MicroPath Review (Path Chapters 16-19)

Hypothyroidism

A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal

Closed fracture

A fracture without rupture of ligaments or skin

Macule

A lesion associated with acne

Which of the following results from an excess of the hormone cortisol? A. Cushing syndrome B. Addison's disease C. Graves' disease D. Down syndrome

A. Cushing syndrome

Which of the following refers to a collection of many varied lymphomas? A. Non-hodgkin's B. Hodgkins C. Lymphadenopathy D. Leukemia

A. Non-hodgkin's

Seborrhea

Also known as cradle cap

Bedsore

Also known as decubitus ulcer

Goiters

An enlargment of thyroid gland that is not associated with inflammation or cancer

Which of the following is not associated with Hypoparathyroidism? A. Chvostek's sign B. Aldosterone C. Trousseau's sign D. Tetany

B. Aldosterone

An infection of the tonsils in which the tonsils become inflamed is known as which of the following? A. Lymphoma B. Tonsillitis C. Lymphangitis D. Hodgkin's lymphoma

B. Tonsillitis

Comminuted fracture

Bone breaks into small pieces

Which of the following may occur in cases of sickle cell anemia? A. Lymphangitis B. Lymphoma C. Splenomegaly D. Lymphadenopathy

C. Splenomegaly

Lymphoma

Cancer of the lymphatic system, causing some of the cells in the lymphatic system to grow abnormally and out of control

Diabetes mellitus

Carbohydrates that break down into sugars in the digestive system are not digested effectively because of the lack of appropriate insulin production in pancreas

Psoriasis

Chronic, inflammatory skin disease, characterized by red, thickened areas with silvery scales, most often on the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back

Which of the following is a disorder occurring when the adrenal gland fail to produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone? A. Cushing's syndrome B. Graves' disease C. Hypoparathyroidism D. Addison's disease

D. Addison's disease

Which of the following is characterized by arrested physical and mental development, dystrophy of the bones, and lowered basal metabolism? A. Hyperparathyroidism B. Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome C. Hyperthyroidism D. Cretinism

D. Cretinism

Which of the following diseases is the result of a proliferation of lymphocytes and leukocytes within a lymph node or by the presence of a tumor in a lymph node? A. Lymphoma B. Splenomegaly C. Lymphangitis D. Lymphadenopathy .

D. Lymphadenopathy

Which of the following disorders is characterized by red streaks extending from the infected area to the axillary space or groin? A. Leukemia B. Lymphadenopathy C. Lymphoma D. Lymphangitis

D. Lymphangitis

Osteoarthritis

Deteriation of joint cartilage, which causes bones to rub against each other, rsulting in pain, inflammation, and loss of movement

Scoliosis

Developmental disorder of the spine in whch the spinal column exhibits a lateral curvature

What is the impact of diseases of the integumentary on the condition of the deceased?

Discolorations Dehydration Lesion Pigmentation or depigmentation Swelling due to inflammation

Psoriasis

Disorder in which plaques form on the skin

Seborrhoreic dermatitis

Disorder of the sebaceous glands of the scalp, face, trunk.

Graves' disease

Distine type of hyperthyroidism cuased by an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland

What is the impact of diseases of the endocrine system on the condition of the deceased?

Edema Disoloration Deformities Circulatory disturbances

What are the impact of diseases of the lymphatic system on the condition of the deceased?

Edema Emaciation Dehydration Metastasis

Splenomegaly

Enlargement of the spleen beyond its normal size

Compound fracture

External wound leads down to the site of fracture or fragments of bone protrude through the skin

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Failure of the adrenal glands to secrete appropriate levels of corticosteroids due to bleeding within the adrenal cortex

Segmental fracture

Fractures occur in two nearby areas with an isolated central portion

Angulated fracture

Fragments of bone lie at an angle to each other

Eczema

General term for a variety of inflammatory skin conditions, characterized by dry, red, extremely itchy patches on the skin that may ooze an inflammatory exudate.

Achondroplasia

Genetic disorder of bown growth caused by either through inheritance or genetic mutation resulting in a conditon known as dwarfism

Dwarfism

Growth that is stunted after may years due to the failure to secrete sufficient amounts of growth hormone

Chancre

Hard, primary ulcer due to syphilis infection appearing approximately two or three weeks after infection. Common on the external genitalia, on the mouth, and on the anus

Acromegaly

Hyperfunction of the anterior lob of the pituitary gland after ossification has been completed

Cretinism

Hypothyroid condition of infants and children in which the thyroid gland does not secrete sufficeint quantities of thyroid hormones

Cushing's syndrome

Iatrogenic disorder of the adrenal glands due to chronic glucocorticoid hormone therapy

Vitiligo

Idiopathic disorder in which the melanocytes stop producing pigment and are destroyed. The loss of pigment results in white, patchy spots on the affected part, which can occur anywhere on the body. More common on areas of the skin exposed to greater sunlight such as hands, feet, arms, face and lips

Gumma

Infectious lesion due to tertiary syphilis consisting of a central necrotic mass surrounded by an inflammatory zone and fibrous deterioration of the tissues.

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursae in certain joints of the body

Rheumatoid arthritis

Inflammation of the lining of the joints or internal organs

Osteomyelitis

Inflammatory disorder of bone and bone marrow resulting form pyogenic bacteria, which get their name because they cause pus in the body

Lymphangitis

Inflammatory disorder of the lymph vessels, characterized by local and systemic pain, commonly results from a back terminal infection of the skin known as cellulitis, or from a skin abscess

Describe the Pathogenesis of an abscesses

Localized collection of pus that is walled off by a membrane formed by the body's immune system cells, specifically by macrophages, in any body part. It results from invasion of a pyogenic bacterium or other pathogen

Osteoporosis

Loss of bone mass that occurs throughout the skeleton, resulting in a predisposition to bone fracture

Addison's disease

Occurs when the adrenal glands fail to produe enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone

impacted fracture

One bone fragment is forced into another

Giantism

Overstimulation of the pituary produces an excess amount of growth hormone and can result in abnormal growth of the body

What is the impact of diseases of the bones and joints on the condition of the deceased?

Physical distortion of joints affected by arthritis

Describe the progression of bedsores

Stage 1: initial stage in which the skin is unbroken, red, and superficial Stage 2: a partial layer of the skin is injured and a blister is probably present Stage 3: the bedsore extends through all layers of the skin and is at a high risk of infection Stage 4: the bedsore has reached the underlying muscle and bone. It is necrotic and infected Stage 5: older classification in which the wound is extremely deep, possibly involving organs

Acne

Term for blackheads, whiteheads, and pimples on the skin

Describe the warning signs of skin cancer

The appearance of new moles, changes in the color of moles, lumpy or painful moles, moles that are crusty, moles that bleed, moles that ooze fluids, the appearance of a red halo around a mole

Spiral fracture

The fracture follows a helical line along and around the course of long bone.

What is the role of the islets of Langerhans in diabetes mellitus?

The islets of Langerhans in diabetics do not produce insulin, which lowers blood sugar

Greenstick fracture

The line of fracture does not include the whole bone

Diabetes insipidus

Uncommon conditon resulting form the inability of the kidneys to conserve water

Osteomalacia

a disease marked by softening of the bones due to faulty calcification in adulthood

Hypoparathyroidism

deficient production of parathyroid hormone

Lymphadenopathy

enlargement of lymph nodes

Hyperthyroidism

excessive activity of the thyroid gland

Hyperparathyroidism

excessive production of parathormone

Avulsed fracture

fragments of bone are pulled from their normal position by muscles

Tonsillitis

inflammation of the tonsils

Psoriatic arthritis

inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis of the skin, a chronic skin and nail disease

Osteosarcoma

malignant tumor of the bone

Colles fracture

transverse fracture of the distal radius in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly