MIDTERM 2 ULTIMATE COMPILATION

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Pterygopalatine Ganglion

Located in the PT Fossa suspended from the Maxillary Nerve by two roots (Roots of the PT Ganglion) Parasympathetic Ganglion Receives Parasympathetic Preganglionic Fibers from CN VII in the Greater Petrosal Nerve.

What is the pathway of facial nerve once it enters facial canal?

branches off into 1. nerve to stapedius 2. chorda tympani, which exits through petrotympanic fissure

depressor anguli oris is innervated by

buccal and mandibular branches of CN VII

depressor septi nasi is innervated by

buccal branch of CN VII (facial)

levator labii superioris aleque nasi is innervated by

buccal branch of CN VII (facial)

what is the motor supply to the buccinator?

buccal branch of facial nerve

What innervates the buccinator?

buccal branch of the facial nerve

the parotid duct crosses over the lateral surface of the masseter, turns medially, and pierces what muscle to enter the oral cavity?

buccinator

this muscle is an accessory muscle of mastication, but mostly a muscle of facial expression

buccinator

Covering outside of the cheek muscle and is continuous with the pharynx, makes a U-shape

buccopharyngeal fascia

How does each frontal sinus communicate with and drain into the nasal cavity and where does it drain?

by a constricted canal to the middle nasal meatus, or frontonasal duct

this nerve carries taste fibers and preganglionic parasympathetics and passes between the incus and melleus

chorda tympani

what nerve joins the lingual nerve as it runs through the infratemporal fossa?

chorda tympani

Rods and cones receive nutrients from the _____________

choriocapillaries

what muscle releases tension on the lens when contracting

ciliary muscle

What is the action of the orbicularis oculi?

closes eyelids

What is shell-like and contains a round window?

cochlea

what contains the round window

cochlea

What is attached to the spiral lamina and outer wall and creates 2 canals? middle ear promontory utricle saccule cochlear duct semicircular canal

cochlear duct

The organ of hearing is

cochlear duct (organ of corti)

origin of four rectus muscles

common tendenous ring

What is the pathway for infection

communication between nasopharynx and mastoid air cells = [Auditory (Pharyngotympanic) Tube] (mucosa is continuous with middle ear and nasopharynx)

*function of semicircular ducts

component of organ of balance. detects angular acceleration

What is the action of nasalis

compresses and flares nostrils

What is the action of the orbicularis oris?

compresses lips against anterior teeth, closes mouth and protrudes lips (ex: whistling, sucking)

What is the etiology of swimmer's ear?

compromised effectiveness of cerumen (ear wax)

What bone is suspended in the neck, forming the base of the tongue and larynx? What function does it serve? What are its specific parts?

hyoid; mobility for mastication, swallowing, speech; muscle attachment greater cornu, lesser cornu, body

not incl. foramen magnum, which 3 major openings are in the posterior cranial fossa?

hypoglossal canal, jugular foramen, internal auditory meatus

Where are the parotid glands located

in front of each ear

Where does the central artery of the retina travel?

in the center of the optic nerve

Location of the pharyngotympanic tube? anterior or posterior to choanae?

in the nasopharynx, posterior to the choanae

where are the cell bodies of the auriculotemporal nerve?

in the otic ganglion, in the infratemporal fossa

the organ of balance is where

in the vestibule of the inner ear

greater palatine artery travels through the __________ to contribute to kiesselbachs area

incisive foramen

nasal cavity goes to the palate (oral cavity) via what?

incisive foramen

What structures have the sensory pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve

mucous membrane of pharynx palatine tonsils pillars of fauces posterior 1/3 of tongue inferior surface of soft palate

the external laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve is (sensory/motor) to what?

motor to cricothyroid

the pharyngeal nerve plexus is sensory to what

mucous membrane of pharynx and inferior soft palate EXCEPT superior most region of pharynx (V2)

Notice the internal ear

how the nerves go, spiral ganglion, basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, outer hair cells, organ of corti, both scalas

the tympanic nerve carries sensory fibers to the what?

mucous membrane of the middle ear

The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve is motor to the what and sensory to the what?

motor to muscles of palate and lower pharynx; sensory to lower pharynx

function of extrinsic muscles of the eye

moves eyeballs, or raise upper eyelid

tympanic plexus innervates...

mucosa of middle ear, auditory tube, mastoid air cells

which muscles are from the 2nd pharyngeal arch

muscles of facial expression + posterior digastric (all facial nerve) (anterior digastric is innervated by V3)

the recurrent laryngeal nerve gives motor fibers to what?

muscles of larynx EXCEPT cricothyroid

What is the origin and insertion of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

o: styloid process i: pharyngeal constrictors

What are the origins and insertions of the glossopharyngeus muscle

o: tongue I: pharyngeal raphe

what is the origin and insertion of the cricopharyngeus muscle

o:cricoid cartilage of thyroid i: continues across midline--forming a cignet ring

the levator palpebrae superioris is innervated by

occulomotor nerve (CN III)

What goes through the superior orbital fissure?

occulomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), branches of opthalmic nerve (V1 = frontal, lacrimal, nasociliary), abducens (CN VI), opthalmic veins

What nerve structure sits on surface of cribriform plate?

olfactory bulb

cribiriform plate transmits what?

olfactory nerves

where is the tympanic nerve plexus

on the promontory that sits on the medial wall of the middle ear

Temporomandibular joints

opening and closing of the mouth and complex chewing or side-to-side movements of the lower jaw. - joint surfaces cover by FIBROCARTILAGE (not hylaine as most joints are).

Posterior (mastoid) wall of ear cavity has an opening of ________ to ___________

opening of aditus to mastoid antrum

What is the action of the levator palpebrae superioris

opens eye

where does the parotid duct empty?

opposite the maxillary second molar

What goes through the optic canal?

opthalmic artery and optic nerve (CN II)

nasal cavity is superior to which cavity?

oral cavity

inside where the teeth are, beyond the teeth

oral cavity proper

What muscle of labial fissure is considered a constrictor

orbicularis oris

What bone with its specific parts forms the anterior lateral orbital wall?

orbital surface of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone

What bone with its specific parts forms the infraorbital rim? (select all) maxillary bone zygomatic bone maxillary process zygomatic process

orbital surface of the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone

nasal cavity is medial and inferomedial to the what?

orbits

opening between oral cavity and the oropharnyx

oropharyngeal isthmus

Epiglottis borders between what and what

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

lesser petrosal nerve synapses at geniculate ganglion pterygopalatine ganglion otic ganglion ciliary ganglion superior cervical ganglion trigeminal ganglion

otic ganglion

where are the cell bodies of the auriculotemporal nerve located (carrying postganglionic parasympathetics to the parotid gland)

otic ganglion

Ear aches are usually caused by what?

otitis externa, otitis media, or referred pain from dental abscess

what is infection of the middle ear called

otitis media

what stimulates hair cells when body position changes

otoliths (ear stones)

The cone of light is a reflection of...

otoscope's illuminator

stapes communicates medially with what

oval window

the opening in the wall of the cochlea transmitting vibrations in is called

oval window

Travelling waves are generated by movement of what?

oval window membrane

What are the ten openings located in the middle cranial fossa?

ovale, lacerum, rotundum, spinosum, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, carotid canal, vesalius, hiatus of greater and hiatus of lesser petrosal nerves

the lesser petrosal nerve exits exits middle cranial fossa through ________ to synapse at the _______

ovale; otic ganglion

Name and further describe normal variations of bone in the orofacial region that involve bony enlargement

palatal or mandibular tori

What skull bone could be considered a facial bone consisting of a horizontal and vertical plate and what bones does it articulate with?

palatine bones; maxillae and sphenoid

bony protrusion that emerges on the palate, roughly at the midline. not a concern for most people, except those in need of dentures.

palatine torus

the anterior pillar of fauces is called this and it divides the oral cavity from the oropharynx

palatoglossal fold

CN XII is motor to all muscles of tongue except

palatoglossus

The *posterior* pillar of fauces is called

palatopharyngeal fold

contraction of what causes the Passavant's Ridge orbicularis oculi cricopharyngeus ciliary muscle palatopharyngeal sphincter sphincter pupillae

palatopharyngeal sphincter

which longitudinal muscle has 2 heads?

palatopharyngeus

Space between open eyelids

palpebral fissure

what is anatomical term for eye opening

palpebral fissure

posterior semicircular canal is located where?

parallel to ridge of petrous part of temporal bone

what type of veins lie under the scalp

parietal emissary veins

What pierces the buccinator?

parotid duct, long buccal nerve

What structures are associated with the parasympathetic pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

parotid gland, minor glands in tongue and pharynx

Main glands producing saliva

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

inner ear: Spiral lamina

part of cochlea. (lamina of modiolus): bone spiraling around modiolus bony canal takes 2.5 turns around modiolus

inner ear: Modiolus

part of cochlea. bony core of cochlea

Ductus reuniens:

part of cochlea. connects auditory and vestibular endolymphatic spaces

Scala Vestibuli is continuous with

part of cochlea. continuous with the vestibule

laryngopharynx: depressions on lateral walls are called

piriform fossae (if food gets stuck here, choking happens)

What is the Umbo?

point of attachment of handle of malleus

what is the umbo

point of attachment of handle of malleus

The facial nerve originates at the (midbrain, pons, medulla)____ and enters into the ____

pons; internal acoustic meatus

What happens if infants are left going to sleep with milk?

possible infection because liquid will go to the middle ear via communication between mastoid air cells and nasopharynx; especially because the pharyngotympanic tube is shorter and more horizontal in children

lingual tonsils make up what part of the tongue

posterior 1/3

What is the auricularis posterior innervated by

posterior auricular branch of CN VII (facial)

What is the occipitalis innervated by

posterior auricular branches of CN VII (facial)

abduct; adduct

posterior cricoarytenoid muscles _____ (abduct/adduct) vocal ligaments while lateral cricoarytenoid muscle _____(abduct/adduct) vocal ligaments

Superior meatus has what opening to lateral nasal wall?

posterior ethmoidal sinus

what goes through posterior superior alveolar foramen

posterior superior alveolar VAN

Branch of V2, sensory innervation to all maxillary molar roots, EXCEPT the mesiobuccal root of M1. Also sensory to buccal gingiva of maxillary molars.

posterior superior alveolar nerve

What is the stout, flat plate of the lower jaw? From what does it extend upward and backward? What is its anterior border termed?

ramus from the mandible coronoid process

the infratemporal fossa is medial to what bone

ramus of the mandible

Where is the auricularis posterior located specifically in the ear

rear part of ring muscle around the ear

What epithelium is the nose lined with?

respiratory and olfactory epithelium

paranasal sinuses are lined with ______ ____

respiratory epithelium

What are the 5 layers of the scalp

skin, connective subcutaneous tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, periosteum (pericranium)

What are the layers of tissue covering calvarium?

skin, connective tissue/subcutaneous layer, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium (S.C.A.L.P.)

For what purpose does the nasal conchae create a turbulence?

slows velocity of air into lungs to maximize effects of mucosa

Vagus (internal laryngeal branch) innervates

small area on the posterior 1/3 of tongue and epiglottis

what closes over the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing

soft palate

What is the dehiscence of Killian

sparse zone of fibers that is a potential site for mucosal outpouching

what attaches to the superior temporal line?

temporal fascia for the temporalis (very thick fascia) attaches there. we usually can't see the temporalis unless we remove this fascia

near the ITF, the deep temporal nerves come off and exit where?

superior to the upper head of the lateral pterygoid muscle

What are the 3 constrictor muscles?

superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

what muscles and functions do V3 supply?

supplies 8 muscles from 1st branchial arch. lingual branch of V3 supplies sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue, skin, among other things

when swallowing, which muscles pull larynx up?

suprahyoid muscles: mylohyoid, digastrics

The cricopharyngeus is always contracting unless

swallowing

the auditory tube (or pharyngotympanic tube) opens during _______ why?

swallowing due to tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini

Inflammation or infection of the external acoustic meatus is called

swimmer's ear

acute otitis externa is also called

swimmer's ear

tympanic plexus: what does it innervate and what kind of innervation

sympathetics to mucosa of middle ear, auditory tube, and mastoid air cells

sympathetics travel from _____ ________ ganglion via ________ ___________ and direct branches to the ___________ _____________

sympathetics travel from superior cervical ganglion via external carotid and direct branches to the pharyngeal plexus

what fibers does the chorda tympani have

taste, and preganglionic parasympathetic

What is the roof boundary of the ear

tegmen tympani

roof of middle ear

tegmen tympani

Olfactory bulb is extension of ___ diencephalon mesencephalon telencephalon

telecephalon

main branches of facial nerve

temporal zygomatic buccal marginal mandibular cervical (two zebras bit my cookie)

What two bones is the temporomandibular joint located?

temporal and mandibular bones

what is orbicularis oculi innervated by?

temporal and zygomatic branches of CN VII

The procerus is innervated by

temporal and zygomatic branches of CN VII (facial)

What is the auricularis anterior innervated by

temporal branch of CN VII (facial)

What is the auricularis superior innervated by

temporal branch of CN VII (facial)

What innervates the corrugator supercilius

temporal branches of CN VII (facial)

What is the frontalis innervated by

temporal branches of CN VII (facial)

Why are the greater and lesser petrosal hiatuses named the way they are?

they are on anterior surface of the petrous part of temporal = middle cranial fossa

how are the motor branch and sensory component of V3 related? do they join?

they are physically separate in the skull. the big motor branch of V3 is separate from the ganglion. they join together in foramen ovale (just like how a spinal nerve is formed)

when ciliary muscle contracts, lens becomes thicker or thinner

thicker, for near vision

conjuctiva

thin membrane covering posterior surfaces of eyelids and sclera (outer surface) of eyeball

How does each sphenoidal sinus communicate with and drain into the nasal cavity and where does it drain?

through and opening superior to each superior nasal concha; drains into nasal cavity

How does the nasopharynx communicate with the mastoid air cells?

through the Auditory (Pharyngotympanic) Tube

how might infection get into mastoid air cells

through the aditus (pathway) to mastoid antrum (space)

how could one receive mastoiditis

through the pathway of infection: nasopharynx to (Pharyngotympanic) Tube to middle ear through aditus to mastoid air cells

where/how does the chorda tympani exit the skull?

through the petrotympanic fissure, into the infratemporal fossa

how does an upper respiratory infection reach the middle ear?

through the pharyngotympanic tube

how does the tympanic nerve enter the temporal bone

through the tympanic canaliculus

arytenoid and thyroid cartilage articulations

what are the facets in the cricoid cartilage for

rima glottides, rima vestibuli and lower parts of vestibule

what becomes completely closed during the movement of effort closure?

arytenoid cartilages to slide away from or towards each other; rotates vocal processes

what does crico-arytenoid joint allow

thyroid cartilage to move forward and tilt downward

what does the cricothyroid joint enable?

the free lower margin from the quadrangular membrane

what forms the vestibular ligament/vestibular fold (false vocal folds)?

arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds

what gets adducted during phonation

rima glottides, rima vestibuli, vestibule (and laryngeal inlet is narrowed)

what gets closed during swallowing?

swings down to arytenoid cartilage to narrow or close laryngeal inlet

what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing?

pharyngeal tonsils, adenoids

what is the name of the tonsillar mass that's located right in the roof of the nasopharynx referred to as? when they are inflamed?

hyoid bone

what landmark is located at C3

thyroid cartilage where common carotid bifurcates

what landmark is located at C4

cricoid cartilage

what landmark is located at C6

laryngotracheal junction

what landmark is located at C6-7

cricothyroid muscle

what muscle stretches and tenses vocal folds (raise voice)

- lateral cricoarytenoid muscle - transverse arytenoid muscle

what muscle(s) is/are involved in adducting vocal ligaments

- aryepiglottic muscle - oblique arytenoid muscle

what muscles close laryngeal inlet

- vocalis muscle - thryoarytenoid muscle

what muscles shorten and relax the vocal fold (lower voice)

pharynx is above; trachea is below

what structures are above and below the larynx?

when is conjunctival sac formed

when eyelids are closed

mastoiditis where might it spread?

when infection travels through mastoid antrum to the air cells -may spread to middle cranial fossa

posteriorly

where is the widest part of the cricoid cartilage located?

inferior laryngeal artery

which artery is a branch of the inferior thyroid artery

recurrent laryngeal

which nerve branch enters larynx below inferior constrictor (4th gap)

recurrent laryngeal

which nerve branch is motor to all muscles except cricothyroid muscle

external laryngeal

which nerve branch is motor to cricothyroid muscle

recurrent laryngeal

which nerve branch is sensory to larynx below true vocal folds

up and forward to open esophagus

which way does the larynx move during swallowing?

are frontalis and occipitalis muscles of facial expression?

yes

levator anguli oris is innervated by

zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII

levator labii superioris is innervated by

zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII

risorius is innervated by what

zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII

what is the zygomaticus major and minor innervated by

zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII

The nasalis is innervated by (specific branch) cervical branch temporal branch zygomatic branch marginal mandibular branch middle meningeal branch buccal branch temporal branch

zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII (facial)

origin of masseter

zygomatic arch

origin of zygomaticus major and minor

zygomatic bone

What pair of facial bones forms the cheekbones: What bones do they articulate with?

zygomatic bones; frontal, temporal, sphenoid, maxillae

zygomatic arch is composed of

zygomatic process of temporal bone + temporal process of zygomatic bone

Orbicularis oris is innervated by

zygomatic, buccal and mandibular branches of CN VII

Sensory Receptors for Balance

• Deflection (bending) of hair cells regulates the release of neurotransmitter • Hair cells synapse with peripheral processes whose cell bodies form the VESTIBULAR GANGLION (located in internal acoustic meatus) • Brain receives information on direction and magnitude of movement and changes position

Important for visual acuity and color vision

Cones

Blood supply to maxillary premolars and molars

Posterior superior alveolar artery

Sympathetic Information Transmitted Through the PT Fossa

Postganglionic Sympathetic Fibers traveling in the Nerve of the Pterygoid Canal enter the posterior aspect of the PT Fossa and pass through the PT Ganglion WITHOUT synapsing, and are distributed from the ganglion along the branches of the Maxillary Nerve.

What innervates the superior tarsal muscles (in eyelids, give substance)?

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion

Parasympathetic Information Transmitted Through the PT Fossa

Preganglionic Parasympathetic Fibers traveling in the Nerve of the Pterygoid Canal enter the posterior aspect of the PT Fossa and synapse in the PT Ganglion. Postganglionic Parasympathetic Fibers are distributed from the ganglion along the branches of the Maxillary Nerve.

hair cells are stimulated by movement of this fluid

endolymph

scala media contains what fluid

endolymph

the membranous labyrinth (inner ear) is filled with

endolymph

What are 2 layers of dura mater in the head?

endosteal and meningeal

What tissue layer lines the bone and is continuous with periosteum lining vertebral canal?

endosteal layer of dura mater

how does the glossopharyngeal nerve enter into the pharynx and where does it pass in between?

enters into the pharynx with the stylopharyngeus muscle and passes between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors

What is the origin and insertion of frontalis?

epicranial aponeurosis; skin of forehead

What potential space is between calvaria and dura mater (endosteal layer)?

epidural space

what closes over the larynx during swallowing

epiglottis

vallecula is a potential space for foreign particles to lodge. Vallecula is located between what and what?

epiglottis and tongue

Another name for nosebleeds

epistaxis

head of the malleus and incus are in what recess

epitympanic recess

function of auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube

equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmosphere

What bones mostly make up the nasal septum?

ethmoid and vomer (but also maxilla, palatine)

What paranasal sinus is located between orbits in upper nasal cavity?

ethmoid sinus (ethmoid air cells)

Middle ethmoidal air cells drain into middle meatus via what

ethmoidal bulla

The facial nerve branches into the chorda tympani and then goes where?

exits meatus thru petrotympanic fissure

The facial nerve branches into the main motor trunk and then goes where?

exits skull thru stylomastoid foramen

The facial nerve branches into the greater petrosal and then goes where?

exits the meatus thru the anterior wall of the petrous ridge

Chorda tympani passes between malleus and incus and exits through what to join what nerve?

exits thru petrotympanic fissure and joins lingual nerve

Bony opening to the deep auricular a.

external acoustic meatus

Where does the deep auricular artery go through?

external acoustic meatus

-posterior auricular -occipital -superficial temporal stem from which artery

external carotid

The maxillary artery is a branch off of what?

external carotid

the superior thyroid artery is a branch of the

external carotid artery

what artery bifurcates within the substance of the parotid gland? what does it bifurcate into?

external carotid artery - bifurcates into superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

blood supply to external ear

external carotid: -posterior auricular -occipital -superficial temporal maxillary artery: -deep auricular -anterior tympanic

The cricothyroid muscle is supplied by which nerve

external laryngeal nerve

Nose consists of...

external nose and nasal cavity

At what bony demarcation does the ramus join the body of the mandible?

external oblique line

the superior pharyngeal constrictor is pierced by which vein

external palatine vein

innervation of tympanic membrane

external surface: auriculotemporal nerve (V3) auricular branch of CN X CN IX internal surface: CN IX

What is the origin of the superficial head of the medial pterygoid

maxillary tuberosity

What landmark is on the posterior part of the upper jaw that is a rounded roughened elevation? What perforates it?

maxillary tuberosity; posterior superior alveolar foramina

What sinuses are included in the paranasal sinuses?

maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

The temporalis passes ________ to the zygomatic arch

medial

What is the origin of the deep head of the medial pterygoid

medial aspect of lateral pterygoid plate (and pyramidal process of the palatine bone)

What are the buttress points of the skull and what can happen with severe blows to the face?

medial aspect of the orbit, articulation of the zygomatic bone with both the frontal and temporal bones, articulation of the pterygoid plates, the palatine bones and each maxilla; bone can fracture

What is the origin and insertion of orbicularis oculi?

medial orbital margin; skin around margin of orbit

tensor tympani is innervated by what

medial pterygoid nerve (a branch of the trunk of the mandibular nerve)

the hamulus is part of what bone

medial pterygoid plate

What is the insertion of the medial pterygoid

medial surface of the mandible, inferior to the mandibular foramen

What is the origin of the masseter

medial surface zygomatic arch

what artery branches off of the inferior alveolar a.

mental a.

the inferior alveolar artery goes through which foramen to become the mental artery

mental foramen

What is the opening on the external surface of the lower jaw that is usually between the apices of the mandubular first and second premolars? What does it carry?

mental foramen; allows the entrance of the mental nerve and blood vessels into the mandibular canal

What is the bony prominence of the chin?

mental protuberance

which cranial fossa does greater petrosal nerve emerge in?

middle

third gap is between

middle and inferior constrictor

An infection of the mastoid antrum could spread to which cavity?

middle cavity

what constrictor attaches to the body of the hyoid superior middle inferior

middle constrictor

Which cranial fossa includes foramen ovale?

middle cranial fossa

optic canal is located within which cranial fossa?

middle cranial fossa

pharyngotympanic tube is between what 2 structures

middle ear and nasopharynx

upper respiratory infection may cause a ______ _______ infection

middle ear infection

middle meatus has what openings to lateral nasal wall?

middle ethmoidal sinus, anterior ethmoidal sinus, maxillary sinus, frontal sinus (via frontonasal duct)

what artery travels through spinosum?

middle meningeal artery

Branch of infraorbital of V2, sensory innervation to maxillary premolars, mesiobuccal root of M1, buccal gingiva of maxillary premolars, and maxillary sinus

middle superior alveolar nerve

What is the bony core of cochlea?

modiolus

what is interdigitation of muscle fibers and is associated with labial fissure

modiolus

the oropharynx is mostly innervated by _____ EXCEPT the uvula, valecula and epiglottis which are innervated by _____ pharyngeal plexus CN X CN VII CN IX CN X

mostly innervated by CN IX (EXCEPT uvula, valecula and epiglottis which are innervated by CN X)

pharyngeal plexus is formed by what

motor fibers from IX, X

what is the buccinator innervated by

motor fibers from buccal branch of CN VII (NOT V3!!)

the superior laryngeal artery is a branch of the

superior thyroid artery

the superior laryngeal vein drains into

superior thyroid vein

middle ear consists of

tympanic cavity and epitympanic recess

Posterior (mastoid) wall is a portion between _________ and __________

tympanic cavity and mastoid air cells

The Medial (labyrinthine) wall of the ear cavity separates ______ from ____

tympanic cavity from internal ear

The floor of the middle ear is a bone that separates _______ from ________

tympanic cavity from superior bulb of IJV

lateral wall of middle ear

tympanic membrane

what does the tympanic membrane look like during a middle ear infection

tympanic membrane would be red and bulging

What would a middle ear infection look like through the otoscope?

tympanic membrane would be red and bulging from pus or fluid from middle ear

lesser petrosal nerve is a branch from what?

tympanic plexus

What are some parts of the tympanic membrane?

umbo pars flaccida pars tensa cone of light

Where is the auricularis superior located specifically in the ear lateral part of ring muscle around the ear upper part of ring muscle around the ear lower part of ring muscle around the ear middle part of ring muscle around the ear

upper part of ring muscle around the ear

which cranial nerve gives rise to the pharyngeal plexus

vagus (CN X)

nasal cavity goes to the paranasal sinuses via what?

various pathways

formed by the joining of the sublingual and deep lingual veins

vena comitans of the hypoglossal nerve

Which plexuses do the sympathetic fibers come from for the dural innervation?

vertebral and carotid sympathetic plexuses

How does fluid move in the Saccule?

vertical linear acceleration & gravitational forces

What plates contribute a small lip of bone to the orbital apex?

vertical plates

Muscles of Elevation

very powerful movement generated by the 1. temporalis, 2. masseter, and 3. medial pterygoid muscles and also involves movement of the head of mandible into the mandibular fossa;

scala media is bounded by what type of membranes

vestibular and basilar membranes

Hair cells that act as sensory receptors for balance synapse with peripheral processes whose cell bodies form the _____ (located where?)

vestibular ganglion; Internal Acoustic Meatus

two parts of CN VIII vestibulocochlear nerve, and their functions

vestibular nerve: passive sense of forces of gravity, balance -innervates semicircular canal area cochlear nerve: active sense of sound -innervates cochlea

What is central, contains oval window, communicates with cochlea & semicircular canals

vestibule

what part of bony labrynth communicates with cochlea and semicircular canals

vestibule

what part of bony labrynth contains the oval window

vestibule

stapes leads to the

vestibule of bony labyrinthe

The bony cavities of the bony labyrinth consist of..

vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, vestibular aqueduct

CN VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve divides into what parts

vestibulo (balance) and cochlear (hearing) parts

How does fluid accelerate within the semicircular ducts

via angular acceleration

CN VIII divides into which parts for what?

vistibulo (for balance) and cochlear parts (for hearing)

phonation

vocal folds vibrate during which movement

what muscle shortens vocal folds

vocalis

What single facial bone forms the posterior part of the nasal cavity? What bones does it articulate with, and what part is free of any bony articulation?

vomer articulates with ethmoid (anterosuperior), nasal cartilage (anteriorly), palatine bones and maxillae (inferiorly) and sphenoid bone (posterosuperior); posteroinferior border is free of bony articulation

What is the posterior border of thyroid cartilage

wall of pharynx

Submandibular duct aka

wharton's duct

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

what are the 3 large unpaired laryngeal cartilages

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

what are the 3 pairs of smaller laryngeal cartilages

attachment of posterior cricoarytenoids (muscles)

what are the depressions in the cricoid cartilage for

what is the motor supply to the geniohyoid

C1, from the cervical plexus but not the ansa cervicalis

what spinal levels are in cervical plexus

C1-C4

What innervates the posterior region of the ear?

C2 - lesser occipital nerve [from Facial nerve]

What innervates the lobule?

C2, C3 - Great auricular nerve

what spinal levels are in the great auricular nerve?

C2, C3. we're not getting cutaneous sensory fibers from C1.

Functions of the buccinator?

Compress cheek against the teeth, keeps food (along with tongue) on the occlusal table

What canal do deep neck veins pass in route to the sigmoid sinus?

Condylar canal

What part of the lower jaw contains the roots of the teeth?

alveolar process of the mandible

Contents of the Pterygopalatine Fossa

3rd Portion of Maxillary Artery and Branches Maxillary Nerve and Branches Pterygopalatine Ganglion and Nerve of Pterygoid Canal

which cranial nerve does lesser petrosal nerve derive from?

CN 9

The three axis of movement for the eye

-ABOUT the Vertical Axis: Abduction and Adduction -Horizontal Axis: Depression and elevation -Anteroposterior Axis: Intorsion (Corneal 12:00 moves medially) and Extorsion (Corneal 12:00 moves laterally)

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

(MISS ZEALL) Mental nerve, infraorbital nerve, supraorbital nerve, supretrochlear nerve, zygomaticofacial nerve, lacrimal nerve, long buccal nerve, external nasal, auriculotemporal nerve

What are the branches of the facial arteries

(STABSAIL) submental, tonsilar, ascending palatine, glandular, superior labial, angular, inferior labial, lateral nasal

middle ear includes which structures

(Tympanic Cavity) Between tympanic membrane and internal ear

Where could the paratonsillar vein (aka external palatine vein) drain into?

(paratonsillar aka external palatine vein) can drain into pterygoid plexus of veins, internal jugular vein, or facial vein

function of intrinsic muscles of eye

(they're within the eyeball) they control the shape of lens and size of pupil

fractures can easily happen in which walls of orbit medial inferior superior lateral

*med wall - ethmoid sinus* *inferior wall - maxillary sinus* superior wall is thicker - frontal lobe of the brain

Action and innervation of the Lateral Rectus?

-Abduction -CN VI (abducens nerve)

Action and innervation of the Lateral Rectus?

-Abduction -CN VI (abducens nerve) *LR6 SO4 (rest 3)

What is accomodation? (select all that apply) decrease in curvature of lens increase in curvature of lens adaptation for far vision adaptation for near vision relax ciliary muscles contract ciliary muscles

-Adaptation for near vision -Increase in curvature of lens (at rest, suspensory ligament pulls on lens... -ciliary muscles contracts -releases tension on suspensory ligament of lens)

TMJ Movers are all innervated by ______________ except __________.

- V3 - geniohyoid C1

Muscles of Protraction

- mainly achieved by the lateral pterygoid muscle, with some assistance by the medial pterygoid;

Here are some facts about Tensor Tympani

- muscle above pharyngotympanic tube - has its own bony canal, when it contracts - limits movement of malleus (we don't hear ourselves chewing, prevents ringing in the ears)

Facts about Stapedius

- smallest muscle in the body - limits movement of the stapes in case there is large sound - protects (gradual sound hurts less because muscles prepare vs gunshot immediate sound)

Infratemporal fossa Contents

- sphenomandibular ligament, - medial and lateral pterygoid muscles - the maxillary artery, - the mandibular nerve [V3], - branches of the facial nerve [VII] and - the glossopharyngeal nerve [IX], and - the pterygoid plexus of veins

2 parts of the TMJ

- split by an articular disc 1. the lower part of the joint allows mainly the hinge-like depression and elevation of the mandible; 2. the upper part of the joint allows the head of the mandible to translocate forward (protrusion) onto the articular tubercle and backward (retraction) into the mandibular fossa.

Temporal Fossa (what nerve enters, how does it enter and what muscle is in here)

- temporalis - V2 (enters the region through the zygomaticotemporal foramen on the temporal fossa surface of the zygomatic bone)

Describe the sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland

-*Postganglionic sympathetic fibers* originate in *superior cervical ganglion* (pregang. mainly from *lateral horn of T1*) -Travel in carotid plexus -Leave plexus as deep petrosal nerve -Join with greater petrosal nerve to form nerve of pterygoid canal -Pass through pterygopalatine ganglion *w/out synapsing* -Travel with parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal n.

The lateral surface of the tympanic membrane is at a ____ degree angle with which wall?

40 degree angle with the inferior wall

What is accomodation?

-Adaptation for near vision -Increase in curvature of lens (at rest, suspensory ligament pulls on lens... during a contraction of ciliary m. releases tension on suspensory ligament of lens)

Action and innervation of the Medial Rectus?

-Adduction -CN III (Oculomotor)

Action and innervation of the Medial Rectus? adduction abduction torsion CN III CN VI CN IV

-Adduction -CN III (Oculomotor)

The pharyngeal plexus innervates all of the muscles of the soft palate except: tensor veli palatini levator veli palatini thyropharyngeus cricopharyngeus superior constrictor middle constrictor salpingopharyngeus uvula palatopharyngeus palatoglossus

-All of the muscles of the soft palate, EXCEPT tensor veli palatini: levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus -by vagus branch of the plexus

Posterior division of V3?

-Auriculotemporal Nerve -Inferior alveolar nerve (gives rise to the nerve to the mylohyoid and the mental nerve) -lingual nerve

Where is the pterygomandibular space and what passes through it?

-Between the medial pteryoigd muscle and the rmaus of the mandible -Lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, and the sphenomandibular ligament pass through it (important for nerve blocks - go too far and you will block the parotid gland causing paralysis of the facial nerve) -Parotid Gland posterior to it

Describe the opthalmic artery

-Branch of Internal Carotid -Numerous branches travel with nerves -Branches emerge onto face

Greater Palatine - What is it a branch of, what does it innervate, and what does it go through?

-Branch of V2 -Through greater palatine foramen -Innervates the mucosa of the hard palate, lingual gingiva of maxillary premolars and molars (sensory)

Nasopalatine - What is it a branch of, what does it innervate, and what does it go through?

-Branch of V2 -Through the incisive foramen -Sensory innervation to lingual gingiva of maxillary canines and incisors

Lesser Palatine - What is it a branch of, what does it innervate, and what does it go through?

-Branch of V2 -Through the lesser palatine foramen/foramina -Sensory innervation to the mucosa of the soft palate

Lingual - What is it a branch of, what does it innervate, and what does it go through?

-Branch of V3 -Enters oral cavity by passing inferior to superior constrictor -Sensory innervation to anterior 2/3 of tongue and lingual gingiva to all mandibular teeth

Long Buccal - What is it a branch of, what does it innervate, and what does it go through?

-Branch of V3 -Pierces buccinator muscle -Sensory innervaton to buccal mucosa, skin of cheek, and buccal gingiva of mandibular molars ***Does NOT provide motor supply to the buccinator

Inferior Alveolar - What is it a branch of, what does it innervate, and what does it go through?

-Branch of V3 -Through the mandibular canal -Sensory innervation to mandibular molars and 2nd premolar

Incisive nerve - What is it a branch of, what does it innervate?

-Branch of inferior alveolar -Sensory innervation to mandibular canines, incisors, and 1st premolar

Mental - What is it a branch of, what does it innervate, and what does it go through?

-Branch of inferior alveolar -Through mental foramen --Sensory innervation to buccal gingiva of mandibular incisors, canines, and premolars, to the skin of chin, and to the lower lip (inferior labial branch)

What is Horner's Syndrome?

-Cause by lesion of the sympathetic cervical trunk -Pupillary constriction due to paralysis of dilator pupillae -Partial ptosis due to paralysis of smooth muscle (droopy eyelid) -No sweating on ipsilateral side of face and neck

What nerves are involved in taste?

-Chorda tympani (CN VII, to the anterior 2/3 of tongue) -Glossopharyngeal (to posterior 1/3 of tongue, palatoglossal arches, and oropharynx) -Vagus (internal laryngeal branch, small area on posterior 1/3 of tongue and epiglottis) -Greater Petrosal (via lesser palatine, to soft palate)

Anterior division of V3?

-Deep Temporal Nerves -Lateral Pterygoid Nerve -Masseteric Nerve -Long Buccal Nerve

Branches of the maxillary artery in the the bony part

-Deep auricular artery -Anterior tympanic artery -inferior alveolar artery -middle meningeal artery -accessory meningeal artery Don't aim for A DAM I

Action and innervation of the Superior Oblique?

-Depression, abduction, and intorsion -CN IV (Trochlear)

Action and innervation of the Inferior Rectus?

-Depression, adduction, and extorsion -CN III (oculomotor)

Action and innervation of the Inferior Rectus?

-Depression, adduction, and extorsion -CN III (oculomotor) inferior branch

Results of an infected bulla?

-Deviation of the septum - can be inflated and block openings of the middle meatus to drain other things so lack drainage to that side of the nose -Fairly asymptomatic and common

Action and innervation of the Superior Rectus?

-Elevation, *adduction, and *slight intorsion -CN III (Oculomotor) superior branch

Action and innervation of the Inferior Oblique?

-Elevation, adduction, and extorsion -CN III (Oculomotor)

Action and innervation of the Inferior Oblique?

-Elevation, adduction, and extorsion -CN III (Oculomotor) inferior branch

Action and innervation of the Superior Rectus?

-Elevation, adduction, and slight intorsion -CN III (Oculomotor)

Soft palate movements

-Neutral postion - air flow -Drop- close oropharyngeal isthmus (chewing) -Lift - close pharyngeal isthmus so no food in the nasal cavity and open oropharyngeal isthmus (swallowing)

What artery travels with the optic nerve through the optic canal. The branches of this artery travel with the nerve.

-Opthalmic artery

tympanic angle tilt

40 degrees

What is the black, purple, and red arrow pointing at and what bone is this?

-Ethmoid Bone -Black arrow - Crista galli (extending down from crista gali is the perpendicular plate) -Purple Arrow - Cribiform plate -Red arrow - middle ethmoidal cells

Two types of eye muscles and their general function

-Extrinsic - move eyeball or raise upper eyelid -Intrinsic - within the eye to control the shape of the lens and size of the pupil

Origin and insertion of musculus uvulae?

-From posterior nasal spine and palatine aponeurosis TO uvula -Note: There are two of these muscles, side by side

3 main branches of the opthalmic nerve (V1) and their functions

-Frontal - sensory to theupper eyelid, forehead, middle of scalp -Lacrimal - sensory to lateral part of the superior palpebrae, but also carries parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers -Nasociliary nerve - sensory to the eyeball, air sinuses, skin outside orbit, anterior cranial fossa, nasal cavity, tip of nose

What are the 4 types of papillae found on the tongue?

-Fungiform papillae (tip and sides of tongue) -Filiform papillae (most numerous, not involved in taste) -Foliate papillae (edges of tongue) -Circumvallate/vallate papillae (anterior to sulcus terminalis)

Increase in intraocular pressure, what can result from it?

-Glaucoma ***Blindness can result from the compression of neural layer of the retina and blood supply to the retina

Describe CN XII - innervation, location, etc.

-Hypoglossal n. -Emerges between pyramid and olive of the medulla oblongata -Motor to all muscles of tongue, *EXCEPT palatoglossus* -Travels lateral to hyoglossus on its way to the tongue -C1 travels with it for a part of the way - CN XII doesn't contribute to C1 just traveling together

Function of the nasal conchae?

-Increase surface area of nasal mucosa for trapping particles and warming and humidifying inspired air. -Create turbulence to the air pattern

Two general groups tongue muscles and their generic function?

-Intrinsic (change the shape of the tongue) -Extrinsic (move the tongue)

Pathway of fluids in the lacrimal apparatus

-Lacrimal glands (superior and laterial part of orbit) continuously secretes fluid -Fluid accumulates in the lacrimal lake (puncta) -Lacrimal canaliculi drain fluid, which enters the lacrimal sac -Blinking forces fluid into the nasolacrimal duct -The nasolacrimal duct drains into the inferior meatus *** When duct obstructed in a cold this is what leads to the Watery eye look that is symptomatic of a cold.

Describe the visual pathway

-Light passes through all layers of retina to outermost layer -Photoreceptor cells transform light stimuli to electrochemical signals -Bipolar cells relay impulse from photoreceptors to ganglion cells -Axons of retinal ganglion cells are the optic nerve

What are the veins of the tongue? (select) -Lingual vein -Sublingual vein -Inferior thyroid vein -Superior thyroid vein -Dorsal lingual vein -Superficial lingual vein -Deep lingual vein -Lateral lingual vein -Inferior lingual vein vein

-Lingual vein -Dorsal lingual vein -Deep lingual vein -Sublingual vein

Branches and functions of the nasociliary nerve?

-Long Ciliary n. - sensory to the eyeball, carry sympathetic fibers -Short Ciliary n. - communicating branch to the ciliary ganglion, contains sympathetic, postgang. parasym, and sensory fibers from the nasociliary -Anterior ethmoidal - sensory to the anterior cranial fossa, medial part of nasal cavity (enter nasal cavity), emerges onto face and innervates the dorsal side of the nose -Posterior ethmoidal - sensory to posterior ethmoidal air cells and sphenoid air sinus -Infratrochlear nerve - medial part of the eyelid and some of the nose

Branches of the maxillary to the muscles.

-Masseteric a. -lateral pterygoid a. -medial pterygoid a. -deep temporal a. (anterior and posterior) -buccal a. *named after muscles they go to Broke My Pretty Doll

What does C1 innervate and travel with?

-Motor to geniohyoid, thyrohyoid, and ansa cervicalis -Travels with hypoglossal (CN XII)

What are the branches of V2 innervating the nasal cavity?

-Nasopalatine (NOT sphenopalatine) nerve -Superior posterior lateral nasal nerves -Inferior posterior lateral nasal nerves -Internal nasal branch of infraorbital nerve -Nasal branch of anterior superior alveolar nerve

Branches of V3 that are innervating the oral cavity?

-Nerve to the mylohyoid - branch of inferior alveolar (posterior division of V3) before IAN goes into the mandibular foramen -Nerve to tensor veli palatini - branch of the nerve to the medial pterygoid (from trunk of V3)

V3 trunk gives off 2 nerves before dividing into posterior and anterior divisions.

-Nervous spinosum (aka recurrent meningeal) -Nerve to medial pterygoid

facial (CNVII) is derived from which branchial arch?

2nd (II)

What are the two parts of the retina?

-Optic part (posterior, pigmented layer and inner neuronal layer) -Nonvisual part (anterior) - internal surface of the ciliary body and iris, continuation of pigmented layer

Two parts of orbicularis oculi and its function?

-Orbital and Palpebral -Closes the eye, the muscle is a circle so when it contracts the eyelids close

What are the 3 layers of the eyeball?

-Outer fibrous layer (sclera and cornea) -Middle vascular layer (choroid, ciliary body, iris) -Retina (optic and nonvisual)

Fibers at the ciliary ganglion

-Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers from CN III synapse with postganglionic fibers, which leave through short ciliary nerves and innervate sphincter pupillae and ciliary m. -Sensory root from nasociliary -Sympathetic root

describe fibers at the ciliary ganglion

Where does the external carotid artery end and what are its 2 terminal branches?

-Parotid Gland -divides into the maxillary artery and the superficial temporal artery

How many main parts of the maxillary artery?

-Part 1 - Mandibular, bony -Part 2 - muscular, pterygoid -Part 3 - PPF (pterygopalatine fossa)

Describe the sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland

-Postganglionic sympathetic fibers originate in superior cervical ganglion (pregang. mainly from lateral horn of T1) -Travel in plexus surrounding internal carotid artery -Leave plexus as deep petrosal nerve -Join with greater petrosal nerve to form nerve of pterygoid canal -Pass through pterygopalatine ganglion w/out synapsing -Travel with parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal n.

Describe sympathetic innervation to the eyeball

-Pregang sym. mainly arise from T1 -Synapse at the superior cervical ganglion -Travel with the internal carotid plexus and the opthalmic artery. -Pass through the ciliary ganglion -Travel with short and long ciliary nerves to reach the eye

Function and description of the palpebrae (eyelids)

-Protect cornea and eyeball -Spread lacrimal fluid -Covered externally by skin, internally by conjunctiva, strengthened by tarsal plates, contains muscle

Describe the parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland

-Secretomotor (parasympathetic) fibers leave CNS with facial nerve (CN VII) from the superior salvatory nucleus in the pons -CN VII enters the internal acoustic meatus, greater petrosal nerve branches off and enter middle cranial fossa through the hiatus for the greater petrosal n., crosses anterior wall of lacerum and enters the pterygoid canal., becomes the nerve of the pterygoid canal. -Synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion. - Postgang. fibers hitch a ride with V2 (maxillary nerve, then zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve, usually the zygomaticotemporal branch) until it joins lacrimal n. (there is a communicating branch with the zygomaticotemp. n to lacrimal)

Clinical significance to the nasal cavity?

-Sinus infections (frontal and maxillary are common sites for sinus infections) -Spread to ear and mastoid air cells -Relationship between maxillary sinus and maxillary molars -Imploding antrum -Concha bullosa

Describe ciliary muscle and its function/innervation.

-Smooth muscle -Pregang. parasym from CN III (postgang from ciliary gang.) -Accomodation of lens for near vision -The ciliary muscle is circular, so when contracts the muscle becomes smaller and when relaxed the circle's diameter becomes greater. Controls the thickness of the lens.

What branches of the maxillary artery are found in the nasal cavity? (select all) nasopalatine artery sphenopalatine artery lesser palatine artery greater palatine artery lingual artery deep auricular artery inferior alveolar artery

-Sphenopalatine (NOT nasopalatine) -Greater palatine

What are the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa (ITF)?

-Superior - temporal bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone -Inferior border - *inferior border of the mandible* -Anterior - posterior surface of the maxilla -Posterior - *styloid process* and the contents of the *carotid sheath* -Medial border - lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate. -Lateral border - ramus of the mandible

Two branches of the oculomotor nerve and the muscles they innervate?

-Superior Branch - Levator palpebrae superiorus and superior rectus -Inferior Branch - Medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and carries pregang. parasym. fibers to the ciliary ganglion

Two branches of the oculomotor nerve and the muscles they innervate? what type of signals?

-Superior Branch - Levator palpebrae superiorus and superior rectus -Inferior Branch - Medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and carries pregang. parasym. fibers to the ciliary ganglion

Branches of the Frontal branch of V1

-Supratrochlear -Supraorbital

Function of the tensor veli palatini?

-Tenses palate to assist in lifting it (helps to seal off the isthmus) -Also opens pharyngotympanic tube (popping your ears)

What happens when the ciliary muscle contracts?

-Tension on the lens is released because the diameter becomes smaller and the lens become thicker, this will change the refraction of light and is necessary for near vision. -Parasympathetic reponse (pupil constriction)

The nerve to the medial pterygoid gives off two branches.

-Tensor tympani -Tensor veli palatini

What wraps around the posterior free margin of the mylohyoid and the significance of this?

-The submandibular gland -Forms two lobes, the intraoral lobe (sits above mylohyoid and is within the oral cavity) and the extraoral lobe (sits below the mylohyoid and is outside of the oral cavity).

How do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers get to the pterygopalatine ganglion?

-Travel with greater petrosal (branch of CN VII), branches off of the facial in the facial canal at the geniculate ganglion -Travels across the middle cranial fossa on petrous part of the temporal bone and then travels through the pterygoid canal to the pterygopalatine ganglion and synapses. ***Distributes with branches of V2, secretomotor to glands above the oral cavity

How do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers get to the otic ganglion?

-Travel with lesser petrosal (branch of CN IX). -Tympanic nerve travels through tympanic canaliculus to middle ear and the lesser petrosal nerve exits middle ear into the middle cranial fossa. -Goes through foramen ovale to synapse at the otic ganglion. Then postgang. hitchhike a ride with the auriculotemporal nerve of V3 ***secretomotor to the parotid gland

How do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers get to the submandibular gland?

-Travel with the chorda tympani (branch of CN VII), travels through petrous part of the temporal bone to the middle ear, passes between the incus and malleus -Exits the petrotympanic fissure, then hitch-hikes with lingual nerve of V3 to submandibular ganglion and synapses **secretomotor to subman and subling glands

The three axis of movement for the eye

-Vertical Axis: Abduction and Adduction -Horizontal Axis: Depression and elevation -Anteroposterior Axis: Intorsion (Corneal 12:00 moves medially) and Extorsion (Corneal 12:00 moves laterally)

Does the Sphenoid (lesser wing) make up part of the orbit?

-Yes, the optic canal goes through it.

crista (related to vestibule for balance)

-aka Ampulla of semicircular canals -Hair cells are stimulated by movement of endolymph

what does the cricoid cartilage consist of

-anterior arch -posterior lamina -ridge for esophagus attachment -depressions -facets

posterior (sensory) division of V3 includes which nerves?

-auriculotemporal n. (two roots) -lingual n. -inferior alveolar n. (which gives rise to nerve to mylohyoid)

Branches of the maxillary *artery* around the oral cavity

-buccal -inferior alveolar -mental (from inferior alveolar) -mylohyoid (from inferior alveolar) -greater and lesser palatine -Posterior and anterior superior alveolar arteries (anterior from infraorbital) -sphenopalatine

What makes up the ciliary body and where is it?

-ciliary muscle and ciliary process -between the choroid and the iris forming a ring

what are the bony branches of the maxillary artery?

-deep auricular -anterior tympanic -middle meningeal -accessory meningeal -inferior alveolar (mental)

What muscles are associated with the soft palate?

-levator veli palatini -tensor veli palatini -musculus uvulae

Where is prevertebral space (danger space) of the neck located?

-located between two layers of the preverterbral fascia -anterior layer of the prevertebral fascia also known as alar fascia -retropharyngeal space is located between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the alar fascia **infection can down to heart

What nerves supply the TMJ?

-masseteric nerve (supply to masseter) goes through mandibular notch and passes in front of TMJ -auriculotemporal nerve - travels posterior to TMJ on way to the face -Posterior deep temporal nerve can also contribute

what are the muscular branches of the maxillary artery?

-posterior deep temporal -anterior deep temporal -masseteric -buccal -pterygoid (medial and lateral)

What does auriculotemporal nerve supply?

-sensory nerve to the parotid gland, skin, and auriculo/temporal areas -Carries hitch hiking postgang. parasym. fibers

What are the 3 longitudinal muscles?

-stylopharyngeus -salpingopharyngeus -palatopharyngeus

Branches of the lingual artery around the oral cavity

-suprahyoid (doesn't go to tongue) -dorsal lingual -deep (profunda) lingual -sublingual *Lingual is branch of the external carotid artery

name the muscles innervated by V3 and derived from 1st branchial arch

-temporalis, masseter, medial + lateral pterygoids -tensor veli palatini -tensor tympani -anterior digastric -mylohyoid

Branches of the facial artery around the oral cavity

-tonsillar -glandular -ascending palatine -superior and inferior labial -submental

The lymphatic ring of waldeyer is made up of interspersed lymphatic tissue and a ring of which 4 types of tonsils?

1 Lingual tonsil 2 Palatine tonsil 3 Tubal tonsils 4 Pharyngeal tonsil

____1_____ veli palatine senses the soft palate, while ____2____ veli palatine raises the soft palate to close off the _____3_____ isthmus

1 tensor 2 levator 3 pharyngeal

What innervates levator palpebrae superioris?

CN III

Describe how sound is received in the ear

1. Sound causes tympanic membrane to vibrate 2. Malleus, incus and stapes transmit vibrations to oval window (an opening in wall of cochlea), setting up waves in fluid within cochlea 3. Cochlear duct (part of membranous labyrinth) divides canal into 3 compartments (scala vestibuli, scala tympani, cochlear duct) 4. In cochlear duct, sensory receptors (hair cells) sit on basilar membrane. Cilia from hair cells are embedded in Tectorial membrane. This sensory structure is the SPIRAL ORGAN OF CORTI. 5. Vibrations in labyrinth cause hair cells to move and cilia to bend. Transformed to electrical signal. 6. Cell bodies of primary sensory neurons are in Modiolus. Collectively called Cochlear (Spiral) Ganglion.

Boundaries of Temporal Fossa: 1. superior 2. anterior 3. posterior 4. lateral

1. arch of superior temporal line 2. superior temporal lines 3. zygomatic arch 4. zygomatic arch

posterior division of V3? sensory/mixed/motor?

1. auriculotemporal nerve = sensory to tmj 2. lingual nerve = sensory 3. inferior alveolar nerve = mixed -> sensory inside canal 4. nerve to mylohyoid = motor to mylohyoid and anterior digastric

What are the five muscular divisions of the maxillary arteries?

1. deep temporal 2. masseteric, 3. lateral pterygoid, 4. medial pterygoid, 5. buccal artery

anterior division of V3? sensory/mixed/motor?

1. deep temporal = motor 2. lateral pterygoid = motor 3. masseteric = motor 4. long buccal = sensory

Muscles of Depression

1. digastric, 2. geniohyoid, and 3. mylohyoid muscles on both sides, is normally assisted by gravity and, because it involves forward movement of the head of mandible onto the articular tubercle, 4. the lateral pterygoid muscles are also involved;

Boundaries of infratemporal fossa 1. anterior? 2. posterior? 3. medial? 4. lateral?

1. maxillary tuberosity 2. styloid process 3. lateral pterygoid plates 4. zygomatic arch to ramus of mandible

What are the five bony division of the maxillary arteries (select all) middle meningeal accessory meningeal deep auricular buccal deep temporal lateral pterygoid inferior alveolar medial pterygoid anterior tympanic

1. middle meningeal 2. accessory meningeal 3. deep auricular 4. inferior alveolar 5. anterior tympanic

What is the direction of venous blood flow in dural sinuses?

1. superior sagittal and straight sinuses 2. confluence of sinuses 3. transverse sinuses 4. sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein OR 5. Cavernous sinus 6. superior and inferior petrosal sinuses 7. internal jugular

How many rods in the human retina?

130 million

which branchial arch do muscles of mastication derive from

1st brancial arch

which branchial arch is mylohyoid derived from. therefore, where does it get its motor supply? 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th V1, V2, V3, VII, IX, X, C1

1st; V3

Chorda tympani

2 branches join V3 in the infratemporal fossa. These are the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve [VII] and the lesser petrosal nerve (IX) Nerve that provides taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue and parasympathetic innervation to all salivary glands below the level of the oral fissure. , special sensory for anterior 2/3 of tongue Travels between incus and malleus and joins lingual branch of CN V3= mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

cochlea has how many turns

2.5 (two and a half turns)

How many cones in the human retina?

7 million

V3 supplies how many muscles from 1st branchial arch 3 5 6 7 8 9 10

Mucous membrane on the inner surface of the palpebrae and outer surface of the eyeball

Conjunctiva

What branch of V1 is providing sensory innervation to the nasal cavity?

branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve

Tympanic nerve branches from where

branches from CN IX in the Jugular Foramen

labyrinthine artery branches from what

branches from basilar artery

The somatic afferents in the passageway labeled 33 are from: A. V2 B. V3 C. CN VII D. CN IX E. CN X

A. V2

The pterygopalatine fossa communicates inferiorly with the oral cavity via the: A. greater palatine canal B. pterygoid canal C. pharyngeal canal D. palatovaginal canal E. vomerovaginal canal

A. greater palatine canal

As you ponder this question tears of joy come to your eyes. The postganglionic secretomotor cell bodies for this response travel are located in which ganglion? A. pterygopalatine B. otic C. submandibular D. ciliary E. geniculate

A. pterygopalatine

How do veins exit the orbit into middle cranial fossa? A. superior orbital fissure B. optic canal C. infraorbital fissure

A. superior orbital fissure Pass from the orbit into the middle cranial fossa through the superior orbital fissure, NOT the optic canal.

insertion of lateral pterygoid (superior head) infratemporal crest lateral part of lateral pterygoid medial part of lat. pterygoid medial angle of mandible lateral angle of mandible pterygoid maxillary tuberosity articular disc of TMJ pterygoid fovea

Articular disc of TMJ

nasal cavity goes to the nasopharynx via what?

choanae

From which part of the maxillary artery does the sphenopalatine branch arise? A. Part I B. Part II C. Part III D. Any of the three with equal frequency E. None of the above

C. Part III

division of median cricothyroid ligament

A Cricothyrotomy is a procedure done where

In the clinic Lingual nerve injury

A lingual nerve injury proximal to where the chorda tympani joins it in the infratemporal fossa will produce loss of general sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, oral mucosa, gingivae, the lower lip, and the chin. If a lingual nerve lesion is distal to the site where it is joined by the chorda tympani, secretion from the salivary glands below the oral fissure and taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue will also be lost.

As you ponder this question tears of joy come to your eyes. The preganglionic secretomotor fibers for this response travel with which cranial nerve? A. III B. V C. VII D. IX E. X

C. VII

Which of the following structures does not traverse through the sphenopalatine foramen? A. nasopalatine nerve B. sphenopalatine artery C. infraorbital artery D. posterior superior lateral nasal nerve E. A & C

C. infraorbital artery

Where do the olfactory fibers run?

Actually the nerve, run through the cribiform plate to the olfactory bulb, which is sitting on the cribiform plate

Functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Air-filled, diverticula of nasal cavity, secrete mucous, many possible functions

What branches of the facial a. are found in the nasal cavity?

Alar branches of lateral nasal and septal branches of superior labial

Where is the parotid papilla located?

Alongside the 2nd maxillary molar, opening to the parotid duct lines up with it

The passageway indicated by number 33 is the: A. pterygoid canal B. vomerovaginal canal C. pharyngeal (palatovaginal) canal D. pterygopalatine canal E. greater palatine canal

C. pharyngeal (palatovaginal) canal

In the clinic Dental anesthesia

Anesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve is widely practiced by most dentists. The inferior alveolar nerve is one of the largest branches of the mandibular nerve [V3], carries the sensory branches from the teeth and mandible, and receives sensory information from the skin over the mandible. The inferior alveolar nerve passes into the mandibular canal and runs within the medullary cavity of the mandible, piercing the anterior aspect of the mandible through the mental foramen. Dental procedures require perineuronal infiltration of the inferior alveolar nerve by local anesthetic. To anesthetize this nerve the needle is placed lateral to the anterior arch of the fauces (palatoglossal arch) in the oral cavity and is advanced along the medial border around the inferior third of the body of mandible so that anesthetic can be deposited in this region. It is also possible to anesthetize the infra-orbital, mental, incisive, and buccal nerves, depending on where the anesthesia is needed.

Small and short lingual frenulum - stops the tongue from being able to move around. "Tongue-tied"

Ankyloglossia

Boundary between the oral cavity and the oropharynx

Anterior arch of the fauces (aka palatoglossal arch)

If an object were to go through the roof of the orbit, where would it be?

Anterior cranial fossa (in the frontal lobe)

What branches of the opthalmic artery are found in the nasal cavity?

Anterior ethmoidal and posterior ethmoidal

Inferior Orbital Fissure/Infra-Orbital Canal

Anterior opening in the PT Fossa that contains the Infra-Orbital Artery and Nerve

Blood supply to maxillary canine and incisors

Anterior superior alveolar artery

Location of the sublingual gland

Anterior to the submandibular gland and entirely within the oral cavity (superior to the mylohyoid)

What is the arterial supply of the bony labyrinth?

Anterior tympanic Posterior auricular (stylomastoid branch) middle meningeal

3 types of ethmoid air cells

Anterior, middle, posterior

What has ruptured in a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Artery supplying the vein

What is/are the arterial supply of Pharyngotympanic Tube

Ascending pharyngeal Middle meningeal Artery of the pterygoid canal

What innervates the geniohyoid?

What equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmosphere and is bony and cartilaginous

Auditory (Pharyngotympanic) Tube

external ear involves which structures

Auricle (pinna) and external acoustic (auditory) meatus to the tympanic membrane

external ear consists of

Auricle (pinna), external acoustic (auditory) meatus, tympanic membrane.

Postganglionics from Otic ganglion travel with _______ to ________

Auriculotemporal nerve (V3) to Parotid Gland

What nerves innervates the external acoustic meatus

Auriculotemporal nerve (V3), Auricular branch of CN X, CN VII

the external surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated by

Auriculotemporal nerve (V3), Auricular branch of CN X, CN VII

The pterygopalatine fossa communicates posteriorly through the foramen rotundum with the: A. anterior cranial fossa B. middle cranial fossa C. posterior cranial fossa D. retropharyngeal space E. tympanic cavity

B. middle cranial fossa

The pterygoid plexus of veins communicates directly with the cavernous sinus via a vein traveling through the: A. pterygoid canal B. sphenoidal emissary foramen C. pharyngeal canal D. sphenopalatine foramen E. none of the above

B. sphenoidal emissary foramen

Some of the fibers in the nerve labeled 10 in the image are: A. somatic afferent B. somatic efferent C. preganglionic parasympathetic D. postganglionic parasympathetic E. postganglionic sympathetic

C. preganglionic parasympathetic

Where is the anterior chamber of the eye?

Between the cornea and the iris

middle ear is located

Between tympanic membrane and internal ear.

Occlusion of the central artery of the retina causes _____.

Blindness

Name the starred foramina

Blue star - incisive foramena Black Star - Greater palatine foramen Red Stae - Lesser palatine foramen

describe the internal ear

Bony and Membranous labyrinth

internal ear consists of

Bony and Membranous labyrinth

Brachiocephalic

What is the inferior posterior lateral nasal nerve a branch of and how does it enter the nasal cavity?

Branch of the greater palatine nerve and enters nasal cavity via its own foramen off of the greater palatine canal

What CN nerves provide sensory innervation to the nasal cavity?

Branches of V1, V2 and the Olfactory nerve (CN I)

What vessel has ruptured in a subdural hemorrhage?

Bridging vein

nasopharynx is separated by ____ from nasal cavity

choanae

Levator palpebrae superioris is innervated by which ganglion does postganglionic sympathetics come from? where do they innervate?

CN III oculomotor post sympathetics come from *superior cervical ganglion* they travel to *superior tarsal muscle*, often considered a part of Levator palpebrae superioris

What CN's are found in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus? CN II CN III CN IV CN V1 CN V2 CN V3 CN VI CN VII

CN III, CN IV, CN V1, CN V2

gag reflex has sensory innervation through which nerve

CN IX

palatine tonsils are innervated by

CN IX

the internal surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated by

CN IX

What is nasopharynx innervated by

CN IX (EXCEPT pharyngeal recess which is innervated by V2)

trace the pathway of CN IX regarding the middle ear

CN IX > Tympanic nerve > tympanic plexus > lesser petrosal nerve

the posterior 1/3 of tongue receives taste fibers from what?

CN IX and X

Tympanic nerve branches from CN_______ through ________ _________

CN IX in Jugular Foramen

what passes through jugular foramen?

CN IX, X, XI, *inferior petrosal sinus*

the pharyngeal nerve plexus is formed by which nerves

CN IX, X, motor from CN XI cranial portion and cervical sympathetics

Which nerves are associated with the pharynx

CN V, IX, X, XI, and cervical sympathetics; also CN VII (for soft palate)

What nerve supplies the efferent fibers to the derivatives of the first branchial arch?

CN V3

tensor tympani is innervated by

CN V3

the tensor tympani is innervated by

CN V3 (nerve to medial pterygoid)

What is found in the medial portion of the cavernous sinus? CN II CN III CN IV CN V1 CN V2 CN V3 CN VI CN VII Internal carotid

CN VI and internal carotid artery

What innervates orbicularis oculi (palpebral part)?

CN VII

nervus intermedius, or glossopalatine nerve, is a branch of what

CN VII

orbicularis oculi (palpebral part) is innervated by

CN VII

stapedius is innervated by

CN VII

the chorda tympani is a branch of what

CN VII

what nerve enters internal acoustic meatus

CN VII

what nerve enters petrous part of temporal bone through internal acoustic meatus

CN VII

two cranial nerves that enter the internal acoustic meatus are? V VI VII VIII IX X

CN VII, VIII (facial, vestibulocochlear)

What is the laryngopharynx innervated by

CN X

gag reflex has motor innervation through which nerve

CN X

Innervation of the superior constrictor muscles are