Middle Childhood
Tammy is playing blocks with a friend when she suddenly reaches for one of her friend's blocks and takes it. Right after she does this, Tammy says out loud in a scolding voice, "don't take from others without asking". According to Mead, what part of self is Tammy developing here?
me
The area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control emotions is the ________.
prefrontal cortex
street corner state:
state in which the child is playful, energetic, excited, and expresses personal opinions, feelings, and beliefs
self-concept
the idea of who we are, what we are capable of doing, and how we think and feel
Who was Gardner?
-Author of a contemporary theory of multiple intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds of intelligence-Multiple Intelligences - several independent mental abilities that allow a person to solve problems, create products that are valued within one's culture.-Intelligence defined within the context of culture-Can't really measure it using a standard IQ test.
One of the most important factors to consider in choosing a daycare is
the student to teacher ratio
authoritarian parenting:
the traditional model of parenting in which parents make the rules and children are expected to be obedient
Pamela is taking a state achievement test. What is being measured in the test?
what she has already learned
When is autism frequently diagnosed?
when child reaches school-age
autism disorders are most commonly diagnosed
when child reaches school-age
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding learning difficulties?
They may change over time
Approximately how many girls have been sexually abused in their lifetime?
1 in 4
Diets high in fat and increasingly sedentary lifestyles have contributed to an increase in childhood obesity, with approximately how many children carrying 20% or more than their ideal weight?
1 in 5
IQ Tests however do not measure:
CreativityAchievement motivationGoal-oriented behaviorAbility to adapt to one's environment
Paula sits down to read a book, and the words jumble around the page like an indecipherable code. What disorder does Paula most likely have?
Dyslexia
Long-term effects on divorce
Economic/Occupational Status, Improved Relationships with the Custodial Parent, Greater emotional independence in sons, Feeling more anxious in their own love relationships, Adjustment of the custodial parent, Mental health issues...
IQ Tests do a good job measuring:
Logical thinkingProblem solvingCapacity to acquire knowledge
Stella, a seven-year-old, understands that the drive to her grandparents' house takes about an hour because they live in a different town, miles away. What process in Piagetian development does this demonstrate Stella understands?
Logical understanding of distance and time in the physical world
In Kohlberg's moral reasoning test, what was his main question in the study?
Why people answered in the manner they did
These children are often targeted for bullying, as easy targets who do not fight back.
Withdrawn-rejected children
autism spectrum disorder:
a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior
gender
a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female
Negative, stressful events in childhood that have profound and lasting sociological, psychological, and physiological effects are referred to as what?
adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
authoritative parenting:
appropriately strict, reasonable, and affectionate. They are willing to negotiate when appropriate
which of the following is NOT a short-term consequence of divorce on children?
Sons' greater emotional independence
hidden curriculum:
cultural values, concepts, behaviors and roles that are part of the school experience but are not part of the formal curriculum
School-aged children are able to tell and appreciate jokes like "knock-knock" jokes and puns, thanks to what advancement in language?
greater sophistication in vocabulary
Jonathan's parents divorced 2 years ago. Which of the following is likely true of his current situation?
he has greater emotional independence
Hoyt is 10 years old, and is a victim of sexual abuse. Which of the following is least likely?
he is being abused by a female
Johann is five years old and even though he really struggles with shoe tying, he protests when his parents try to help him. According to Erikson, Johann does this because
he is controlling his autonomy
Jessa feels increasing social pressure to look like the other girls in her class, wearing the same brands of clothing as they do. She feels like she will fit in and be well-liked if she wears similar clothing, but she just doesn't like it, so she doesn't conform. What is this brand-name pressure influencing within Jessa?
her self-concept
false self-training:
holding a child to adult standards while denying the child's developmental needs
In Kohlberg's studies, what mattered most in the decision making process?
how the child arrived at their decision
Alejandro's mom has noticed that he seems overweight. What is the best strategy to help Alejandro lose the extra weight he is carrying?
increase Alejandro's activity level
What physical change allows children in middle childhood to engage in longer, sustained periods of strenuous play?
increased lung capacity
sanctity state:
a time in which the child is contemplative, quiet, or prayerful. It is a often only a very brief part of the day
controversial
children who are either strongly liked or strongly disliked by quite a few peers
police officer/drill sergeant parent:
focuses primarily on making sure that the child is obedient and that the parent has full control of the child
triarchic theory of intelligence (Sternberg)
-Analytic/Academic "intelligence"—mental processes used in learning how to solve problems-Creative "intelligence"—ability to deal with novel situations by drawing on existing skills and knowledge-Practical "intelligence"—ability to adapt to the environment (street smarts)
Who was Sternberg?
-Author of a Triarchic theory of multiple intelligences consisting of of 3 mental abilities-Disagrees with Gardner in calling these intelligences.-Instead believes these are talents or abilities.-Said Intelligence is a general quality-Stresses both the universal aspects of intelligent behavior and the importance of adapting to a certain social and cultural climate.-Also called Successful Intelligence
Adrik is having difficulties in school. He is not reading well, but this seems to be because he cannot focus on the readings. Adrik also has difficulty paying attention when he is completing his math work. Which of the following learning disabilities is likely affecting Adrik?
ADHD
what is the approximate number of boys who have been sexually abused?
About 1 in 10
Which of the following describes Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self?
After being told by many other individuals that she is an outgoing person, Jessica begins to see herself the same way.
Jordan has always had issues sitting still in the classroom, because he has trouble filtering out all of the extra noises and sights and paying attention to the teacher above all the stimuli. What disorder does Jordan likely have?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Which of the following is NOT a reason boys tend to report sexual abuse less often than girls?
Boys are more likely to be abused by someone outside the family
ecological systems model:
Brofenbrenner's theory that we all belong to many communities and are influenced in the context of multiple environments, also known as ecological systems; organized into five levels of external influence: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem
Ivan, an 8-year-old, no longer thinks a row of pennies in front of him contains more pennies than a row of the same number of pennies with less spacing between coins. What Piagetian concept does this demonstrate Ivan has mastered?
Conservation
The ability to apply newly found skills to novel situations describes which type of intelligence as proposed by which theorist, Gardner or Stenberg?
Creative, Stemberg
What aspects of intimacy are vital to children's friendships in middle childhood that weren't as salient in early childhood?
Emotional disclosure, trust, and vulnerability
Ariela is a dancer and gymnast. Which theory of intelligence, Gardner's or Sternberg's would most fully capture the kind of intelligence Ariela displays, and what is this type of intelligence called?
Gardner; bodily-kinesthetic
theory of multiple intelligences:
Garner's theory that there are many kinds of intelligence. The modern version of the theory recognizes 9 forms of intelligence
Short term effects of divorce
Grief over losses suffered, Reduced Standard of Living (this is one of the strongest impacts), Adjusting to Transitions.
Cultural influences on students informally teach all of the following messages, EXCEPT:
Homework does not build greater responsibility
While children in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development are more logical thinkers, what type of thinking is still too challenging for them at this stage?
Hypothetical thinking
Josie, a 7-year-old, begins playing soccer and her parents are impressed by how well she is doing. what major physical changes contribute to Josie's abilities?
Improved motor skills with decreased physical growth rate
Jenamin was diagnosed with dyslexia early in her fifth grade school year. Even though she had dyslexia, she was a good reader then. Now, at the end of the school year, her reading scores are lagging far behind those of the other students. Which explanation makes the most sense given this scenario.
Jenamin's teachers may be interpreting difficulties with reading material as due to the dyslexia, so they may not work with her as much as the teachers in her earlier grade did
Which of the following statements regarding physical growth is most likely to be true of John and Judy, both six years old?
John and Judy have likely begun to lose their primary teeth.
Jovie is 2 and her older brother Chris is 5. Which of Freud's stages do these children fit into?
Jovie is in the anal stage, while Chris is in the phallic stage. Check Answer
Jamal, a third-grader, likes to tell jokes, and his peers find him hilarious. Which of the following types of jokes might Jamal tell to amuse his classmates?
Knock-Knock jokes
Kyle just had his 7th birthday. Which of the following is true of Kyle's brain?
Kyle's brain is nearly the size it will be when he is an adult
According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theories were biased against women, based on all of the following observations, EXCEPT?
Men focus on logic, while women focus on caring for others and relationships
Megan evaluates several different problem-solving techniques when approaching a task. What thought process is she engaging in, as she selects which strategy she will use to perform her task?
Metacognition
concrete operational stage of cognitive development:
Piaget's stage of development during middle childhood that emphasizes the use of logical thought, especially as applied to concrete, or physical objects
This type of child is well-liked by peers and is kind to others
Popular-prosocial child
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are frequently characterized by marked deficits in which of the following areas?
Reading social cues
Jill, who is in third grade, is studying her multiplication times tables, repeating the information over and over again in an attempt to store these figures in her long term memory, quizzing herself regularly. What strategy is Jill using?
Rehearsal
Which of the following reflect what Erikson believed to be the main influence on personality development?
Relationships with other individuals.
Arjun's mom is baking a cake. He realizes that once the batter is mixed, the ingredients cannot be separated out. Which principle of concrete operational thought is Arjun using here?
Reversibility
Modesty and competence balance to give a child going through the Eriksonian phase of industry versus inferiority, granting them an overall accurate and realistic concept of what?
Self
Contemporary research indicates that children of divorced parents are more ________ their peers with non-divorced parents.
Similar to than different from
Before placing a child diagnosed with a learning disability into a special program, what additional esteem need should be considered for the child?
Social considerations
Which of the following is an example of the use of fine motor skills?
Sonjia is playing a game where she holds her thumb and index finger about an inch apart. Her sister than drops a dollar through the opening and if Sonja can "catch" it by pinching it, she can keep it
triarchic theory of intelligence:
Sternberg's theory that recognizes three forms of intelligence: academic, creative, and practical
All of these examples are likely to be detrimental aspects of a school's hidden curriculum, Except?
Teacher support for tutoring
According to Mead's "I and me" theory, how does the "I" differ from the "me?"
The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the "me" is the social definition of the individual. Check Answer
Which of the following statements is representative of Piaget's stage concrete operational thought a child might perform in middle childhood?
The child is able to demonstrate an understanding of cause and effect, as well as size and distance.
Kendall has test-taking anxiety and performs poorly on tests, so she is labeled as a "struggling" student and enrolled in an educational rehabilitation program through her school. Her self-confidence is shaken, and she starts performing poorly on other assignments as well. What does Kendall's situation exemplify?
The self-fulfilling prophecy
What is "hidden curriculum?"
The underlying values and belief systems of the school and its members that do not constitute formal curriculum, but affect children's learning experience.
As children reach middle childhood, they adapt new strategies to meet goals. Which of these developments or strategies does NOT demonstrate this cognitive change?
They begin prioritizing every minute detail, trying to learn everything.
A major limitation of Kohlberg's theories was his lack of insight into the study of what demographic?
Women
positive reinforcement:
a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior; for example, stickers on a behavior chart or words of encouragement
negative punishment:
a desirable stimulus is removed to decrease a behavior; for example, losing the privilege of playing a desired game or using a desired item
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder:
a neurological and behavioral disorder in which a person has difficulty staying on task, screening out distractions, and inhibiting behavioral outbursts
introjection:
a process Freud described where children incorporate values from others into their value set
dyslexia
a specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities
A sticker chart designed to reward a child for every ten stickers earned for doing household chores is an example of what?
a token economy
adverse childhood experiences:
abuse, neglect, and violent experiences that contribute to childhood trauma
Three-year-old Tristan's parents took him to the toy store. While there, he wanted to buy a Barbie. Which of the following would be the best parental response to the situation if Tristan's parents wanted him to do less gender stereotyping as he grew older?
allow tristan to purchase the barbie
Mylenization
an aspect of brain maturation in which more myelin is formed around the axons of neurons, thereby increase neural transmission
positive punishment:
an undesirable stimulus is added to decrease a behavior; for example, spanking or receiving a speeding ticket
negative reinforcement:
an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior; for example, the car beeping goes away when we click into the seatbelt
Which of the following is not one of the multiple intelligences proposed in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?
anayltical (part of Sternburg's)
Which of Baumrind's parenting styles involves parents who hold high expectations for their children but are also responsive to their children's needs?
authoritative
The Love and Logic approach emphasizes the importance of providing loving support while helping children learn to be respectful and responsible. Which parenting style is similar to the Love and Logic approach?
authoritiative
Four-year-old Carmen is at the checkout counter with her mother. She sees a candy bar that she really wants. When her mother isn't looking, she grabs one, opens it, and takes a bite from it. Her mother notices the chocolate on her face as they are leaving and asks Carmen where she got chocolate. Carmen happily shows her mom the chocolate bar. Carmen's mom tells her that she should not steal and tells Carmen that she is now in trouble. Carmen never steals again. According to Freud, why would Carmen never steal again?
carmen sees that her mother's reaction is negative and through parental introjection, carmen incorporates the idea that stealing is bad inyo her value system so that she will not lose the love of her mother
Adam spends a lot of time indoors watching television and playing video games for fun. What does this primarily sedentary lifestyle put him at risk for?
childhood obesity
withdrawn-rejected
children who are excluded because they are shy and withdrawn
aggressive-rejected:
children who are ostracized because they are aggressive, loud, and confrontational
popular-prosocial
children who are popular because they are nice and have good social skills
popular-antisocial:
children who gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others
average:
children who receive an average number of positive and negative nominations from their peers
neglected
children who tend to go unnoticed but are not especially liked or disliked by their peers
Eight-year-old Orianna is figuring out that she is good at some things and bad at others. According to Erikson, if Orianna views herself as successful in most of the things that she does, she will develop a sense of ________.
competence
What stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory do children in middle childhood usually occupy?
conventional
Shalecia is noticing that her child has much better coordination between the left and right hemispheres. She is wondering what is behind this increased coordination, so she asks her doctor. Dr. Marti tells Shalecia that the growth spurt that occurs in the ________ results in improved coordination between right and left hemispheres.
corpus callosum
Leah, age 8, is teased at school for being overweight and she's self-conscious about her body image. How can Leah's parents best support her in losing weight?
encouraging physical play and joining her in increasing physical activity
toxic stress:
excessive stress that exceeds a child's ability to cope, especially in the absence of supportive caregiving from adults
Debbie, a 9-year-old has developed early, and older men make physical advances at her, expecting her to act as old as she looks. What are these older men doing to Debbie, mentally?
false self-training
The impact of divorce on children varies depending on a wide array of factors. Which of these short-term factors is among the strongest impacts on children of divorced parents?
financial/economic issues
pre-conventional moral development:
first 2 stages of moral development where morality comes from outside the person, and the concern is on physical consequences of actions
Information processing theory proposes three main levels of memory to compare human memory to computer processing Which of the following is NOT one of the components of memory introduced in information processing theory?
flash theory
Sadid is 2 years old and his older sister, Jenn, is 5 years old. While they're playing one day, Jenn puts a barrette in Sadid's hair. Sadid gets upset and states that he doesn't want to be a girl, and that he likes being a boy. Jenn laughs because she understands that putting the barrette in Sadid's hair did not make him a girl. What has Jenn achieved that Sadid has not?
gender constancy
In a pre-k classroom, children are allowed time to play with toys throughout the day. The teacher encourages the girls to play with dolls, and the boys to play with toy trucks. Which of the following concepts does this reflect?
gender role socialization
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding physical growth in middle childhood?
growth rates slow during middle childhood
According to Erikson, a successful resolution of the crisis in middle childhood will lead a child to a sense of what?
industry - The major crisis of middle childhood, according to Erikson, is industry versus inferiority. A child who successfully resolves this crisis will feel industrious and successful in their endeavors.
Jenna is 4 years old, and is beginning to think of her own ideas and initiate action. Which of Erikson's stages of development is she in?
initiative vs guilt
permissive parenting:
involves being a friend to a child rather than an authority figure. Children are allowed to make their own rules and determine their own activities
How is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) typically treated?
it is treated with stimulants
food insecurity:
limited or uncertain availability of safe, nutritious food
Yazmine is taking an IQ test. Which of the following skills might be measured with this test?
linguistic
Sophia is trying to learn material for an exam. Which component of memory will store the information she is learning?
long-term memory
Teaching children languages in middle childhood involves a different process than children in early childhood. Why might teaching children languages in middle childhood be successful?
middle childhood is a good time to learn grammatical rules
Mike is 5 years old, and often comes up with new things to do and try, such as building forts in the living room with couch cushions. His older brother, Lucas, is a teenager who is struggling to develop his own self-identity. Which of the brothers would Erikson classify as being in the initiative vs. guilt stage of development?
mike
Minor failures do not destroy a child's self-concept during middle childhood. Rather, learning from failure can give the child a healthy sense of what?
modesty
Francisco is not really liked or disliked by his peers. Francisco would be considered a ________ child.
neglected
Chuck goes to a fairly small school, yet nobody seems to notice him, and most days he's alone. What category of child is Chuck?
neglected child
Home State
occurs when parents or siblings visit the school. Children in this state may enjoy special privileges such as going home early or being exempt from certain school rules in the mother's presence, or it can be difficult if the parent is there to discuss trouble at school with a staff member
Delia is trying to help two-year-old Simon understand that he should eat his cereal and not throw his cereal to the ground. When she first gives Simon his cereal, before he has had a chance to really throw it, Delia tells Simon, "Simon, I like the way you are eating your cereal!" What type of conditioning is Delia using to help Simon learn?
operant conditioning
martyr parent:
parent who will do anything for the child, even tasks that the child should do independently, may later use what they have done for the child to invoke guilt and compliance
uninvolved parenting:
parents who are disengaged from their children, do not make demands on their children, and are non-responsive
teacher-counselor parent:
pays a lot of attention to expert advice on parenting and believes that as long as all of the steps are followed, the parent can rear a perfect child
Children raised with this parenting style may fail to learn self-discipline and develop uncertainty toward boundaries.
permissive
fine motor skills
physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin
Howard's mother is taking a psychology course in college. She is concerned that her three-year-old is capable of sexual arousal, but better understands his behavior after learning about modern sexual development theory. According to the theory, three-year-old Howard is capable of sexual arousal that includes:
physical arousal
Miracle is a devoted mom of two picky toddlers. She wants her kids to eat healthily and understands that struggles over food are bad because ________.
power struggles can teach your child to eat or refuse to eat in order to gain favor or express anger toward someone else
Labeling a child as learning disabled can lead to the child lacking self-confidence and performing poorly in school. What is this phenomenon called?
self-fulfilling prophecy
conventional moral development:
stages 3 and 4 of moral development where morality is internalized, and the concern is on society norms
post-conventional moral development:
stages 5 and 6 of moral development where morality comes from personal understanding of rights and justice, regardless of whether that understanding matches societal norms
Jess is in school. He is walking slowly from music class back to his room and waves at his friend Ovid. What state is Jess in?
street corner state
The average day of third-grade students places them in what state, as described by Brofenbrenner's ecological systems model, for the majority of the time?
student state
delayed gratification
the ability to hold out for a larger reward by forgoing a smaller immediate reward
response inhibition
the ability to recognize a potential behavior and stop the initiation of an undesired behavior
Reversibility
the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point
Mandy has been reading a lot of child development books and websites. She is becoming confused about what she should be looking for with her child's physical growth. Which of the following is true about a child's physical growth during early childhood?
the child will grow about 3 inches in height per year
sensory memory:
the first component of the memory system where information comes in through the 5 senses and is processed if the mind believes that the information is important
Eight-year-old Seth is the class comedian. How might his jokes differ from those he would have told at age 4?
the jokes have punch lines
Four-year-old Amy is playing with a truck. Which of the following is NOT likely to be true?
the other children are probably making fun of Amy
looking-glass self
the process by which our sense of self develops as we interact with others through various social relationships and incorporate the way those other people view us into our own sense of self
athletic coach style of parenting:
the rules for behavior are consistent and objective and presented in that way. The parent's role is to provide guidance while the child learns first hand how to handle these situations
working memory
the second component of the memory system where information that has been processed in sensory memory goes. Working memory includes all the information that you are consciously aware of
anal stage:
the second stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development, lasting from age 18 months to three years, during which time the anus is the primary erogenous zone and pleasure is derived from controlling bladder and bowel movements
Critics of the "participation trophy" effect in children's activities that praise all children's efforts oppose which parenting style posed by Lemasters and Defrain?
the teacher counselor
self-fulfilling prophecy:
the tendency to act in a way that makes what you predict will happen come true
phallic stage:
the third stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development, lasting from age three to six years, during which the libido (desire) centers upon the genitalia and children become aware of bodies
gender identity
the way that one thinks about gender and self-identifies, can be female, male, or genderqueer
student state:
this state is one in which the student focuses on a task or tries to stay focused on a task, is passive, compliant, and often frustrated
For as long as Alessandro can remember his parents have been constantly arguing, often ignore him and his siblings for long periods of time, and he often does not get enough to eat. What sort of stress is Alessandro likely suffering from?
toxic stress
Steven's mom just lost her job and she's not sure how she's going to make ends meet. Lately, Steven hasn't had much reassurance he'll get enough food to eat on a daily basis. What type of stress is this most likely to be?
toxic stress
pal parent:
wants to be the child's friend and focuses being entertaining and fun