midterm 2 (ch. 4-6)

The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be:

7 (plus or minus 2) chunks of information.

in the color stroop task, the more automatic process is:

reading words out loud

The "cocktail party effect" refers to the fact that shadowing performance is disrupted when _______ is embedded in the unattended message.

the listeners name

The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to:

the loss of the ability to form new memories.

Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory?

the phonological loop

the "cocktail party effect" provides evidence against this theory:

attenuation theory??

in what order do the following aspects of memory function typically need to occur?

encoding maintenance retrieval

In Kahneman's model of attention, allocation of mental resources is affected by preferences for certain kinds of tasks over others. These preferences are known as:

enduring dispositions..

The _____ component of working memory is thought to be a temporary storage system that interacts with long-term memory and the other components of working memory to facilitate the transfer of information to long-term memory.

episodic buffer

Research on divided attention suggests that:

if you think that you are doing two things simultaneously, you are probably really rapidly switching attention back and forth between the two.

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve demonstrates that:

forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off.

according to the encoding retrieval match idea, you should recognize a grocery store clerk better:

if you see them at a grocery store

Before going to the grocery store, your roommate reads you a long list of items to buy. At the store, you try to remember all of the items but you forget a few. Which items are likely to have been forgotten?

items in the middle of the list

Stroop interference lessens when:

participants are given more practice at naming colors.

The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on:

the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing.

Results from dichotic listening studies indicate that, while a person is shadowing one message, he/she notices which of the following features of the unattended message?

whether it is speech or simply noise

The concept of fluid intelligence is highly related to:

working memory capacity.

A person approaches you on the street and asks for directions. While you are talking, two people carry a door between you and the person to whom you are speaking. While the door is passing, the person you are talking to is replaced by a different person. If you are like the people in studies by Simons and Levin

you have only about a 50% chance of noticing the switch

According to the retrieval cue explanation of interference, you are more likely to forget where you parked your car in a lot where:

you have parked frequently, but in many different spaces

According to the retrieval cue explanation of interference, you are more likely to forget where you parked your car in a lot where:

you have parked frequently, but in many different spaces.

Bahrick assessed memory for landmarks and buildings in the town in which participants went to college; 46 years after graduation, alumni still remembered about ____ of the information that current graduating seniors have.

40%

The famous patient H.M. had brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy. What kind of a memory impairment did he have?

A profound anterograde amnesia, accompanied by a mild retrograde amnesia

Among the following methods, which is the most effective means of learning the Spanish equivalents of English words?

Creating imaginary scenes in which the word pairs are visually associated

_____ memory tasks involve the recall or recognition of learned material, while ______ memory tasks measure the effect of previous experiences on present performance of a task.

Explicit / implicit

Which of the following is an example of retroactive interference?

Forgetting your old phone number after getting a new one

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

It lasts about 20 seconds.

Your memory for how to ride a bicycle is an example of ______ memory.

Procedural

Roediger's work on the testing effect tells us that taking tests:

actually improves memory for material.

Spelke, Hirst, and Neisser attempted to teach participants to simultaneously take dictation and read with comprehension. Their results suggests that

after 6 weeks of practice, people could simultaneously take dictation accurately and read with normal comprehension.

if I were working with a study partner, and they tested me, and I didn't remember some material, I would study that material again, and then ask them to test me again on:

all the material

A retrieval cue will be most effective when it is highly distinctive or unusual, according to the principle of:

cue overload

Parts of the frontal, parietal, and subcortical lobes are involved in:

disengaging attention from where it was previously focused.

Because of how they are stored in long-term memory, you would ______ confuse words like "cat" and "hat".

be unlikely to

The primacy and recency effects in memory:

can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work.

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):

cannot sustain vigilance on repetitive or dull tasks

Research suggests that talking on a cell phone while driving:

causes significantly more errors and slows reaction time significantly more than listening to the radio.

the working memory subsystem involved in controlling attention is:

central executive

Because of the way they are coded in long-term memory, you are most likely to confuse pieces of information that are ______ similar.

conceptually

Searching for a visual target that can be distinguished from nontarget visual items only by a combination of features is known as ____________ search

conjunction

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of:

directing the flow of information.

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of:

directing the flow of information

The calling to mind of previously stored information is known as:

retrieval

Which of the following processing contexts would lead to the greatest probability of recalling the target word "DISH"?

"Does the word fit into this sentence: He passed her a ______ full of steaming, homemade pasta and rich tomato sauce."

Your memory of your first college lecture would be an example of:

episodic memory

The size of the storage capacity of long-term memory is regarded as being ________

virtually infinite/very large

Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory modalities?

vision and hearing

You had just heard some bad news and were very sad when you listened to a lecture on levels of processing. Now it is time to take a test on that lecture material. According to the mood-dependent memory effect, you should:

watch a sad movie just before the exam.

In the second stage of feature integration theory,

we combine features into unified objects.

Long-term memory would allow you to recall ____

what someone looks like the timing of various events relationships between individuals

According to Feature Integration Theory:

-Without attention, we have access only to the total amount of activity in a feature map, and not to the locations of the features -Feature maps are created automatically and in parallel -Features are stored in spatially organized feature maps

which of the following situations requires having info from the past?

-repeating a list -shadowing in a dichotic listening task -running a marathon -sailing -watching the new episode of "supergirl" -taking pleasure in seeing the first daffodil of spring

Which of the following is true regarding controlled processing?

...

Which of the following is NOT true about distracted driving?

.......

You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the

10th word.

According to feature integration theory, which two of the following search tasks should require serial search? (1) The target differs from the distractors by a single feature such as color. (2) The target differs from the distractors by a conjunction of two or more features, such as color and orientation. (3) The target differs from the distractors by the presence of a feature (i.e. the targets have the added feature). (4) The target differs from the distractors by the absence of a feature (i.e. the distractors have a feature that the target lacks).

2 and 4

In Sperling's "partial report" tasks, subjects were shown a brief array of letters and numbers and were then given a tone cue that indicated which row they should remember. About how many letters and numbers could subjects report from one row in an array containing 3 rows of 4 letters?

3

cue overload occurs when:

a cue is linked with many different pieces of information to be remembered

One basic physiological mechanism for learning is the ____ rule, which states that if a synapse between two neurons is repeatedly activated at about the same time the postsynaptic neuron fires, the chemistry of the synapse changes

Hebb

A patient with medial temporal lobe damage is taught to juggle on day 1. On day 2, he will remember ________, but he will not remember ________.

How to juggle / the name of the person who taught him to juggle

A patient with anterograde amnesia fails to remember ________, whereas a patient with retrograde amnesia fails to remember ________.

Information from after the onset of the amnesia / Information from before the onset of the amnesia

As classically conceived, long-term memory is held to have all of the following properties EXCEPT:

It primarily uses acoustic coding.

Which of the following is a conjunction search?

Looking among red apples and green limes for a green apple.

Which of the following is an example of a feature search?

Looking for a red apple in a bowl of green avocados

the components of the phonological loop are:

Phonological store and sub-vocal rehearsal

Which of the following is not a component of the working memory system?

Procedural buffer

Hemispatial neglect is usually found after damage to the ________ parietal lobe and usually consists of a lack of attention to the ________ side of space.

Right / Left

imagine that you are brought into a dark room and the lights are turned on for 1 millisecond and then off again. It will seem like you can still see some of the objects in the room for a few hundred milliseconds after the lights are turned off. This is an example of:

Sensory memory

Which of the following is direct evidence that information is stored in an acoustic form in the articulatory loop?

Short-term memory for a list of words is worse if the items sound similar to each other (e.g., rat, bat, cat, mat)

The famous patient H.M. had brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy. What brain areas were removed?

The medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus

Which of the following is true regarding retrograde amnesia?

The time span for which memory is lost varies enormously.

Peterson & Peterson (1959) attempted to provide evidence for rapid decay of information in short-term memory. They presented subjects with 3 letters to remember and then gave them a 3-digit number and asked the subjects to count backwards from this number by 3's. Why did they give the subject the 3-digit number and ask them to count backwards?

To prevent active rehearsal of the 3 letters

Which of the following is not an attribute of short-term memory?

Unlimited storage capacity

The main conclusion of the Kingstone & Friesen (1998) article was that:

When subjects see a face with eyes that are pointing in a particular direction, they will automatically shift their attention in that direction

In Treisman's experiments on feature integration, the number of distracters did not matter when participants were asked to spot:

a T among O's.

Broadbent, in proposing his filter theory of attention, argued that an attentional filter lets some information through and blocks out the rest. This filter is based upon:

a physical characteristic of the message, such as its location.

Brain surgery patient "H.M." suffered after surgery from:

an inability to form new memories of new events.

for a professional skier, (i) skiing down a beginner slope vs. (ii) skiing in an olympic downhill race would respectively be:

automatic vs controlled

More recent research has suggested a move from a _____ to a ______ metaphor to explain the basic nature of attention.

bottleneck; spotlight

When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that _______ has occurred.

encoding

Neuropsychological studies have indicated that patients with damage to the right parietal lobe:

do not pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space.

. Five-year old George was taught the words "duck" and "dog" in class today. In one exercise, George's teacher asked him if "duck" rhymed with "cluck" and if "dog" was a type of animal. The next day, George was given a recall test of the words that he learned. According the levels-of-processing framework, George would be more likely to remember _________.

dog

The suffix effect relates to which type of memory?

echoic

The recency effect is thought to result from participants' use of:

either sensory or short-term memory.

when cooking a new dish from a recipe, remembering how it was a disaster the one time your mother made it would draw on:

episodic memory

Memories that are consciously recollected are called _______ memories.

explicit

the more facts that you learn about a particular topic, the longer it takes you to retrieve any particular fact. This is referred to as the _____ effect.

fan

The _______ theory of attention states that there is a very limited amount of information that can be attended to at one time; unattended information is blocked out.

filter

The theory of attention that proposes that information in the unattended channel is completely blocked beyond sensory processing is known as _____________ theory

filter

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):

has been suggested to involve an inability to inhibit an ongoing response such as talking or playing a game.

Memory ability can be defined as:

having information from the past

The surgery performed on patient "H.M." involved removal of most of the:

hippocampus

Repetition priming is often used in the laboratory to demonstrate ______ memory.

implicit

The phenomenon of attentional capture:

is driven by the properties of the stimulus, but can be overridden by top-down processes under certain circumstances.

As classically conceived, long-term memory is held to have all of the following properties EXCEPT:

it primarily uses acoustic coding

Information is stored in iconic memory for:

less than 1 second

being able to remember what you at for breakfast yesterday would be an example of:

long-term memory

Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in the fifth grade is stored in:

long-term memory.

Bower claimed that a person would recall more information if he/she were in the same mood at recall time as at encoding time. This phenomenon is referred to as:

mood-dependent memory

Bahrick's study of retention of Spanish vocabulary words showed that large portions of information remained in long-term memory for:

over 50 years

In a study of inattentional blindness, Daniel Simons and colleagues presented an unexpected event, such as a woman with an umbrella crossing the room from left to right, to a group of participants who were trying to monitor the number of passes that a particular basketball team made in a film. When questioned later about "anything unexpected" that happened in the film,

overall, 46% of the participants failed to notice the woman at all.

Learning a rhyme that begins "One is a bun, two is a shoe" is part of the mnemonic technique called the:

pegword method

In the working memory system proposed by Baddeley and Hitch, the component that handles processing of a sequence of language materials that are presented visually (i.e., in text form) is known as the ___________________.

phonological loop

the working memory subsystem involved in reading a list of visually presented letters and temporarily remembering them is:

phonological loop

to remember that the Swahili word mashua means "boat" an elaboration strategy would be:

picturing a huge plate of mashed potatoes sitting in the middle of a boat

The word "cat" is ______ by the phrase "The dog chased the?." That is, the word cat is especially ready to be recognized or attended to.

primed

after studying the material for chapter 5, you study the material for chapter 6. your friend only studies chapter 6. when you test each other on chapter 6 your friend remembers much more. this would be an example of:

proactive interference

when cooking a new dish from a recipe, being able to chop the onions quickly would draw on:

procedural memory

You are studying for a midterm exam in your French class. After several hours of review, you take a break by reading through your Spanish vocabulary items. The next day, on the French exam, you are dismayed to discover that the appropriate French words keep eluding you, whereas the Spanish words "pop into your head." You are experiencing the effects of:

retroactive interference.

According to ____ theory, we never actually acquire unattended material at all.

schema

Information stored in long-term memory appears to be primarily encoded in a ________ format.

semantic

when cooking a new dish from a recipe, understanding the words in a recipe would draw on:

semantic memory

Your memory for the fact that Ebbinghaus studied forgetting is an example of:

semantic memory.

Which of the following is an example of a controlled process, for most people?

sending a telegraph message

Unattended information is stored briefly in:

sensory memory.

Information is held in _____ for 20 to 30 seconds.

short-term memory

the research evidence indicates that texting on a cell phone while driving affects driving performance:

significantly at all except extremely fast reaction times

the research evidence indicates that talking to another person while driving affects driving performance:

significantly more on a cell phone than to a passenger

the research evidence that indicates that talking on a cell phone while driving affects driving performance:

significantly, even if the cell phone use is hands free

"Cramming" for exams tends to be ineffective because of the:

spacing effect.

Daydreams are a type of:

stimulus-independent thought (SIT).

In addition to its original description in Atkinson and Shiffrin's modal model of memory, long-term memory can be characterized as having ______.

subcomponents

the "cocktail party effect" refers to the finding that, in a dichotic listening task:

subjects can still report hearing their own name on the unattended channel

iconic memory is considered to have virtually infinite storage capacity because with partial report:

subjects could remember about 75% of the letters no matter how many letters were in the display

PET scan studies:

support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems

Retrieval involves:

the calling to mind of previously stored information.

Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by:

the central executive.

The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depends upon:

the central executive.

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model?

the icon

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the allocation of mental resources in Kahneman's capacity model?

the lateness of selection

Encoding variability is a potential explanation for:

the spacing effect.

In the Stroop effect, participants have difficulty correctly naming the color of ink that a word is written in when:

the word names a color which is not the ink color.

Which of the following seems to be true of both echoes and icons?

they are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information.

a person who speaks more quickly should be able to remember longer lists because:

they can rehearse more list items within the 2 second window