Microbiology Unit 2: Mycology (Exam 1)

Trichophyton sp., Microsporum sp., Epidermophyton sp.

3 genus that causes Tinea or Ringworm Infections

superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, opportunistic

5 groups of Mycoses

asexual spores

A type of Spore Formed by hyphae of one organism (no fusion nuclei) Genetically identical to parent through Mitosis Occurs more often in nature 2 Types: Conidiospores or Sporangiospores

sexual spores

A type of Spore Fusion of nuclei from 2 opposite mating strains of the same species of fungi Occurs through the process of Meiosis Occurs Less Often than asexual spores Genetic characteristics of both parent strains Types: Zygospores, Ascospores, Basidiospores

food industry, antibiotics, decomposers of plant matter, medicinal, commercial

Benefits of Fungi

mycotoxin

Chemical poisons made by Fungi Often affect circulatory or CNS, Heart Tissue Types: Aflatoxin and Ergotism

laboratory identification of fungi

Direct visualization: Looking for Spores Culture: likes sugar/salt, low pH, grow slow and at RT Mycoserology

mannan, chitin, glucan

Found in Cell Membranes of Fungi All are types of Carbohydrates

Spores

How do Molds reproduce?

Budding

How do Yeasts Reproduce?

characteristics in mycology

Kingdom Fungi: Eukaryotes 100,000 types (200 pathogenic to animals) Location: Air, Soil, Water Similar to algae; no chlorophyll Mainly aerobic Chemoheterotrophic Absorbs food

sterol

Lipid alcohol found in Fungi Cellular Membrane "CM" ex: Cholesterol, steriods

deuteromycetes, zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes

Medically Important Fungi Major Phyla

reproduce by budding

Reproductive Characteristics of Yeast Can produce up to 24 daughter cells Pseudohypha: Buds do not detach

asexual and sexual spores

Reproductive Structures of Molds: Spores Used to I.D. Molds

Non-filamentous, oval, unicellular

Structural Characteristics of Yeast Facultative: Live with or without O2 (Respiration and Fermentation, respectively) Widely distributed in nature White powdery coating on fruits/vegetables

characteristics of yeast

Structural: Non-filamentous (not fuzzy), oval, unicellular Reproduction: Budding Dimorphic for Survival

mycoserology

Study of antigens/antibodies of fungi

dimorphic

Survival Characteristic of Yeast Cells are more Pathogenic Members can change from mold-like to yeast Temperature dependent Room Temp (25 degrees C): Mold-like Body Temp (37 degrees C): Yeast-like

ringworm infection diagnoses and treatment

Tinea Diagnosis: Skin scraping, UV light (Woods lamp) culture Treatment: miconazole, clotrimazole, griseofulvin(oral) Holistic approach: Vapor Rub

types of ringworm infections

Tinea capitis: Skin, Scalp Tinea unguim (onychomycosis): nails Tinea cruris (jock itch): Groin Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)**: leading type of foot infection

conidiospores

Type of Asexual Mold Spore Or Conidia Conidiophore: Supporting structure (Tree-tank) Ex: Aspergillus sp. Types: arthrospores and blastospores

sporangiospores

Type of Asexual Mold Spore Sporangium: Sac where the spore is stored Sporangiophore: Supporting Structure ex: Rhizopus sp. (Common Breadmold)

anti-fungal antibiotics

Type of antibiotic that disrupts Sterol Synthesis in CM of Fungi

food spoilage, plant disease, damage to buildings, animal disease, human disease

Undesirable effects of Fungi

Arthrobotrys anchonia

Unique Fungi Soil nematodes can be captured by this predatory fungi Hyphae capture the worm and then penetrates the worm's body Worm digested by the fungi

thallus, hyphae, septa, coenocytic hyphae, mycelium

Vegetative Structures of Molds Used to absorb nutrients

structural characteristics of molds

Vegetative structures of Molds Reproductive Structures

growth characteristics of fungi

Warm, moist areas; but also dry Grow slower than bacteria Prefer acidic conditions: pH 5 Grows in high sugar or salt conditions Grows best at: Room Temperature Susceptible to heat Can metabolize Complex Carbohydrates like lignin (Wood)

study of yeast, molds, and mushrooms

What is mycology?

genetic engineering

Yeast cells used to produce Hepatitis B vaccine Aspergillus engineered with rennin gene

food industry

a Benefit of Fungi Alcoholic Beverages Cheeses and Breads Truffles: "Diamonds in the Kitchen"

decomposers of plant matter

a Benefit of Fungi Cellulase (Enzyme breaksdown Cellulose) Pectinase (Enzyme breaksdown Pectin in skins of fruit)

antibiotics

a Benefit of Fungi Penicillin

medicinal

a Benefit of Fungi Taxomyces sp.: Taxol (Cancer Treatment) Aspergillus terreus: Statins (Lowers Cholesterol) Tolypociadium sp.: Cyclosparins (Lower Immune System for Transplants)

commercial

a Benefit of Fungi Trichodermis sp.: Cellulose (Clarify Juice)

tinea

a Cutaneous Mycoses Colonize: Hair, nails, epidermis Keratinolytic fungi (dermatophytes) Organisms: Trichophyton sp., Microsporum sp., Epidermorphyton sp. Lesions: Dry, Scaly, Itchy, Red periphery Transmission: Communicable Disease (Direct context or fomites) Seen actively in kids, wrestlers and animals

Blastomyces dermatitidis

a Dimorphic fungus that causes Systemic Mycoses Blastomycosis

Coccidioides immitis

a Dimorphic fungus that causes Systemic Mycoses Coccidiodomycoses

Cryptococcus neoformans

a Dimorphic fungus that causes Systemic Mycoses Cryptococcosis

Histoplasma capsulatum

a Dimorphic fungus that causes Systemic Mycoses Histoplasmosis

deuteromycetes

a Major Phyla Called Fungi Imperfecti Reproduces Asexually, no evidence of Sexual spores

Aspergillus sp.

a Microconidia that causes Opportunistic Mycoses Aspergillosis

systemic mycoses

a Mycoses type Deep in the body Affects tissues and organs (usually Respiratory Tract) Usually caused by soil fungi Mode of entry: inhalation Not contagious Resembles TB Treatment: Amphotericin or Ketoconazole Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidiodomycoses, Cryptococcosis

Cutaneous Mycoses

a Mycoses type Involves the epidermis, hair, & nails (Dermatomycoses) Tinea or Ringworm Infections

Superficial Mycoses

a Mycoses type Piedra Benign infection (not dangerous)

opportunistic mycoses

a Mycoses type Takes advantage of host Harmless in most people Pathogenic in those who are immuno-supressed, immunocompromised, diabetic, undergoing broad-spectrum antibiotics, undergoing cancer treatment Systemic infections can also be opportunistic Aspergillosis, Mucormycoses or Phycomycoses, Candidiasis or Moniliasis

subcutaneous mycoses

a Mycoses type Under the skin Caused by saprophytes that live in soil or vegetation Mode of Entry: Open Skin wound Sporotrichosis

aflatoxin

a Mycotoxin type Made by Aspergillus sp. Found on peanuts (peanut butter recalls) Dangerous to humans and animals Carcinogenic; Liver Damage Found on Field Corn, Corn flakes, corn ships

ergotism

a Mycotoxin type also known as ergot poisoning Widespread during Middle Ages Produced by Claviceps purpurea Found on: Rye Wheat Barley (Cereal Grains) Restricts blood flow; causes hallucinogenic symptoms (LSD = Lysergic Acid) Not common in U.S. usually found in Europe

aspergillosis

a Opportunistic Mycoses Found in soil & decaying vegetation Mode of Entry: Inhalation Causes Pulmonary infection, ear (otomycosis, looks like cotton in ear), sinusitis, brain infection, & systemic infection Organism: Aspergillus sp. Treatment: Amphotericin B.

candidiasis

a Opportunistic Mycoses also known as Moniliasis "Yeast infection" Most frequent cause of fungal disease in cancer patients Part of normal flora of mouth, skin, GI tract, urethra and vagina Organism: Candida albicans Infections: Thrush, Vulvovaginitis (Vaginal yeast infection - can be STD), Systemic infections (immunosuppressed patients) Treatment: Miconazole, mycostatin, nystatin, and ketoconazole (oral)

mucormucosis

a Opportunistic Mycoses also known as Phycomycosis Occurs in patients with Diabetes, Leukemia, or Treatment with immunosuppressive drugs Mode of Entry: Inhalation Not Contagious Organism: Rhizopus sp. Treatment: Amphotericin

Rhizopus sp.

a Sporagngiospore that causes Opportunistic Mycoses mucormucosis Organism is also known as Mucor

sporotrichosis

a Subcutaneous Mycoses Most common Subcutaneous Mycoses in U.S. Organism: Sporothrix sp. Dimorphic fungi found in soil, thorn bushes, and other plant matter Occupations at risk: Landscapers, farmers Seldom fatal Treatment: Ingestion of 10% KI (Potassium Iodide)

piedra

a Superficial Mycoses Location: Long, stringy hair and surface epidermal cells Seen in tropical climates Cosmetic issuses - Dirty Look Transmittable by touch (Direct Contact) Hard black or white gritty nodules on hair shafts Treatment: Shave hair Miconazole (Antifungal antibiotic disrupts sterol in cellular membrane)

blastomycosis

a Systemic Mycoses Common in Mississippi valley soil Most infections are asymptomaic, but causes 30 to 60 deaths/year Begins in lungs but can spread rapidly causing cutaneous ulcers, abscess formation and tissue destruction Organism: Blastomyces dermatitidis Treatment: Amphotericin B

histoplasmosis

a Systemic Mycoses Common in Ohio Valley region, In Soil where dropping from birds and bats accumulated Usually subclinical, but causes 50 deaths/year in US Resembles Tb (affects lungs) but may spread to other parts via blood or lymph Organism: Histoplasma capsulatum Treatment: Amphotericin B or Intraconazole

coccidioidomycoses

a Systemic Mycoses also known as San Joaquin Valley Fever Spores found in dry alkaline soils of: American Southwest, South America, and Mexico (Endemic) 100,000 infections/year, but most are subclinical, only 1% symptoms similar to Tb Organism: Coccidioides immitis Treatment: Amphotericin B

cryptococcosis

a Systemic Myscoses also known as Torulosis Found in Urban Areas, where pigion feces provide nutrients to the soil Mortality is 30%; infection in lungs (subclinical); fungal meningitis; cutaneous lesions Most common cause of fungal death in U.S. Organism: Cryptococcus neoformans Diagnosis: Cerbrospinal fluid with India Ink stain

plant disease

a Undesirable effect of Fungi Costs more than 1 Billion$/yr Potato Blight, Dutch Elm Tree and Chestnut Tree Disease

damage to buildings

a Undesirable effect of Fungi example: "Dry Rot"

human disease

a Undesirable effect of Fungi example: Mycoses

animal diseases

a Undesirable effect of Fungi example: White-nose bat disease

thallus

a Vegetative Structures of Molds Body of Mold Consisting of Filaments (Roots)

mycelium

a Vegetative Structures of Molds Filamentous mass visible to the eye

coenocytic hyphae

a Vegetative Structures of Molds Hyphae with No Cross-Walls

hyphae

a Vegetative Structures of Molds Or Hypha Filaments-multicellular Can be a very long; elongate at the tips

septa

a Vegetative Structures of Molds Or Septum Cross-walls

Candida albicans

a fungus that causes Opportunistic Mycoses Candidiasis

fomite

an Inanimate Object that can transfer organisms example: Combs, Clothes (unwashed)

mycoses

fungal diseases Usually Chronic(long-term) due to Fungi growth being slow Can see symptoms in weeks or months 5 groups based on tissue involvement

Sporothrix sp.

organism that causes Subcutaneous Mycoses Sporotrichosis

saprophytes

organisms that live off dead or decaying matter opposite of parasite

fungi

part of Kingdom Fungi Eucaryote Unicellular and Multicellular Reproduce through Spores(Molds) and Budding(Yeasts) Larger in size than bacteria Cell Wall: Mannan, Chitin, Glucan CM: Contains Sterols

bacteria

part of Kingdom Monera Procaryote Unicellular Binary Fission Smaller in size Cell Wall: PG CM: No Sterols

chemoheterotrophics

requiring preformed organic compounds as a source of carbon and oxidizing organic compounds as a source of energy; gets energy source (food) from carbon and organic compounds (living things)