Mid-Term Exam (Chapters 4-8)

Samantha believes that Gabe is a member of the football team because he is muscular and wears gym shorts. This typically illustrates

the representativeness heuristic.

_____ is the initial learning of the connection between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

Acquisition

The connectivist view of memory argues that

changes in the strength of synaptic connections are the fundamental bases of memory.

Which of the following is a way to improve short-term memory?

chunking

Which of the following represents the most alert states of human consciousness?

controlled processes

Dhiraj excels at his work as a designer for the established fashion brand "Vivacious." According to Sternberg's theory of intelligence, it can be concluded that Dhiraj has a high level of _____ intelligence.

creative

Freisha intends to learn cooking but is confused about the type of cuisine she aims to learn. According to the steps in problem solving, the first step that must be taken by her is to

find and frame the problem.

Each key on a touch-tone telephone makes a slightly different sound when touched. This difference is due to the pitch of sound produced by each key. The difference in pitch is determined by the _____ of the sound waves coming from each key.

frequency

If Howard, a student, has the most common form of color blindness, he will have trouble distinguishing

green from blue and red.

In the context of the skin senses, when warm and cold receptors that are close to each other in the skin are stimulated simultaneously, a person experiences the sensation of

hotness

Which of the following is a characteristic of good problem solvers?

humility

The Raven Progressive Matrices is considered to be a culture-fair test. Yet, it has been criticized since it discriminates against

individuals with lower educational levels.

Human beings will often reason from the specific to the general. That is, people often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. This type of reasoning is termed as

inductive reasoning.

Identify a trait that is most commonly associated with creative thinkers.

inner motivation

Which of the following is a cognitive form of learning?

insight learning

Continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning

is the type of reinforcement in which organisms learn rapidly.

Melvin is an elementary school teacher who rewards his students with extra playtime whenever they do well on a class assignment. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is Melvin using to motivate his students to work harder?

positive reinforcement

Cognitive psychologists are interested in examining the process of

problem solving.

The adrenal gland plays a role in maintaining circadian rhythm by

producing the hormone cortisol to wake humans.

David's roommate, Ryan, asks David for advice on how to study for his final exams. Applying his knowledge of context-dependent memory, David will be most likely to recommend that Ryan study

quietly in the classroom in which he is going to take his exam.

Observational learning is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because observational learning

relies on mental processes.

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information is called a(n)

schema

In the context of sensation and perception, specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to afferent nerves and the brain are called

sensory receptors.

Mr. Owens always sleeps restlessly, snoring and gasping during the night. It is most likely that Mr. Owens suffers from

sleep apnea.

The _____ view describes hypnosis as a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes a hypnotized person should behave.

social cognitive behavior

In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of retrieving information?

Martha is reciting a poem she learned in school.

_____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

Elaboration

_____ is a person's capacity to harness consciousness, to focus on specific thoughts while ignoring others.

Executive function

_____ is the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.

Flashbulb memory

_____ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Generalization

_____ are psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.

Hallucinogens

Gregory is a 13-month-old toddler. According to milestones of language development, which of the following language milestones is attained by Gregory at this age?

He understands more than 50 words.

Hannah, a call center employee working in day shift, has been asked to work a night shift on Tuesday. During her night shift, Hannah falls asleep at her desk around midnight. Which of the following can best explain her behavior?

Her circadian rhythm has become desynchronized.

Which of the following is true of a fixed-interval schedule in the context of operant conditioning?

It reinforces the first behavior after a set amount of time has passed.

Which of the following statements is true of the stroop effect?

It represents a failure of selective attention.

Which of the following statements is true of the kinesthetic sense in humans?

No specific organ contains the kinesthetic senses.

Ivan has misplaced his room keys. Which of the following would he do if he decides to use an algorithmic approach to find them?

Not:He will avoid searching and instead get a replacement key made.

_____ occurs during slow-wave stage N4 sleep.

NotNarcolepsy

Which of the following is true of partial reinforcement?

Partial reinforcement is particularly resistant to extinction.

_____ refers to detection of information below the level of conscious awareness.

Subliminal perception

Which of the following statements is true of barbiturates?

They decrease central nervous system activity.

Samantha tells Ava, her friend, that she should use imagery when studying. In the context of the science of memory, this tip will be most useful to Ava when she is _____ information.

encoding

Chunking improves short-term memory by

making large amounts of information more manageable.

Unlike anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia

not:eliminates the ability of the brain to make new memories or learn new skills.

In psychology, the process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information is called

perception

Janet is suffering from severe depression. She visits Dr. Garner, a psychotherapist, and tells him that she wants to relieve her anxiety. Dr. Garner tells her to concentrate on the ticking of her watch. He then tells her, "Your eyes are getting tired." On hearing this, Samantha seems to feel drowsy and closes her eyes. In the session, Dr. Garner also says, "You are happy. Your life is full of positivity," with which Samantha agrees. Dr. Garner is

performing hypnosis on Janet.

A person's claimed ability to read another person's mind is known as

telepathy

Observational learning occurs

through the process of watching and imitating another's behavior.