Midterm 3 M.C's

66. What was William Whyte's The Organization Man critical of?

A. America's social values

6. Who is considered the founder of fascism?

A. Benito Mussolini

46. Why did FDR try to change the balance of power on the Supreme Court?

A. He feared the Supreme Court might invalidate the Wagner and Social Security acts.

48. What made it so difficult for the United States to reject the demands of Joseph Stalin for establishing a Soviet sphere in eastern Europe?

A. Roosevelt realized the sacrifices the Soviets had made in their victory in the eastern front.

33. Joe McCarthy announced that he had a list of 205 communists who worked for the:

A. State Department.

1. Why was it unlikely that the Soviet Union was going to embark on a new military campaign in the years following World War II?

A. The communist nation had suffered more than 20 million casualties, along with immense devastation.

17. How did the Allied campaign in Italy prepare for the ground invasion of France on D-Day?

A. The defeat of Mussolini's regime forced Hitler to redirect valuable German troops to occupy Italy.

37. The shopping mall was the inevitable result of what institution?

A. The suburb.

33. Which statement best describes Huey Long, Upton Sinclair, and Dr. Francis Townsend?

A. They all challenged Roosevelt to move further to the left of center.

11. How did the United States respond to Joseph Stalin's blockade around Berlin?

A. Truman ordered that supplies be brought to Berlin via an airlift.

10. In 1940, the "cash and carry" plan:

A. allowed Great Britain to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis.

21. Which did Henry Steele Commager identify as the "new loyalty" in America?

A. conformity

43. In fireside chats and public addresses, President Roosevelt connected freedom with:

A. economic security.

23. The impact of the Cold War on American culture was:

A. especially evident in the movies.

36. The Second New Deal:

A. focused on economic security.

29. What does Henry Luce see as the role for America in his book The American Century?

A. for America to exert its influence on the world

24. During the war, Americans:

A. grew victory gardens to allow food to be sent to the army.

15. The New Deal:

A. included a reliance on economic planning.

46. Between 1946 and 1960, the American gross national product:

A. more than doubled, and wages increased.

24. The Agricultural Adjustment Act:

A. raised farm prices by establishing quotas and paying farmers not to plant more.

5. The Hawley- Smoot Tariff:

A. raised taxes on imported goods.

7. The "Iron Curtain":

A. separated the free West from the communist East.

34. During World War II, American Indians:

A. served in the military and worked in war production.

69. In Brown v. Board of Education, what was Thurgood Marshall's main argument before the Supreme Court?

A. that segregation did lifelong damage because it stigmatized one group of citizens as being unfit to associate with others

42. At Yalta the Big Three met for a summit. It was here that they finally agreed:

A. that the Soviet Union would enter the Pacific war.

18. Which act or organization barred commercial banks from becoming involved in the buying and selling of stocks?

A. the Glass- Steagall Act

3. After World War II, the only nation that could rival the United States was:

A. the Soviet Union.

22. Which New Deal program put the federal government for the first time in the business of selling electricity in competition with private companies?

A. the Tennessee Valley Authority

64. After Vietnam was divided at a peace conference in Geneva:

A. the United States supported the anticommunist leader Ngo Dinh Diem.

60. Modern Republicanism included:

A. the expansion of core New Deal programs.

76. In his 1961 farewell address, President Eisenhower warned Americans about:

A. the military-industrial complex.

21. In the United States during World War II:

A. unemployment declined, production soared, and income taxes increased.

47. Which phrase best describes Eleanor Roosevelt's tenure as First Lady?

A. very traditional

43. At the Yalta conference in 1945:

A. war time American-Soviet cooperation was at its peak.

35. The First New Deal:

A. was a series of policy experiments.

25. New Deal housing policy:

A. was similar to the housing policy established during Hoover's presidency.

71. The Montgomery Bus Boycott:

A. was sparked when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat up to a white man.

29. What factor contributed to the growth of union membership in the 1930s?

A. workers' militancy and the tactical skills of a new generation of leaders

20. What was the "final solution"?

B. Adolf Hitler's plan to mass-exterminate Jews and other "undesirable" peoples

40. According to Gunnar Myrdal, America's dilemma was a conflict between:

B. American values and American racial policies.

65. Which statement best describes the thesis of David Riesman's book The Lonely Crowd?

B. Americans were conformists and lacked the inner resources to lead truly independent lives.

18. Which statement about the Korean War is FALSE?

B. Chinese troops threatened to enter the war, but never did.

32. Which work offered an intellectual justification for opponents of active government, laying the foundation for the rise of modern conservatism?

B. Friedrich Hayek's The Road to Serfdom

40. How did President Dwight D. Eisenhower surpass the New Deal in government involvement in the economy?

B. He presided over the construction of 41,000 miles of interstate highways.

14. Why did the United States provide Lend-Lease assistance to the Soviet Union after June 1941?

B. Hitler had renounced the nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union and invaded that country.

41. Which statement about the Social Security Act is FALSE?

B. It was original in its concept and design.

42. Why did the Soviet Union strongly support the national independence movements in the new Third World?

B. They hoped to convince new nations to ally themselves with the eastern bloc against European and American imperialists.

49. What did the members of the new United Nations Security Council all have in common?

B. They were all part of the allies that won World War II.

9. Many Americans remained convinced that their involvement in World War I had been:

B. a mistake.

17. Which statement best describes what NSC-68 called for?

B. a permanent military buildup and a global application of containment

10. Liberalism during the New Deal came to be understood as:

B. active government to uplift less fortunate members of society.

23. Organized labor assisted in the war effort by:

B. agreeing to a no-strike pledge.

13. The Lend- Lease Act:

B. authorized military aid to those fighting against Germany and Japan.

52. William Levitt gave many Americans the opportunity to:

B. buy a home.

39. The Wagner Act:

B. created the National Labor Relations Board.

28. Which civil rights measure was enacted during Truman's administration?

B. desegregation of the armed forces

57. The new conservatives:

B. emphasized tradition, community, and moral commitment.

20. The National Industrial Recovery Act:

B. established codes that set standards for production, prices, and wages in several industries.

28. Henry Luce's The American Century:

B. hailed "free economic enterprise."

62. During the Eisenhower administration, United States-Soviet relations:

B. improved somewhat after the end of the Korean War and the death of Stalin.

31. The GI Bill of Rights:

B. included scholarships for education for veterans.

67. During the 1950s, American teenagers:

B. increased in number and were often perceived to be alienated.

55. To libertarian conservatives, freedom meant:

B. individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism.

15. In 1949, Mao Zedong:

B. led a successful communist revolution in China.

7. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation:

B. made loans to failing businesses.

26. Women working in defense industries during the war:

B. made up one- third of the West Coast workers in aircraft manufacturing and shipbuilding.

32. The United Auto Workers sit-down strike in Flint, Michigan, was:

B. part of the successful strategy that increased the size of the auto worker's union.

47. All of the following were new innovations of the early post-World War II era that helped to transform Americans' daily lives EXCEPT:

B. radio.

59. The 1952 presidential campaign:

B. reflected the growing importance of television in American life.

8. As fascism rose in Europe and Asia during the 1930s, most Americans:

B. supported U.S. neutrality.

51. The New Deal failed to generate:

B. sustained prosperity.

56. Libertarians and new conservatives disagreed whether they wanted to create:

B. the "free man" or the "good man."

25. When World War II ended:

B. the economy switched to a peacetime economy.

42. The New Deal concentrated power in the hands of:

B. the legislative branch.

30. The National Resources Planning Board:

B. urged the expansion of the welfare state.

19. The Holocaust:

B. was the mass extermination of millions of Jews and others in Nazi death camps.

39. During World War II, African-Americans:

B. witnessed the end of Jim Crow laws.

31. Who did Whittaker Chambers accuse of being a Soviet spy during a HUAC hearing?

C. Alger Hiss

11. Men like Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and Father Coughlin were members of the:

C. America First committee, an isolationist group.

8. According to Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, how could corporations have prevented the Great Depression?

C. By increasing their workers' wages.

12. What time period most influenced the New Deal?

C. First World War.

1. Why did Franklin D. Roosevelt announce his candidacy for a third term in 1940?

C. He argued that the recovery was too fragile and the international situation too dangerous for him to leave his post.

13. In his 1932 campaign for the presidency, Franklin D. Roosevelt promised Americans a policy change he called the:

C. New Deal.

26. Which piece of American legislation stated that union leaders had to swear an oath that they were not communists?

C. Taft-Hartley Act

39. What gave conservatives of the 1950s their political unity?

C. The common enemies of the Soviet Union and the federal government.

41. Why did the Eisenhower administration embrace the doctrine of "massive retaliation"?

C. The constant threat of mutually assured destruction under the doctrine made for more cautious diplomacy.

6. How did Soviets defend the installation of communist governments in Poland, Rumania, and Bulgaria?

C. They claimed that this type of domination was no different than the U.S. influence in Latin America.

5. According to the policy of containment, as laid out by George Kennan, the:

C. United States was committed to preventing the spread of communism.

50. What ended the Great Depression?

C. World War II spending

27. For most women workers, World War II:

C. allowed them to make temporary gains.

17. The first thing that Roosevelt attended to as president was the:

C. banking crisis.

35. Government propaganda and war films portrayed the Japanese as:

C. bestial and subhuman.

27. Jackie Robinson:

C. broke the color barrier in major league baseball

16. NSC-68:

C. called for a global crusade by the U.S. against communism.

31. The Congress of Industrial Organizations:

C. created unions of industrial workers.

2. A main cause of the Great Depression was:

C. declining American purchasing power.

24. To wage the cultural Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department:

C. funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits.

53. After World War II, suburbanization:

C. hardened racial divisions in American life.

37. The Works Progress Administration:

C. included projects in the arts.

48. Under the New Deal, women:

C. played a more visible role in national politics.

47. The Atlantic Charter:

C. promised peoples' right to chose their own government.

41. The dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki:

C. remains controversial in the U.S. and the world.

9. The Marshall Plan:

C. solidified the division of Europe because the Soviet Union refused to participate.

68. Challenges to the mass conformity of the 1950s came from:

C. the Beats.

15. December 7, 1941, is known as a "date that will live in infamy," referring to:

C. the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

72. As a result of the Montgomery boycott in 1955-1956:

C. the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public transportation was illegal.

38. Which program employed white-collar workers and professionals, including doctors, writers, and artists?

C. the Works Progress Administration

9. During the Roosevelt administration, the Democratic Party emerged into a coalition that included all of the following EXCEPT:

C. the business elite.

45. In the presidential election of 1936:

C. the so-called New Deal coalition reelected FDR in a landslide.

44. How did the 1959 American National Exhibition showcase freedom in the United States?

C. through a display of consumer goods

11. The Great Depression and the economic crisis that ensued discredited supporters of:

C. unregulated capitalism.

4. During the 1930s, the Good Neighbor Policy:

C. was a foreign policy based on the recognition of the autonomy of Latin American countries.

49. The Popular Front:

C. was a political and cultural movement associated with the Communist Party.

3. The Four Freedoms:

C. were President Roosevelt's statement of the Allied war aims.

32. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg:

C. were executed after a questionable trial.

16. After the United States entered World War II:

D. Americans experienced a series of military losses.

20. Why did Walter Lippmann think that communism was going to play an important role in the world?

D. Communism was to play an important role in the tide of revolutionary nationalism.

28. Why did President Franklin D. Roosevelt dissolve the Civil Works Administration?

D. Complaints multiplied that this measure was contributing to a permanent class of government dependents.

14. During the 1932 election:

D. FDR called for a balanced government and criticized Hoover for excessive government spending.

2. What obstacle did Harry Truman face when he assumed the presidency following the death of Franklin Roosevelt in April 1945?

D. Harry Truman had absolutely no experience in foreign policy, the most important qualification at this point in American history.

63. President Eisenhower used the CIA to overthrow which Middle Eastern government in the early 1950s, in large part because this government attempted to nationalize British-owned oil fields?

D. Iran

13. What was unique about the U.S. commitment to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?

D. It was the first long-term military alliance between Europe and the U.S. since the American Revolution.

43. The kitchen debates were between:

D. Khrushchev and Nixon.

36. What about the golden age of capitalism between 1946 and 1960 was most beneficial for Americans?

D. Most monetary gains reached ordinary citizens through rising wages.

38. Why were American suburbs of the 1950s so heavily segregated?

D. Residents, brokers, and realtors dealt in contracts and mortgages that barred the sale to non-white residents.

45. Why did the United States drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima?

D. Since the United States had spent years and millions of dollars developing the weapon, it was going to use it in the war.

74. What was the organization called that Martin Luther King Jr. established after the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

D. Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC)

30. What reason did the Hollywood Ten give for not cooperating with the HUAC hearings?

D. They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment.

37. Which statement about the Japanese-American internment is FALSE?

D. Thousands of Japanese men from internment camps joined the U.S. military.

44. The 1944 conference at Dumbarton Oaks established the structure of the:

D. United Nations.

22. Which area of the United States witnessed the greatest growth during the war?

D. West Coast

48. After World War II, the automobile:

D. altered the American landscape.

7. France and Britain's policy toward Germany of giving concessions in hopes of avoiding war was called:

D. appeasement.

35. The McCarran- Walter Act:

D. authorized the deportation of communists, including naturalized citizens.

36. Executive Order 9066:

D. authorized the internment of Japanese-Americans.

50. During the 1950s, television:

D. became an effective advertising medium.

23. The Tennessee Valley Authority:

D. combined economic regional planning with relief.

19. The Korean War:

D. ended in a stalemate.

19. The Glass- Steagall Act:

D. established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

27. By 1935, the New Deal:

D. faced mounting pressures and criticism.

70. In 1954, the Supreme Court case known as Brown v. Board of Education:

D. found that separate-but-equal was unconstitutional.

2. FDR's Four Freedoms include all of the following EXCEPT:

D. freedom of enterprise.

75. The 1960 presidential debate between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon:

D. highlighted the impact of television on political campaigns.

33. The "zoot suit" riots of 1943:

D. highlighted the limits of racial tolerance during World War II.

40. The Social Security Act of 1935:

D. included pensions and unemployment relief.

34. The Share Our Wealth movement was:

D. led by Louisiana senator Huey Long and gained a national following.

58. Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president in 1952 in part because he:

D. manifested a public image of fatherly warmth.

51. During the 1950s, Americans:

D. on average married younger and had more children than previous generations.

46. World War II:

D. produced a radical redistribution of world power.

4. President Hoover responded to the onset of the Depression by:

D. reassuring Americans that "the tide had turned."

25. "Rosie the Riveter":

D. refers to Norman Rockwell's image of a female industrial laborer.

34. Joseph McCarthy's downfall came with:

D. televised hearings involving the Army.

4. The first confrontation of the Cold War took place in:

D. the Middle East, when Soviet troops occupied northern Iran seeking access to oil fields.

12. In 1940, Franklin Roosevelt:

D. won an unprecedented third term as president.

26. Which two New Deal programs did the Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?

E. Agricultural Adjustment Act and National Recovery Administration

12. Which statement is TRUE about the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

E. All the members pledged mutual defense against any future Soviet attack.

18. "D-Day" refers to the:

E. Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy.

49. Which state became the most prominent symbol of the postwar suburban boom?

E. California

29. All of the following statements about the Cold War's impact on American life are true EXCEPT:

E. Cold War military spending weakened the economy.

45. What about Nixon's statements at the American National Exhibition in Moscow revealed the limited scope of opportunity Americans ascribed to women?

E. He used the words "women" and "housewives" interchangeably.

6. Hoover's response to the Depression included all of the following measures EXCEPT:

E. a reduction in the size of the army.

38. In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court:

E. apologized for Japanese internment.

22. In "Who Is Loyal to America?" Henry Steele Commager:

E. believes that the narrow definition of loyalty denied freedom of thought.

8. The Truman Doctrine:

E. committed the United States to fighting communism anywhere.

61. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles's policy of massive retaliation:

E. declared that any Soviet attack would be countered by a nuclear attack.

54. During the Cold War, religious differences:

E. faded as Americans stressed religiosity in contrast to "godless" communism

10. In 1948, the Soviets began the Berlin Blockade:

E. in anticipation of the creation of West Germany.

1. The Great Depression was caused by all of the following factors EXCEPT:

E. increased government regulation of banking and the stock market.

73. Martin Luther King Jr. was:

E. inspired by the teachings of Gandhi.

5. The Office of War Information:

E. linked World War II to the American Revolution.

21. The Civilian Conservation Corps:

E. put young men to work in national parks.

30. During 1934, the great wave of labor strikes included all of the following EXCEPT:

E. stockbrokers

16. All of the statements about Roosevelt's group of advisers, known as the "Brain Trust," are true EXCEPT:

E. the "Brain Trust" believed that large corporations needed to be dismantled.

3. The Great Depression shaped the lives of Americans in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

E. the American suicide rate declined.

14. All of the following are enactments of the policy of containment EXCEPT:

E. the Warsaw Pact.

44. In John Steinbeck's piece about the Dust Bowl, he explained that recent migrants to California were hated for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

E. they were primarily immigrants.