that end in -static are agents that will prevent growth

Heat

Can be used to control the growth of microorganisms by incineration, dry heat and moist heat

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics that damage cellular membranes and denature microbial proteins. Drawback is that they are deactivated in the presence of soaps and other organic matter or any alkaline substance

Glutaraldehyde

Cold chemical sterilant when activated in a 2% solution which is germicidal in 10 minutes and kills endospores in 3-12 hours.

Cresols

Commonly used in mortuary disinfectants because they work well in the presence of other organic compounds. Used to produce Lysol.

Iodophore

Compound of iodine and a surfactant such as a detergent that can slowly release the free iodine. Betadine is a common iodophore

Formalin

Concentrated liquid form of formaldehyde use as disinfectant. 37% formaldehyde by mass and 40% formaldehyde by volume - extremely concentrated form of formaldehyde

Iodine

Controls microbial growth by oxidizing certain molecules within the microbial cell. Can be used as a tincture or iodophore

Disinfection

Destruction of pathogenic agents by chemical or physical means directly applied to an inanimate object

Cremation

Form of incineration. Human remains are placed in a retort and temperature of approximately 1600 degrees F is maintained until complete combustion takes place.

UV Light

Form of nonionizing radiation that can effectively control the growth of microorganisms placed directly in its path.

Aldehydes

Group of organic compounds that control microbial growth by reacting to proteins in microorganisms and altering their chemical structure.

Sterilization

Highest level of microbial growth control. Completely removes or destroys all life forms, endospores or their products

Phenolic Compounds

Includes phenol (carbolic acid) cresols (Lysol) and hexachlorophene; controls microbial growth by denaturing proteins & disrupting cell membranes

Carbolic Acid

Joseph Lister first used Phenol as a disinfectant during surgery to disinfect wounds.

Germicides

Kill a variety of different types of microorganisms but not necessarily their spores

Bactericides

Kill bacteria but not necessarily their spores

Fungicides

Kill both fungi and their spores

Insecticides

Kill insects

Larvicides

Kill larvae

Viricides

Kill viruses

Bacterial Endospores

Killed at 15 psi at 121 degrees C for 15 minutes

Sporicides

Kills bacterial and mold spores

Thermal Death Point

Lowest temperature at which all microorganisms are killed in 10 minutes.

Scrubbing

Manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface

Thermal Death Time

Minimum time it takes to kill all microorganisms present

Alcohol

Often added to other disinfectants such as iodine, chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds

Antisepsis

Preventing or inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms

Dry Heat

Requires much more exposure time than moist heat methods of decontamination. Proteins do not denature as easily when they are dry.

Three levels of controlling microbial growth

Sterilization; Disinfection; Antisepsis

Moist Heat

Three methods of moist heat decontamination are boiling, free flowing steam and steam under pressure.

Decimal Reduction Time

Time it takes in minutes to kill 90% of all present microorganisms.

Benzalkonium Chloride

Topical antiseptic used on skin before surgery.

Incineration

Used most frequently in funeral homes to treat hazardous waste. To be effective, all of the waste matter must be incinerated

Halogens

Widely used disinfectants that work by oxidizing the components of microbial cells. Six elements- hydrogen, astatine, fluorine, chlorine, bromline and iodine.


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