Middle Ages #1

how did Charlemagne revive culture?

-encouraged learning -surrounded himself with English, German, and Italian and Spanish Scholars -established palace school for his children -ordered monasteries build schools

What did Charlemagne do?

-expanded empire by leading his army around each summer -fought Muslims in Spain and other Germanic tribes from the lands south and east -spread Christianity -reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire

What did pope leo do in gratitude? why was this a big deal?

-he crowned Charlemagne emperor - first time the pope conferred the title of roman emperor

what happened after Louis the Pious died?

-left the empire to his 3 sons who fought over it - the empire was split into 3 parts

what did Charlemagne do in government?

-limited the authority of the nobles -sent out royal agents -regularly visited areas of his kingdom, settling disputes

Which places these events in the correct sequence

1. Christian recaptured of Toledo 2. Unification of Aragon and Castile 3. Christian recapture of Granada 4. Inquisition

5 results of the dark ages

1. Decline of civilizations 2. Emphasis on warfare 3. Decline of cities 4. No education, learning 5. No trade

Two reasons the battle of tours was important

1. Guaranteed that Muslims would not control France & Christianity would remain the main religion 2. Charles recognize the importance of mounted knights

What kind of man was Charlemagne?

1. Military commander and a capable statesmen 2. Was fond of music despised lavish court deco, spoke German and Latin and Greek.

Two reasons the merovingians lost power

1. Royal plots of murder and assassinations for common 2. The kings were too weak

Things in a feudal place

1. Where they live 2. 3. land 4. Forests 5. Water source 6. Mill 7. Toll road 8. Stable/pens 9. Barracks 10. Cemetery

how did the papal monarchy grow?

1. conduct councils 2. legates -eye and ears of pope 3. canon law where the pope is the chief justice(Pope can be a lawyer)

List and explain results of Germanic invasions.

1.A decline of learning: invaders could not read or write. The rural population was harder to school. Germanic tribes had no written language. 2. Loss of a Common Language: while German people and Roman people mixed, Latin changed.

Pope Leo IX prohibits:

1.simony 2. clerical marriage

What percent of the population were the nobility

10%

14th Century (1300s)

100 Yrs. War, Black Death, and severe economic problems

Pontificate of Leo IX

1049-1054AD sets stage of pope reform by spending little time in Rome, but instead touring the West Frankland speaking to assemblies of bishops/archbishops about reform and what the church is concerned with. these synods help unify the church.

college of Cardinals

1059AD Pope Nicholas II created the College of Cardinals to elect future popes and stop the corrupt practice of lay investiture in the papacy. henry IV did not like this loss of power

Pope Urban II

1095AD Pope who called for the first Crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims, seljack turks

Cistercians

1098 Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) Passionate Cistercian abbot, became the symbol of the ideal monk A wise and learned monk, Bernard served as an advisor to popes and other powerful officials Bernard zealously advocated personal holiness and a disciplined, self-denying Christian life Bernard cultivated a great knowledge of God and of the human soul In Dante's Paradisio, Bernard serves as the guide who leads the pilgrim through heaven and toward God Benedictine Reform

Concordat of Worms

1122-successors to Henry and Gregory met in Worms to discuss lay investiture. There was a compromise. The Church alone could appoint bishops. German emperor could veto the decision

Peter Waldo

1170AD wealthy merchant in lyon has conversion, gave up possessions, traveled and preached which attracted many to this lifestyle. at 3rd lateran council, told not to preach anymore, disobeys, excommuncated

In what centuries did the building boom produce many new churches?

11th and 12th

Pope Gregory VII

11th century reformist Pope who strengthened the office. Viewed the Church as supreme over temporal powers, and famously battled the Holy Roman Emperor over Lay Investiture. During his reign, celibacy for Priests became a requirement.

Gregory VII

11th-century pope who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops

Albigensians or Cathar heresy

12-13 century believed in 2 gods 1. good and spiritual 2. bad materialistic. struggle to liberate the body from the soul. preached new testament, b/c old testament was materialistic. women could be priests, but still oppressed by men

When were the 1st universities established?

12th century: High Middle Ages

Beguines

13th century group of women laymen, who hired priests to preach and give sacraments. they live cloistered and popular in low country of rhone about 10% of women population

St. Clare of Assisi

13th-century founder of a women's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic church

ID CLOVIS

1st Germanic king to convert to Christianity. Gained support of Pope. Enforced Baptism by sword.

How much land did the church own

30% of Europe's land

What percent of the population were the clergy

5%

Years of the dark ages

500-1000 AD

Treaty of Verdun

843 Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms

What percent of the population were the commoners

85%

Cluniacs

931 Monastery at Cluny (France) granted autonomy by the pope (reconfirmed 998) Gradual corruption of monasticism (Benedictine rule ignored) sacred-secular/clergy-laity dichotomy Cluniacs strict on Benedictine Rule, agents spread network 1000+ houses by zenith in 12th century Copied manuscripts, educated/preached to people, missionary efforts Wealth lead to decline c. 1000 Benedictine Reform

When did the Viking invasions begin

9th century

Clovis

: King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496

Monastery

A building where monks lived; the head of the monastery was called an "abbot".

The importance of the sacraments for ordinary Christians gave the Church______

A central role in people's lives

Bishop

A church official who oversaw the work of priests within their district.

Nobility

A class of rich people; nobles or lords.

Priest

A clergyman of the Christian church; in medieval times, almost every manor had a priest.

___, ____, and _____ contribute to an increase in food production and population growth during the Middle Ages

A climate change, a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare, three-field system of crop rotation

Joust

A contest between knights on horseback; armed with lances, the knights charged at each other in an attempt to knock their opponent off their horse.

Tournament

A contest of joust between two knights or two groups of knights; tournaments attracted large crowds

Inquisition

A court set up by the Roman Catholic Church to investigate heresy and punish heretics.

Armor

A covering of iron worn by knights for protection in battle

Carolingian Renaissance

A cultural and legal revival led by Charlemagne

Moat

A deep, wide, water-filled ditch that surrounded a castle and helped protect it from attack; people coming and going from the castle used a drawbridge to cross the moat.

mysticism

A form of religious belief and practice involving sudden insight and intense experiences of God women were attracted to this

Investiture

A formal conferring of power to clergy usually with robes or other Christian symbols

Cardinal

A high official of the Catholic Church who was appointed by the pope; when the pope died, a new leader of the church was chosen by a meeting of cardinals.

Manor

A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.

Estate

A large piece of land owned by a lord during the Dark Ages.

Manor

A large piece of land owned by a lord during the Middle Ages; also called an estate.

Knight

A man of honor who held a high military rank; only men who were trained in warfare and who showed good personal qualities were chosen by lords to be knights; the code of chivalry had to be followed at all times.

Monk

A man who gave up all of his property and dedicated his life to serving God; monks stayed in monasteries where they prayed, worked hard, and lived quiet, serious lives; they copied old Greek and Roman manuscripts, helped the poor and needy, and converted people to Christianity.

Who are the Franks and where did they rule?

A momadic germanic tribe who ruled gaul: Rhine river Valley

Vassal

A noble who was given land by the lord in return for military assistance and other service to the lord.

Commercial Revolution (1200s-1700s)

A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the late 13th century until the early 18th century.

Cistercian monks

An order founded in 1098 that returned to the original Benedictine ideal of manual work and prayer, dedicated to the ideal of charity and self sustenance

Parliaments

Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the feudal principle that rulers should consult their vassals

Unam Sanctam

Boniface VIII asserted his position in this series of papal bulls or letters on the supremacy of the spiritual authority over the temporal authority of monarchs

Concordat of Worms (1122)

Brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors; barred monarchs from investing bishops and prevented monarchs from naming bishops, giving the Catholic Church sole authority in establishing bishops.

How did the church preserve greco-roman culture

By copying manuscripts

Pope Urban II

Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control

Who are the princes of the church

Cardinals

Monks and nuns improved life during the Middle Ages by

Caring for sick and poor

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732.

Charlemagne

Carolingian monarch who established a large empire in France and Germany circa 800

Which key Roman Empire city was a trading port situated on the straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, and was a crossroads for trade between Europe and Asia

Constantinople

Where do nuns live

Convents

The Holy Roman Emperors failed to build a unified nation-state in Germany partly because they-

Could not control their vassals

The holy roman emperors failed to build a unified nation-state in German partly because they

Could not control their vassals

Council of Pisa

Council that failed to unify the church when they deposed two popes, whose refusal to step down left the church more divided than ever

Noble who acted as a local official within the Frankish empire was called?

Count

Charlemagne divided his empire into 350 areas known as?

Counties

The spread of plague during the Middle Ages

Created terror, bewilderment, and violence

Thomas Aquinas

Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and the nature of God.

ID PEPIN THE GREAT

Defeated Lombards in Central Italy. Started the donation of Pepin meaning he gave conquered lands to the Pope

Henry IV

Demanded that Pope Gregory step down because Pope Gregory banned lay invest which is a way that Henry got money from people. Pope Gregory then excommunicated Henry from the church

Best/most productive land

Demesne

5 fields

Demesne Common land Church land Serfs land Grazing fields

Machiavelli's "The Prince"

Described how a prince should acquire and keep political power

Qualities of the cities of the High Middle Ages

Dirty and crowded

List and explain the 3 causes that altered Western Europe's economy, government, and culture during Fall of Roman Empire.

Disruption of Trade-Invasions caused businesses to collapse Downfall of Cities-centers of administrations abandoned the cities Population Shifts- nobles retreated to rural areas; cities left without strong leadership

Pope Clement VII

Dissenting French cardinals elected him to be the new Pope in Avignon after their withdrawal from Rome

Scholasticism

Dominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems

Dominicans

Dominic of Osma Dominic was a Spanish friar who lived from 1170 until 1221 A contemporary of Francis, Dominic's personality and emphases were distinct from those of Francis Dominic was committed to careful study and to the intellectual defense of the faith For Dominic, poverty was not an end in itself, but rather a means of ridding one's self from distractions for the sake of study With his decidedly intellectual character, Dominic was interested in combatting heresy and false doctrine Dominic sought to raise up an order of educated defenders of the faith who would be preachers and teachers for the common people He established the Ordo Praedicatorum, also known as the Order of Preachers or the Dominican Order This order was fueled by the conviction that Christianity was worthy of intellectual defense and in need of capable defenders Dominic was canonized in 1234, and his order continued to develop into one of the most influential groups within the medieval church After his death, he was credited with receiving the idea of the rosary from the virgin Mary

The magna chart guarantees which of the following rights

Due process of law

Modern Devotion

Eckhart's mystical movement in the low countries of Germany when it took a new form, founded by Gerard Groote

Meister Eckhart

He sparked a mystical movement in western Germany. According to Eckhart, a union with God was to be attained by all who pursued it wholeheartedly

Moldboard

Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils.

Important Farming Tools developed in the Late Middle Ages

Heavy plow, horse shoes, horse collars

Catherine of Siena

Her saintly demeanor and claims of visions from God led the city of Florence to send her on a mission to call for Pope Gregory XI in Avignon to return to Rome

What time period did Europe have an explosive urban growth and revival of trade?

High Middle Ages

Peter Lombard

His famous work was a collection of Sentences on theology. A collection of sayings of church fathers. Standard theology textbook

Henry IV

Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness

Friar

Holy man who traveled from place to place helping the poor and teaching about God.

Agreed loyalties to be given to suzerain

Homage

Which Eastern Europe country was ruled by the Magyars

Hungary

Serf

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord.

Where lord and his family lived

Inner ward

Special church court set up to try people for heresy; had power of kings supporting it

Inquisition

What were church disputes settled by

Inquisition

William the Conqueror

Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England

Ceremony where obligations are exchanged; blessed by church official to make it official

Investiture

Book of Kells

Irish book of art/calligraphy that contained the four Gospels and various prefatory texts and tables. It was created in a Columban monastery in Ireland made circa 800 AD

Medieval Period/Middle Ages

It began with the fall of the Roman Empire in the West in 476 and ended with the beginning of the Modern Period in the 1400's; the main characteristics of the Medieval Period/Middle Ages was the growth of feudalism and the strong influence of the Roman Catholic Church.

Why is Justinian's code important

It provided a model for modern international law

Why is Justinian's Code important?

It was a massive collection of laws

Christine de Pisan (1364 - c. 1430)

Italian French late medieval author. She served as a court writer for several dukes (Louis of Orleans, Philip the Bold of Burgundy, and John the Fearless of Burgundy) and the French royal court during the reign of Charles VI. She wrote both poetry and prose works such as biographies and books containing practical advice for women.

Pope Urban VI

Italian archbishop elected by the cardinals under majority calls to bring a Roman or Italian Pope back to Rome

The Council's attempt to resolve the heresy problem?

John Hus was summoned to the council. Instead of a free hearing that was promised to him, Hus was arrested and burned at stake in 1415. This turned the unrest in Bohemia into revolutionary upheaval.

Pope Leo X

Julius II's successor, he was a great patron of art.

Ferdinand and Isabella

King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile married in 1469 to bring the kingdoms of Spain together to complete the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims

Pope Clement V

King Phillip IV assigned this new pope to take over the office of Pope Boniface VIII after his death. He lived in Avignon until the end of his papacy.

Charlemagne

King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe

Fief

Land given by a lord to a vassal in return for military and other services.

When did the black death occur?

Late Middle Ages: mid 1300s

What was the universal language of medieval times?

Latin

Bubonic Plague

Led to the improvement of workers wages, as well as better quality of living. It killed about a third of the population, which resulted in a surplus in food and jobs.

Henry II of England laid the groundwork for the current U.S.-

Legal System

Henry ll of the England laid the groundwork for the current U.S.

Legal system

The late Middle Ages saw a shift of political power from

Lesser nobles to monarchs

theology

Literally, "the study of God"; the academic discipline and effort to understand, interpret, and order our experience of God and Christian faith.

Monks and nuns improved life during the Middle Ages by-

Looking over the poor and the sick

Where only the lord and his family can hunt

Lord's forest

Who are Charlemagne three grandsons? What treaty did he sign in and 843 and how to divide up the land?

Lothair the Elder, Louis the German, & Charles the Bald: the treaty of verden: 3 way split of the empire-> Charles(west) Louis(east) Lothair(middle)

Who is the son of Charlemagne that becomes the king and inherits the Frankish empire

Louis the pious

Under the ______ lords owned agricultural estates worked by free peasants and by serfs

Manorial system

During the medieval period, what happened to christianity

Many people converted to it. The church hierarchy was set up

Women in Middle Ages Europe were excluded from most careers. However, many did become-

Masters

By AD 700 what is the title of the top gov't & military official of the Merovingian kings?

Mayor of the Palace

By the 600s who held power in the Merovingian kingdom?

Mayor of the palace

Pope

Meaning papa or father; bishop of Rome and head of Catholic church

Chivalry

Medieval code used by knights which included the ideals of courage, honor, and the protection of the weak

Self sufficient agricultural estate owned by a noble where peasants lived

Medieval manor

Vassals

Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty

After The fall of Rome which family ruled the Franks in the fifth and sixth centuries

Merovingians

What time period did many monks emerge?

Midieval Middle Ages

Royal agents who checked loyalty of nobles

Missi Dominici

Where do monks and friars live

Monasteries

The greatest centers of learning in the Middle Ages were generally found in-

Monasteries and Covenants

The greatest centers of learning in the early Middle Ages were generally found in

Monasteries and convents

Serfs

Poor people who worked for lords during the Middle Ages; they worked long hours, were poorly fed and clothed, and were not allowed to leave the manor.

Peasants

Poor people who worked on manors; also called serfs.

Emperor of the church

Pope

What is the term for a religious official Who has the authority to conduct religious services?

Pope

Execrabilis

Pope Pius II issued the papal bull that ended the conciliar movement in mid-fifteen century. It condemned appeals to a council over the head of a pope as heretical

No worldly goods

Poverty

ID CAUSES OF FEUDALISM

Powerful lords needed to defend land against Vikings Germanic warriors swore oath of loyalty to king No money so warriors got land instead Chivalry

Who direct local communities

Priests

Chivalry

Qualities of a good knight, including bravery, politeness, respect for women, protection of the weak, and fairness to the enemy.

Chivalry

a code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion

Chivalry

a code of conduct that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle

Oath

a commitment to tell the truth (especially in a court of law)

Tithe

a family's payment of one-tenth of its income to a church

Pasture

a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock

Humanism

a key intellectual movement of the Renaissance

Squire

a knight in training at age of 14, acted as servant to a knight

Page

a knight in training at the age of 7, sent off to another Lord's castle to wait on the hosts and began to practice fighting skills

Serf

a medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord's estate

Conciliarism

a movement in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Europe that held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with a general church council, not the pope. Held the belief that only a general council of the church could end the schism and bring reform to the church It emerged in response to the Avignon papacy and the Great Schism and was used to justify the summoning of the Council of Constance (1414-1418).

Feudalism

a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

Feudalism

a political system in which nobles are granted the sue of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military services, and protection of the people who live on the land

Trial by ordeal

a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control

Monastery

a religious community of men (called monks) who have given up their possessions to devote themselves to a life of prayer and worship

Truce of God

a rule enacted by the medieval Church forbidding warfare during certain holy days of the year

Abbess

a superior who governed the double monasteries.

Self-sufficient

able to provide there own needs

Peasants

also called Surfs. The lord offered protection in exchange for living and working on his land

Fief

an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe

sacraments

and outward sign of an inward grace

Pope Gregory VII

banned lay invest. German emperor Henry IV demanded Gregory to step down so he excommunicated Henry. There was a stand-off between German kings and papacy

Heresy

belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine. In the 13th century, the church had developed inquisitorial machinery to deal with it

Psalters

books that contained the 150 psalms and other prayers used by the monks in their devotions.

Missals

books used for celebration and mass

Vellum

calfskin or lambskin specially prepared for writing. Paper

Medieval

characteristic of the time of chivalry and knighthood in the Middle Ages

Peace of God

church decree that forbade knights to pillage church property and extended protection to all noncombatants in society

Eucharist

communion wafer that, according to Roman Catholic doctrine, contains the body of Jesus For female mystics such as Catherine of Siena , fasting with the exception of the Eucharist was their instrument to achieving a mystical union with God

Secular

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Noblewomen

could inherit an estate. Lives confined to activities in home or convent

Otto I

crowed king of Germany in 936. Limits strength of nobles with help of clergy. Gains support of bishops and abbots(heads of monasteries) Invades Italy on pope's behalf. Pope crowns him emperor in 962. Eventually known as the Holy Roman Empire

Knights Templar

fighting knights. their rule was written by St. Bernard of Clairavox

Gospel Book

finest product of Northumbrian art. produced at Lindisfarne around 700.

Venerable Bede

finest representative of Northumbrain and all Anglo-saxon scholarship. wrote "Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation". has been called "the first scientific intellect among the Germanic peoples of Europe" Greatest master of Chronology. Made A.D.

duke of aquitaine

founded the Cluniac Reform 910AD

Teutonic Knights

german military orders to fight agains pagans in the eastern European frontier

who did Charlemagne crown?

his son Louis the pious ( was very religious)

Double Monasteries

housed both men and women. monks and nuns.

Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life

imitated the life of Jesus by serving others

Alcuin

important scholar and leader of the palace school at Northumbrian. He was the emperor's chief adviser on religious and educational matters.

Great Schism

in 1054AD, an emissary from Rome goes to Constantinople to excommunicate the emperor and patriarch which splits the west and east church: catholic church vs eastern orthodox. but not really all that important, b/c this had really already been in effect

new idea of life of Christ

in 12th century, monks live as Christ and his apostles communally

Lords

in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals

Vassal

in feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services

Knights

in medieval Europe, an armored warrior who fought on horseback

Clovis

king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy

Charlemagne (742-814), or Charles the Great

king of the Franks, 768-814, and emperor of the West, 800-814. He founded the Holy Roman Empire, stimulated European economic and political life, and fostered the cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.

Fief

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

Fallow

left unplowed and unseeded during a growing season

1st theological university

located in Paris 1200Ad a guild of masters that evolve into a university and is a premier place to study

Hussites

many clergymen who dominated Bohemia were resented by the native Czechs for their German origin

Beowolf

masterpiece of western literature. suggest the close relationship between England and the continent. The story resembles ordinary Norse legends with Germanic and Christian elements.

begarnes

men form of beguines

Christ of the gospels

monks that live as Christ who was saw a wandering poor beggar that was happy. so people would dress in rags and preach without license

Saint Hilda

most famous abbess. ruled the double monastery of Whitby.

Reciprocal

mutual; given and received in return; exchangeable; interacting

was Louis the Pious a good leader?

no, he was ineffective

Gothic cathedrals

one of the artistic triumphs of the High Middle Ages.

who was Charlemagne dad?

pepin the short

Leeches

physicians in the Anglo-Saxon England

Pope Innocent III

pope 1198-1215 AD greatest medieval pope and conducted the 4th Lateran council

Charlemagne

reigns after Pepin's death in 768. Conquered new lands and spread Christianity. Then 800 Pope Leo III crowns him emperor. This signaled the joining of Germanic power, the church, and the heritage of Roman empire.

Feudal

relating to a system in which people (called "vassals") were given protection and the use of land, in return for loyalty, payments, and services to a lord

Medieval

relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages

Primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

Carolingian minuscule

script that uses both lower case and capital letters. Meant that the sheet of vellum could contain more words.

Franciscans, st. Francis of Assissi

son of wealthy merchant who tried to give away his father's wealth, dressed in rags and preached. receives papal permission from Pope Innocent III to found this order(he sees its popularity, so might as accept). Preach and Imitate Christ. women were welcome

2nd crusade

st. Bernard of Clairavox preached for this crusade was was a disaster.

Saint Benet Biscop

supporter of Benedictine monasticism. introduced the roman ceremonial form into new and old religious houses. brought back relics, painting, manuscripts to form libraries.

Mutual Obligation

system of feudalism- lords work for vassals and vice versa; loyalty involved but not a legal system

Domain

territory over which rule or control is exercised

What empire did Charlemagne exceed in 800?

the Byzantine

Uncial

the Celtic version of contemporary Greek and Roman handwriting

Hundred Years' War

the French and their allies supported the Avignonese pope, England and its allies, supported the Roman pope

Trial by battle

the accused and the accuser fought a duel, the outcome of the duel determined guilty or innocent

Nepotism

the appointment of family members to important political positions

Lay investiture

the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles

lay vestiture

the appoiting of a bishop, abbot, or church official by the king or another non-church leader

Canon law

the body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church

Middle ages

the era in European history that followed the fall of the Roman Empire, lasting from about 500 to 1500 also called the medieval period

Church v State

the fundamental issue was the universal sovereignty of the papacy versus the royal sovereignty of the monarch

Mysticism

the immediate experience of oneness with God

Holy Roman Empire

the lands ruled by Charlemagne

Pontificate

the office of pope or bishop

Leo III

the pope who in 800 crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans (750-816)

Fidelity

the quality of being faithful

Cultivated land

to have prepared or prepared and used for the raising of crops

Why did he go to Rome?

to put down a mob attacking the pope

Manichean Heresy

to regard any part of the creation as inherently evil is both slanderous and destructive.12th century uptick b/c of all the new reform groups

hermit monks

travel and preach then settle down into a reform community

Cluniac Reform

want independence ffrom secular obligations/focus spititual 1. not accept land with feudal ties 2.exempt from episcopal visitation 3. take rule of st. benedict and purify it 4. chanting of psalms-marathons

Aachen

where Charlemagne's court was located

peasant Women

worked endless labor around the home and in the fields; bore children and took care of families

Saint Boniface

wrote many letters to Whitby pleading for copies of books to attest to the nuns' intellectual reputations.

What kind of culture did the Vikings introduce to europe

Norse

who were the different groups invading Western Europe? Who did people turn to for protection?

North-Vikings, South-Muslims, East-Magyars (results=people turned to local rulers for security). Their Lord's.

Follows orders of superiors in church

Obedience

Salvation

One of the most evident way that Christians responded to the religious adversities in the 14th century Many ensured salvation through the purchase of indulgences, as well as prayers and private Masses.

Franks

One of the principal tribes of the Germanic peoples; settled in area of France during the folk migrations of the 4th and 5th centuries.

Frequens

One of the two reform decree passed by the Council of Constance. It provided for the regular holding of general councils to ensure that church reform would continue.

Sacrosancta

One of the two reform decree passed by the Council of Constance. It stated that a general council of the church received its authority from God; every Christian, including the Pope, is subject to its authority

Three-field system

One-third of the land left unplanted each year to increase fertility.

Which of the following groups finally conquered the Byzantine empire

Ottoman Turks

Where the villagers would come for protection if attacked

Outer ward

The area around row that was given to the pope Pepin the short is called?

Papal States

cavalry

Soldiers on horseback

Pope Gregory VII (pope from April 1073 to his death in 1085)

Sought to remove secular influence from the Catholic Church and improve the Church's ability to provide spiritual guidance; he wen against King Henry IV

Who The best-known practitioner of scholasticism?

St. Thomas Aquinas

Avignon

Starting with Clement V, his succeeding clergies used Avignon as the religious center of the church in the 12th century. This gradually led to high criticism of both church and papacy in the 14th century because the society believed that the head of Catholic Church should only reside in the city of Rome. Avignon had become a powerful symbol of abuses within the church

Characteristics of Gothic cathedrals

Stone structures, large expanses of glass, clustered columns, sharply pointed spires, intricate sculptures, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. One of their main characteristics is the ogival, or pointed arch.

Person who gives land in a feudal relationship

Suzerain. Gets homage in return

Manorialism

System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land.

Pope Julius II

The "warrior pope" that led the armies against his enemies

Council of Constance

The 15th century ecumenical council recognized by the Roman Catholic Church. The council ended the Great Schism, by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V

What led to anti-Semitism and accelerated end of serfdom?

The Black Death (bubonic plague)

What played a dominant role in people's lives during the High Middle Ages?

The Catholic Church

John Wyclif

The Oxford Theologian was the founder of the English Lollardy. His dislike of clerical corruption led him to make a far-ranging attack on papal authority

What does the pope control

The Papal States

Excommunication

The act of removing a person from membership in the Church because of wrongful actions or beliefs; it was thought that an excommunicated person would not be allowed in heaven.

AD 732-> what significant event happened at Tours France, and who led the Frankish army?

The battle against the Muslims: Charles Martel

Babylonian Captivity of the church

The book by Petrarch comparing the French holding the church in captivity to the exile of the Jews into captivity in Babylon in the sixth century b.c.e.

Which group tried to extend their control to North America during the Middle Ages

Vikings

Which group tried to extend their control to North America?

Vikings

Troubadours

Wandering minstrels who wrote poems that usually expressed love for a beautiful lady of noble birth; they also wrote about warfare and battle heroes.

A military leader who runs the government known as?

War lord

What were all disputes settled by

Warfare

Charlemagne

Was crowned emperor of the romans by the pope

Charlemagne-

Was emperor of the Romans given by the pope

Literature of the high Middle Ages

Was written in the vernacular and often told tales of regular people

John Wycliffe

Went against the Church and translated the Bible into the vernacular, English; heretic who claimed that one is only saved by faith and that everyone was a priest (the reason he translated the Bible into the vernacular); Wycliffe's ideas caused a peasant revolt in England

Although Medieval Surfs were not slaves, they-

Were bound to the land, or leave the manor without the lords permission

Who did the Vikings war with

West European kings (especially carolingians)

Pope Martin V

When the three popes crisis dissolved as they either stepped down or were deposed, this member of a prominent Roman family was elected by the Holy Roman Emperor/Council of Constance that ended the schism

Castle

Where the lord and his knights lived; usually built on a cliff or hilltop in order to make it easier to defend during an attack.

anno Domini

"in the year of the lord" A.D.

Exempla

"models". Documents that set high standards for royal behavior and constitute a treatise on kingship.

Oblates

"offerings". the children given to the monasteries

calefacton

"warming room" had a fire during the harsh winters. Room in the monasteries?

scriptorium

"writing room"

First Crusade

(1096 - 1099) Crusade called by Pope Urban II which captured Jerusalem

Who was Phillip Augustus

(1180-1223) founder of real monarchy. Quadruples the size of France. Battles with pope over issue of supremacy

Francis of Assisi

(1181 - 1226) Son of wealthy merchant; he renounced his wealth and chose a harsh life of poverty; later founded the Holy Order of St. Francis

Third Crusade

(1189 - 1192) Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forces led by Saladin; failed in attempt

Fourth Crusade

(1202 - 1204) Crusade which by a strange series of events attacked and sacked Constantinople

Roger Bacon

(1214 - 1292) English philosopher and scientist who withdrew from medieval scholasticism and focused on experimental science; influenced later thinkers of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

Who was Phillip the fair

(1283-1314) expels all jews. Tries to tax clergy and gets excommunicated. Begs forgiveness from pope and gets reinstated. Creates estates-general as a legislative body and gather taxes clergy.

Augustine of Hippo

(354 - 430) Bishop of Hippo who wrote Confessions and City of God, which formed the basis for the doctrine of man's salvation by divine grace for the church

Benedict of Nursia

(480 - 550) Italian abbot who founded the monastery at Monte Cassino and the Benedictine order based on his teachings.

Treaty of Verdun

(843) divided the empire in 3. To Charlemagne's three grandson's: Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German

Who was Hugh Capet

(987-996) elected by other nobles to lead France. Rules with sanction with god. Utilizes church and feudalism to suppress nobles.

Gregory I

(Roman Catholic Church) a pope distinguished for his spiritual and temporal leadership

The "Little Ice Age"

(What)A spike of cold weather during the medieval warm period (Where) Across the northern Atlantic and Europe (When)Mid 1300s (Significance)This cold period made it unbearable to live in Greenland. Because of the colder temperatures, it drove out the viking colonies from the area. Livestock and vegetation had decreased significantly, and ice in the water caused for ships to navigate much farther south to get to Greenland. The Little Ice Age helps to bring the era of Viking exploration to an end.

Varangian Guards

(What)Byzantine Army corps to guard the emperor (Where)North east mediterranean (When)988-14th century (Significance) The Vikings skills of warfare were impressive enough that they were offered to become to guard to the byzantine emperor. They became famous for their fighting style. This mercenary unit lasted centuries. They were the elite of the byzantine army who got the first of the loot after a victory.

Skraelings

(What)People the vikings encountered when exploring new lands along the edge of North America (Where)Vinland, Helluland, Markland (When)First encountered in vinland in early 11th century (Significance)Thorvald encountered the first of skraelings and killed 8 of them before one other escaped. They were then attacked by their beached ships. Karlsefni tried to colonize like leif and thorvald, met the natives and peacefully traded with them for a while. The natives also attacked him after a bull had scared them. These attacks caused for all three attempts of colonization to end.

Ibn Fadlan

(Who)Arab traveler to explain islamic law to Volga Bulgars (Where)Russia (When)922 (Significance)He wrote a popular account of his experience with the Rus vikings. One of the things he experienced was the funeral of a viking leader where he was burned with his boat and riches. He also observed the way of how they treated hygiene, sex, and religion.

The Danelaw

(Who)Danish vs the Anglo Saxons (What)Law imposed by the danish after taking over northern and then eastern england (Where)Region of eastern England (When)9th century after Gunthrum's defeat to Alfred the Great (Significance)This settled the fighting between the English and the Vikings (Danes) and set up borders in england. This also set up peaceful relations between the two. Alfred the Great just wanted the attacks to stop. Part of the treaty was that the vikings would get a tax. The vikings kept breaking the peace treaty and attacking until they were driven out of england entirely in the 11th century.

L'Anse aux Meadows

(Who)Norsemen VIkings, Leif Erikson (What)First Viking settlement found in North America (Where)Northernmost point in Newfoundland (When)1000s (Significance)Matched the descriptions of VInland from Leif Eiriksson but didn't have the grapes. Only confirmed norse sight in North America. Served as a winter camp for exploration southwards.

Charlemagne

(Who)The "father of europe" emperor of the romans (Where)Western europe (When)8th to the 9th century (Significance) United all of western europe by conquering all the other frankish kingdoms and converting them to christianity. His contributions to christianity caused the pope to granted him the first emperor of europe since the fall of the roman empire in western europe. Became the model for later medieval kings.

Berserker

(Who)Viking brute warriors (Where)Scandinavia (When)800-1200 AD (Significance)These were brute warriors that seemed to be crazy. Since they wished to be animals, they wore animal pelts to battle and nothing else. Used as shock troops. The real formation troops would come in behind them since the berserkers couldn't hold a formation. Berserkers helped to establish the Vikings reputation as fearsome fighters.

Portage

(Who)Vikings (What)A method of traveling a boat over land to go to another beginning of a river (Where)Scandinavia, Russia, Western Europe (When)8th-10th century (Significance)Used to connect trade routes and conquest. Civilizations along the way would offer to move the vikings boats along the way in order to not get attacked. Help create trade routes to places like the black sea without going through the mediterranean.

Longship

(Who)Vikings (What)Ship constructed by the vikings to travel sea and river for trade, exploration and warfare (Where)Scandinavia (When)Viking Age 800- 1066 (Significance)Was able to carry vikings and their cargo long distances. It was versatile as it didn't sink in the water that much, so they could go through the rivers and the sea. This helped them travel from North America to the Caspian Sea.

Runestones

(Who)Vikings (What)Stones that commemorated the deaths of vikings family and friends. (Where)Most of them are in Scandinavia, particularly in present-day Sweden. (When)Viking age 800 AD-1066 AD (Significants) Included the earliest works of writing in scandinavia. Usually put next to roads where they can be seen by a passerby. Included the earliest alphabet in scandinavia before Latin came along with Christianity. This alphabet was called futhark, which was the first six letters of the alphabet. The runestones are a great source of evidence for the activities of Swedish Vikings (= Rus' or Varangians), who went to the East, into present-day Russia and southward to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East to seek their fortunes.

Lindisfarne

(Who)Vikings vs the Anglo Saxons (What)Holy land of Britain. Where saints and bishops had lived. Heart of Christianity for Britain (Where)Island off the north east coast of england (When)793 (Significance) This was the first recorded Viking raid in Anglo-Saxon Britain. Its success stimulated additional raids throughout the decades that followed.

Charles Martel

(major domo) most powerful man in Frankish kingdom. Extended the Frank's reign. Defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours. IMPORTANT: all of western world may have become Muslim if Franks hadn't won.

what countries Charlemagne empire?

- 2/3 Italy - All of France - Part of Spain - German Saxony

Path to becoming knight: page squire knight

- Age 7. Sent off to another Lord's castle to wait on the hosts and began to practice fighting skills - Age 14. Acted as servant to a knight - Age 21. Most men would then travel for a year or two. Fights in local battles or gain experience in tournaments

Besides bringing about an end to Charlemagne's empire, what were the other results of the treaty?

- the states established for Louis & Charles helped to create the modern nations of France & Germany - The kingdom of Lothair became destined to be a battleground between France & Germany in later centuries

concordat of Worms

-It was a settlement between the pope (Gregory) and the king (Henry)., (1122), solved the question of lay investiture, the emperor invested bishops with temporal signs of office (scepter; only another churchman could invest a bishop with the spiritual signs of office, the ring and staff)

Dark Ages

A period of several hundred years during the early Middle Ages when fear and confusion spread among the people of Western Europe; the threat of attack led many people to become serfs and work for lords on manors in exchange for protection; trade, education, and the growth of towns declined during the Dark Ages.

King

A person who rules a country; during the early Middle Ages, the influence of kings decreased as the power of lords increased; but by the end of the Middle Ages, kings became powerful rulers of new nation-states.

100 Years War

A series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the Kingdom of France. In England, Kings put interest of the kingdom before the interest of the Church.

Magna Carta (1215)

A series of promises made by King John regarding how to treat his subjects; first ever drafted document establishing rights to the citizens

Heresy

A serious crime of the Middle Ages in which a person held beliefs that the Church felt were wrong; heretics were excommunicated.

The Great Schism (1378 to 1417)

A time when three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414-1418). For a time these rival claims to the papal throne damaged the reputation of the office.

Lord

A well-to-do noble who owned an estate; a lord usually lived in a castle, gave land to vassals in return for military service, and used serfs to farm their land.

What was a combat

Adversaries duel Winner gets spoils

What was the chief source of income for most in the Middle Ages?

Agriculture

Who did the inquisition have support from

All monarchs of europe

What lands made up the Frankish empire?

All the western half of the old Roman empire minus Africa, Britain, and southern Italy and most of Spain

Nominalism

All universals or general concepts were simply names and that only individual objects perceived by the senses were real Reason could not be used to substantiate spiritual truths, for example, Occam indicated that the truths of religion could only be known by an act of faith and were not demonstrable by reason *This philosophy led to the weakening the synthesis of faith and reason.

The Middle Ages

Also known as the medieval period; began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.

Between the 13th and the 17th centuries, the Hanseatic League functioned as

An alliance of trading cities and merchants that promoted its members' economic dominance over Northern Europe

Flying buttresses

An architectural structure used in cathedrals during the Middle Ages that made the use of stained glass windows possible.

gothic

An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls.

Interdict

An ecclesiastical censure that prohibits certain active Church individuals or groups from receiving the sacrament of communion

Manorialism

An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.

Cluny Abbey (1100s)

An important monastic reform abbey in France

Clergyman

An official of the Church, such as a priest, bishop, or cardinal.

Cistercians: St. Bernard of Clairavox

An order of monks who lead a simple, strict lifestyle of working, and praying; started in 1098, by monks who thought the Benedictian monks were not disciplined enough; they had a simple diet, only 1 robe, and no decorations on churches; by spreading their message to others, missionaries like Saint Bernard of Clairvaux created new enthusiasm for Christianity.

Hanseatic League

An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance

Who is Charles Martel?

An outstanding mayor of the palace who defeated the Muslims at battle of Tours

Beowulf

Anglo-Saxon epic poem dated to the 8th century which details Anglo-Saxon society through the adventures of the hero Beowulf

Major Theologians

Anselm of Canterbury Anselm lived from 1033 until 1109 and is considered to be one of the greatest theologians of the Middle Ages A distinguished churchman and able administrator, Anselm served for a time as archbishop of Canterbury Anselm carefully reflected on theological topics and wrote influential doctrinal works His Proslogion dealt with the issue of proving God's existence This work is famous for Anselm's presentation of the a priori ontological argument God, if He exists, is the being than which nothing greater can be conceived By nature of this definition, God possesses the highest degree of all virtues and positive attributes If people, who exist, can conceive of a being that is unsurpassed in greatness, that being must exist If such a being did not exist, then He would not truly be unsurpassed in greatness, because existence is greater than non-existence This argument has intrigued philosophers and theologians ever since Some have found it to be persuasive Others consider it to be a deceptive mind game His work Cur Deus Homo dealt with the relationship between Christ's incarnation and His atoning work on the cross For centuries, the church had taught that Jesus Christ was fully God and also became fully man In this treatise, Anselm addressed the issue of why it was necessary for Jesus to be both fully human and fully divine Anselm's conclusion centered on sin as a moral debt that must be dealt with Man owed a debt to God but could not pay it God could pay the debt but did not owe it Only the God-man could both owe the debt and pay it Anselm's persistent reflection on the work of Christ surpassed even Augustine's understanding of the importance and meaning of the atonement Peter Abelard Abelard lived from 1079 until 1142 A controversial figure, he was known both for his tragic forbidden romance with Heloise and for his provocative intellectual brilliance His influential work Sic et Non challenged contemporary assumptions about the authority and accuracy of the church's theological traditions He surveyed and summarized the teachings of many great theologians on many different topics He concluded that within church history there were many instances of "yes and no," when theologians would contradict one another or arrive at different conclusions He showed that theologians have always held a variety of viewpoints on certain issues Tradition, therefore, is not infallible and does not speak with one voice Abelard presented a theory of the atonement that was very different from Anselm's view Abelard argued, contra Anselm, that there was not a moral debt that needed to be paid According to Abelard, to say that God required payment for a debt would be to undermine the very love of God Therefore, the death of Christ on the cross was primarily a manifestation and example of God's love for humanity Bernard of Clairvaux objected that it would not be loving for God to crucify His Son simply to demonstrate the extent of His love As Anselm argued, the crucifixion is an act of love because God has paid the debt that humanity owed Peter Lombard Lombard lived from about 1096 until 1164 While Lombard was not a creative theologian like Anselm or a speculative theologian like Abelard, he nevertheless possessed a great systematic mind and was skilled at compiling knowledge Lombard's great work was Libri Quatuor Sententiarum, which means "four books of sentences" This book synthesized the teachings of Augustine, the church fathers, and other great theologians in order to show the consensus of Christian thought This book became one of the leading systematic theology textbooks of the Middle Ages Other scholars continued to interact with Lombard's work up until the time of the Reformation As a student of Augustine's writings, Lombard held a largely Augustinian view of predestination At the time, this topic was still widely debated among scholars Lombard was one of the first theologians to express the formula that Christ died sufficiently for the whole world but that He died efficiently for the elect only Lombard helped to establish a firm theological foundation for others to build upon after him

Cardinal Thomas Becket (1162 until his murder in 1170)

Archbishop of Canterbury - later became a saint because he was martyred. He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral

Romanesque

Architectural style which was an adaptation of the Roman basilica and barrel arch form

What term is used for noble who's wealth came from landownership

Aristocrat

Feudalism/Feudal System

Arrangement between lord, vassal, and serf for ownership of land, military service, and protection during the Middle Ages.

Gerard Groote

As founder of the Modern Devotion, He believed that "To achieve true spiritual communion with God, people must imitate Jesus and lead lives dedicated to serving the needs of their fellow human beings" He emphasized a simple inner piety and morality based on Scripture and an avoidance of the complexities of theology (similar to the idea of Erasmus and of the Northern Renaissance)

Guilds

Associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, discouraged innovations; often established franchise within cities

Peter Abelard

Author of Yes and No; a university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine

Marsiglio of Padua

Author of the Defender of Peace. Marsiglio supported the concept of conciliarism by arguing that the church was only one element of society and must confine itself solely to spiritual functions

What was trial by ordeal

Based on Assumption that god protects innocent Accused must preform a difficult task to prove innocence

Ivan lv was the first Russian ruler to

Be crowned tsar

ID CHARLES MARTEL

Began Carolingian dynasty. In 732 he defeated Moors at Battle of Tours- stopped Muslim influx into Europe.

Benedictine Rule

Benedict (520) described a strict yet practical set of rules for monastic life. Scholastics, his sister, spread that rule to convents

Important religious orders (4)

Benedicts Templar- knights and monks Hospitalers- doctors and monks Franciscans and Dominicans- service

Head of religious districts called diocese

Bishops

papal monarchy

Catholic church's intervention into the European political world., During the Middle Ages, the popes had gained control over the Catholic Church. They also had gained control of territories in central Italy known as the Papal States. Their enormous power during this time gave them both religious (papal) and political (monarchy) power.

What weakened the Church?

Centuries of confrontation with the monarchies

what helped unite the Germanic power, the church, and the heritage of the roman empire?

Charlemagne being conferred

What is the Treaty of Verdun

Charlemagne's grandsons divided the empire into 1/3s

Carolingian Renaissance

Charlemagne's promoted revival.

Who was Pepin's son and in the year 800 what title was he given?

Charlemagne: Emperor of the Romans

714 - who came to power and what did he do that was significant?

Charles Martel; he brought unity to the kingdom & kept Merovingian rulers weak

what was charlemagne also known as?

Charles the Great

What was Pepin the short's relationship to Charles?

Charles was his father

Not to marry

Chastity

Code of morality for warriors (christianity, generosity, gallantry, loyalty

Chivalry

What did Germanic kings use for unity

Christianity

Roman Catholic church

Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.

What power declined as European kings rejected supremacy?

Church power

1st Germanic king to convert to christianity

Clovis

Who was the most powerful ruler of the Franks? AD 496 what did he do that was significant?

Clovis; converted to Christianity

Jesters

Clowns who appeared before a lord and tried to make him laugh with antics, tricks, and jokes.

What did disputes between vassals be decided by

Combat

ID CHARLEMAGNE

Comes to power in 768. Used army to reunite most of western Roman Empire. Pushed christianity->crowned Emperor of Romans by pope leo. Restored law and order. Revived learning

Unable to be farmed land

Common land

Hundred Years War

Conflict between England and France (1337-1453).

Which key Roman Empire City was a trading port situated on the straits between the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea, and was a crossroads for trade between Europe and Asia?

Constantinople

lay investiture controversey

Emperor/king choosing new bishop. Symbol of authority given usually a ring and a staff. Pope Gregory VII banned practice of this, separated church from temporal rulers. HRE Henry IV refused to obey Pope's ban. Pope Gregory excommunicated him. Pleaded for forgiveness, Gregory granted, Henry allowed back into church, only to be excommunicated again.

St. Bernard of Clairvaux

Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities

The "new monarchies" of the fifteenth century reestablished the centralized power of the monarchies in what 3 countries?

England, France, and Spain

Geoffrey Chaucer

English author who wrote The Canterbury Tales, a literary masterpiece written in the vernacular in which pilgrims were going to worship at the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury

Beowulf

Epic poem written some time between the 8th and early 11th century

Battle of Tours

European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe

What could the pope do to people

Excommunicate them

Crusades

Expeditions sent by the pope to capture the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks; the empire of the Turks included Palestine, where Christ was born; several Crusades between 1096 and 1272 failed to win the Holy Land, but succeeded in stimulating trade between Europe and the East.

Economic focus

Fair prices and restrictions on getting ahead of others were established (to prevent usury). These were mainly regulated by the Catholic Church and guilds

The population of Europe more that doubled after 1000 primarily because

Farms adopted new agricultural methods

Reconquista

Ferdinand and Isabella's attempt to drive the Muslims out of Spain.

The Magna Carta guarantees what rights?

Feudal Rights

A system of rule by local nobles who owed loyalty to a king

Feudalism

Society of the Vikings

Feudalism

The system of rule in which land was given in exchange for loyalty and service is called-

Feudalism

The system of the rule in which land was given in exchange for loyalty and service is called

Feudalism

What Political system arose in Europe due to weak rulers on the thrones?

Feudalism

Land grant (the land given)

Fief

What did disputes between lords be decided by

Fighting/war

Which city-states play a central role in the politics of Renaissance Italy?

Florence, Milan, and Venice

Pepin the Short

Followed Charles Martel. Pope anointed him "King by the grace of God" This began the Carolingian Dynasty

What did Charlemagne do to revive learning

Forced children of nobles to attend school. Benedict monks copy Latin classics

What is baptism by sword

Forced people to convert to christianity

Dominicans: rule of St. augustine

Founded by Saint Dominic. Members of these religious orders, friars, lived and preached among the people instead of secluding themselves in monastries as members of most other religious orders did. Church ordered to seek out heretics and eliminate hersey. women were part of order

Pope Innocent III (1161-1216)

He headed up the Church Council in Constantinople; one of the most powerful and influential popes; a reformist pope; the pope who called for the Crusades

Franciscans

Francis of Assisi Francis was an Italian friar who lived from 1182 until 1226 Disappointed by the corruption and materialism that he saw around him, he embraced a life of poverty and of detachment from worldly concerns He emphasized prayer and personal devotion over study and intellectual rigor For Francis, the essence of godly living was found in self-denial, prayer, and service to God and to fellow men A charismatic leader, Francis attracted numerous followers who shared his vision and formed a new monastic order He was canonized Saint Francis in 1228, just two years after his death Francis was the first saint considered to have received the stigmata Reports spread that the wounds of Christ had appeared on Francis' body near the end of his life The appearance of these wounds, or stigmata, was believed to be a miraculous indication of a close connection with Christ

In the Early Middle Ages, the strongest Germanic Kingdom was that of the-

Franks

In the early Middle Ages, the strongest Germanic kingdom was that of the

Franks

Capetians

French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy

High Middle Ages

From the 11th century (1000s) to the 13th century (1200s)

Late Middle Ages

From the 14th century (1300s) to 1499

Early Middle Ages

From the 5th century (400s AD) to the 10th century (900s AD)

Gesith

Germanic band of warriors in Beowolf

Franks

Germanic people who lived and held power in Gaul. Their leader was Clovis and he would later bring Christianity to the region. By 511 the Franks had united into one kingdom and they controlled the largest and strongest parts of Europe.

Magna Carta

Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.

Popular respect for the papacy was undermined by the_____

Great Schism

Self-sufficiency

Grew or produced all of the basic items needed for food, clothing, and shelter. To meet these needs, the manor had buildings devoted to special purposes

Women in Middle Ages Europe were excluded from most careers. However, many did become

Guildmasters

What group dominated the economic and political lives of towns during the Middle Ages?

Guilds

Which group dominated the economic and political lives of towns during the Middle Ages

Guilds

What was the Babylonian captivity for Phillip the Fair

He "kidnaps" the pope, moves papal capital to Avignon, France. All popes and cardinals are then French for the next 75 years.

Son of Lorenzo de' Medici

He became Pope at age 37. He acquired a refined taste in art, manners, and social life among the Florentine Renaissance elite. "Let us enjoy the papacy, since God has given it to us."

How did Pepin gain further power for himself?

He convinced the pope Boniface that he was the actual ruler of the kingdom

Rise of Universities

Monastic context As monasteries grew, they took on an increasingly important educational function Monasteries became known as centers of learning Many of the greatest literary and theological works of the Middle Ages were written and preserved in monasteries This was a benefit as it placed the students under ecclesiastical jurisdiction and thus imparted certain legal immunities and protections The cathedral schools eventually became partially detached from the cathedrals and formed their own institutions The growing focus on education contributed to the movement known as Scholasticism Characteristics Scholasticism derives its name from schola, which means "school" Scholasticism refers to a technical theology that is studied, practiced, and formally developed in schools The scholastic movement involved expressing theology using a more standardized, tactical vocabulary so that theologians could communicate with one another more quickly and simply Like most professions, theology developed its own technical vocabulary The rising prominence of Aristotelian philosophy lent a detailed philosophical vocabulary to the scholastic movement Although many of the questions and ideas of Scholasticism may sound pedantic and absurd, they often raise meaningful issues A common example is the question of how many angels can dance on the head of a pin While this question may seem pointless, it actually deals with the topic of whether angels possess physicality, or whether they are purely spiritual beings

Overview

Monasticism becomes the right arm of the papacy Augustine of Canterbury and Columba to Scotland To extend papal authority This competition between church and state for primacy in medieval society fostered protest from many people who objected to the church's quest for power and influence Monasticism offered a different vision for the church Monastic communities emphasized leaving behind one's family, property, and worldly values in order to focus exclusively on God Eventually, many monastic orders were given so much wealth that their focus on simple living was exchanged for luxury, sloth and laxity New voices would call for reform and for a return to the monastic ideals of poverty, moral rigor, and spiritual discipline However, most monastic reform focused more on behavior than belief, offering moral answers to doctrinal problems

What did Scandinavian farmers and traders need (Vikings)

More land

Which of the following cities became the capital of Russia under the tsar

Moscow

Differences b/t noblewomen and peasant women.

Most women were powerless and considered inferior to males. Noblewoman: could inherit an estate. Lives confined to activities in home or convent Peasant Women: worked endless labor around the home and in the fields, bore children and took care of families.

What did the Germanic kingdoms do with roman customs when they are inclining and rome is not

Move away from the customs

Lollardy

Movement that posed threat to the church in the fifteenth-century. There was no basis in Scripture for papal claims of temporal authority. The Bible should be a Christian's authority.

In 1095 the Council of Clermont called for war against-

Muslims and Jerusalem

In 1905 the council of Clermont called for war against

Muslims in Jerusalem and Antioch

Battle of Tours

Muslims vs. Franks (Aber-raham vs Charles Martel) Muslims were winning at first and they wanted more and more and were obsessed with their spoils. Didn't want to leave them so they brought the spoils with them to the battle of Tours. They thought Muslims were stealing their spoils so ran to their tents. Aber-raham was left without an army and was killed. Leading to the Franks winning the Battle.

Although medieval serfs were not slaves, they

Needed permission to travel

A person who is distinguished by a rank or title is called?

Noble

Land that the Vikings took over

Normandy (northern France)

The Council's attempt to reform the church?

Passing down decrees alone was insufficient to reform the church, as popes would not cooperate with councils that diminished their authority. Although the papal monarchy had been maintained, it had lost much moral prestige and could no longer assert supremacy over temporal governments.

Serfs

Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system.

Villagers not bound to the land; could move to another manor if they wanted

Peasants

Why was manor life so harsh on the serfs and peasants?

Peasants rarely traveled more than 25 miles from their own manor. Peasants paid tax on all grain ground in the lord's mill, tax on marriage, and church tax(tithe-10% of income) Average life expectancy for a peasant was about 35 years. Slept in small spaces with lots of people. Used Pigs to keep it warm.

How did Feudalism begin?

People looked to their local rulers for security. The Feudal system began: The king(lord) awarded fiefs(land) to his most important nobles, barons, and bishops, in return for their contribution of soldiers for the king's armies

Catholic Church

People of the Middle Ages believed it represented God's rules and teachings; religion was so important during medieval times that the period was known as the "Age of Faith"

Who was the son of Charles Martel that exiles the last Merovingian King and becomes the king of the Franks? What does the dynasty of his family become known as?

Pepin the Short: Carolingian dynasty

Pope Boniface VIII v. King Phillip IV of France

Philip claimed the right to tax the French clergy. Boniface VIII responded that the clergy of any state could not pay taxes to their secular ruler without the pope's consent

William of Occam

Philosopher who posited a radical interpretation of nominalism, eventually leading to the compatibility of rational analysis of the material world with mystical acceptance of spiritual truths

Black Death

Plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure

Troubadours

Poets in 14th-century southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in the Western tradition

Manorialism

Political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were tied to their land and their lord through serfdom. The basic unit was the manor, a self-sufficient landed estate, or fief, under the control of a lord.

In the rise of the Germanic kingdoms who did the loyalty of the citizens go to

Regional kings (chieftain)

Life rules of religious orders

Regula

Guilds

Regulated employment in many crafts and professions during the High Middle ages

Feudalism

Relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service

What prompted new monastic orders for men and women?

Religious fervor

Franciscan and Dominican orders

Religious orders that were started to reform the Catholic Church from the bottom up; they were different because they traveled and lived with the people, rather than remain secluded in monasteries.

The Crusades

Religious wars that aimed to reclaim the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims; they allowed for Italy to dominate Mediterranean trade

Carolingians

Royal house of the Franks from the 8th to the 10th centuries

Holy Roman emperors

Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy

What harmonized Christian teachings with Greek philosophy?

Scholasticism

What did the church provide for young men

Schooling

Vikings

Seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America.

Term used for people who are interested in wordy rather than religious matters

Secular

What group finally conquered the Byzantine Empire?

Seljuk Turks

Henry VIII

Separated from the Catholic Church; established the Church of Eng; and established the Act of Supremacy, making himself a New Monarch

Wild game available to anyone

Serf's forest

By 1300, Europe had very few remaining

Serfs

Villagers who are bound to the land

Serfs

Scattered land that is arable

Serfs land

Medieval Universities

Served as teacher corporations

Minstrels

Singers and musicians who entertained lords during the Middle Ages; they played harps, guitars, and flutes.

Feudalism

Social system in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, in exchange for military protection.

Great Schism

The crisis in the late medieval church when there were first two and then three popes; ended by the Council of Constance (1414-1418) This fight lasted for 40 years and badly damaged the faith of Christian believers. Since each line of popes denounced the other as the Antichrist, such a spectacle could not help but undermine the institution that had become the very foundation of the church

___, ______, and _____ lead the revival of trade in Europe

The emergence of a money economy, a regular exchange of goods between Flanders and Italy, and the establishment of banking firms

Pope

The head of the Roman Catholic Church; chosen at a meeting of Cardinals.

canossa

The italian city where pope Gregory VII stayed. Henry traveled here in the snow to beg for forgiveness after being excommunicated

Renaissance papacy

The line of popes from the end of the Great Schism (1417) to the beginnings of the Reformation in the early sixteenth century They were patrons of Renaissance art.

Middle Ages

The period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century.

Pluralism

The practice of holding several church offices simultaneously; a problem of the late medieval church.

Crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Which is known as the Great Schism

The split between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism

What is known as The Great Schism?

The split between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church

Civic Humanism (1400s-1600s)

The stoic idea that if you had any talents that could be contributed to the society, it was your civic duty and responsibility to do so.

What was the basis of humanism?

The study of the classics and a shifting focus from "how God views man" to "how man views man" in art; a shift in historical studies that viewed history as cyclical

Three estates

The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.

The Spanish Inquisition

The time period when some heretics were burned

Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376)

The time when Pope Clement V moved the papal office to Avignon; 7 Popes lived there during this time

John Hus

The university chancellor urged the elimination of the worldliness and corruption of the clergy and attacked the excessive power of the papacy within the Catholic Church.

Dante and Chaucer were two authors who wrote their works in _____.

The vernacular language

______was the most prestigious subject and was heavily influenced by scholasticism

Theology

council of lateran four

These were gatherings of high ranking Church officials in a council, formed to resolve issues within the Church. Pope Innocent III resided and there were 3 issues discussed 1. sacrament define and limit the 7 2. minimual requirements to be a Christian: beyond baptized and go to church, go to confession in spring and receive communion 3. Muslims and jews must self identify ie yellow star of David

Question: Why did the age of the viking expansion come to an end? What factors contributed to the closing of this era? Use specific examples to back up your assertions

Thesis- The Vikings came to an end because their way of life does not adapt with the modern world Point 1- Their way of raiding and conquering multiple lands was diminished by homeland politics Example: In Norway, kingdoms began to form instead of the "wild west" type of land. The new kings did not wish for their people going out and getting in random fights. Point 2- Their new beliefs made raiding outlawed Example: The influx of christianity within the vikings, Roman Catholic Church banned fighting between christians in 11th century Point 3- Climate caused for less opportunities. Example: The Little Ice age from 1300

Question: Discuss the colonization and settlement by Scandinavian peoples during the Viking Age. Explain the process by which the Norse, Danes, and Swedes came to establish colonies in regions outside Scandinavia. What was the purpose, what were the consequences for themselves and the people they encountered

Thesis- The Vikings raiding brought a new worry for lands around the world. This new type of repetitive conquering caused for the Vikings colonization. Point 1- Western settlements were found by accident and easily taken since they were uninhabited or nearly uninhabited -Raided Faroe islands in 800 and used the small island as a pit stop to Britain -Someone got lost on their way around Faroe islands and found iceland in 870 -Then Iceland was colonized with a max population, creating overcrowding and tensions for land like in scandinavia, which included Eirik the Red going to Greenland -Leif Eirikson ventured to Vinland after hearing a tale around 1000. According to the Vinland Sagas, the land was so good that the livestock did not need any fodder in the winter. Also there was a lot of salmon larger than usual. So that land was very attractive. This land could most likely be L'Anse Aux Meadows. Point 2- When raiding inhabited lands, they became feared enough that they would be given land just so they would stop. -The first raid that started the viking age was Lindisfarne in 792 AD. This was a shock England's system -People in England began to expect this, so they try to defend themselves. When the defense didn't work some rulers would give them land in trade for their help in fighting the rulers wars with him. This kept happening until Danelaw would control most of england until 1066 at the battle of stamford bridge. -Ireland was raided and given land just like in Britain. Places like Dublin were made as trading post. -Norseman Rollo was attacking Paris in 885, and in order for the attacks to stop Frankish ruler Charles the Simple offered Normandy to be their land if the two became allies. Point 3- The Swedish Vikings created a colony in Russia through intermingling with the slavs -While using the Volga river system to get trade into rich land like Byzantine Empire, they went past the Slavs. The slavs offered to move their ships by portage if they would be kept at peace and get paid. This happened in the 9th century. -The slavs were internally disorganized and needed a ruler so they offered to have a viking king to bring their mess together

Northern humanists

They focused on the sources of early Christianity, the Holy Scriptures and the writings of such church fathers as Augustine, Ambrose, and Jerome

How did Frankish rulers such as Clovis and Charlemagne convert people to Christianity, why was this important?

They have the choice of either converting or dying: it was an effective way of unifying the kingdom on religion and unifying the Franks with the Catholic Church

How did the crusades affect life in Europe

They helped to increase the power of monarchs

How did the Crusades affect life in Europe?

They opened a wider world and increased the pace of change.

Which is not generally true of Jews in Central Europe in the Middle Ages

They prohibited from marrying

What is generally true of Jews in Central Europe In the middle ages?

They were barred from many occupations such as trade, handicraft, and from owning land

What describes the thriving towns of Medieval Europe?

They were governed by charters and not lords

Which describe the thriving towns of medieval Europe

They were governed by charters rather than by lords

During the Italian Renaissance, people believed _____.

They were witnessing a rebirth of ancient Greece and Rome, they had entered a new age of human achievement, well-rounded people could achieve in many areas of life

Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas was born in Italy in 1225 and lived until 1274 He was born into a wealthy and influential family and received an excellent education As a young man, he joined the Dominican order, a decision that displeased his family He became known as the "angelic doctor" because of his intellectual talents and his writings on the subject of angels Some who knew him referred to him as a "dumb ox," owing to his large stature and quiet, studious disposition As a theologian, Thomas emphasized the reasonableness of Christianity The mind of God was reflected in creation and in salvation By studying God's revelation, humans can better understand God by "thinking God's thoughts after Him" Thomas' summary of theology, Summa Theologica, is still considered one of the greatest works of the Middle Ages Interestingly, Thomas' work only became popular after his death He attracted relatively few followers when he was alive Around the end of Thomas' lifetime, theology began to move in different directions In the sixteenth century, a revival of Thomistic theology took place within the Roman Catholic Church as it began to see Thomas' writings as a useful resource for resisting Protestant teachings Other revivals of Thomism occurred in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Today, he is regarded as a towering figure within medieval thought Thomas had been profoundly influenced by the writings of Augustine While most medieval theologians valued and respected Augustine, Thomas understood him on a deeper and more comprehensive level However, Thomas' Augustinianism sometimes manifested itself in surprising ways On the issue of election, Thomas was a consistently Augustinian predestinarian In spite of his Augustinian tendencies, Thomas and other medievals cautioned that a person cannot know whether he is elect or not An Augustinian view of election, then, was paired with a proto-Arminian view of assurance Believing that a person is justified by faith formed by love, Thomas emphasized a rigorous pursuit of holiness Faith was often thought of as knowledge that is received as true However, faith was of no avail unless it had been enlivened by love Love, in late medieval belief, gave life and substance to faith Receiving the sacraments, then, became a valued means of building up love and therefore building up faith

How did the Inquisition give the Church a "tool" for discouraging heresy?

Those who failed to do proper penance for heresy could face execution.

Benedictine Rule

Though the roots of monasticism existed long before, the sixth-century monk Benedict of Nursia is considered to be the founding father of the medieval monastic movements Benedict's charter, known as the Benedictine Rule, outlined key principles of holiness and self-denial for communities of monks and nuns who were committed to the values of poverty, chastity, and obedience to God. However, later generations did not always show the same degree of commitment and devotion as their predecessors. In response, certain influential leaders responded to corruption and decline by calling for a return to Benedict's rigid standards. While returning to the rigor of the past, these leaders also envisioned new ways for monks to carry out their mission within a changing world From 6th C. on, most Western monasteries were Benedictine Characteristics Obedience Poverty Chastity

The Rediscovery of Aristotle

Throughout the early Middle Ages, Aristotle's works had not been widely circulated in Europe As Europeans came into contact with Muslim scholars who had access to Aristotle's writings, new translations of works by Aristotle became available in the West Aristotle's ideas greatly stimulated intellectual developments in Europe, contributed to theological reflection, and in part helped to bring about centers of learning such as universities Aristotle's writings opened up new topics of discussion, such as the relationship between reason, revelation, and faith Some thinkers claimed that revelation was no longer necessary Others suggested that revelation teaches one truth and reason teaches another However, theologians such as Thomas Aquinas made an effort to show how reason and philosophy could serve Christian faith and theology Aristotle, therefore, became an important tool among later medieval Scholastics as they wrestled with complex theological issues An important issue raised by Aristotelian philosophy was the relationship between the Creator and the creation Among certain Christians, there was a definite otherworldly focus In their zeal for the realities of heaven and salvation, they would essentially ignore earthly matters Although Thomas Aquinas was drawn to an ascetic life, he realized that many Christians were in danger of denying the reality and value of this world In his Summa Contra Gentiles, Thomas reflected on the importance of creation and concluded that an undervaluing of the created order can lead to an undervaluing of God Himself Therefore, the approach taken by Thomas and other later Scholastics was to unite reason and revelation in an effort to integrate grace, nature, and the Christian life

Where 10% of the income goes to church

Tithe

Trade led to what development in the economic system?

Use of money rather than barter

What was a warfare

Usually small battles with rules Try to capture other and the supporters of the captive would pay you to get him back

Person who receives land in a feudal relationship

Vassal

In what language was new literature written?

Vernacular