Midterm Exam

b. correlation

A _____ reflects the size and strength of the statistical relationship between two variables. a. mode b. correlation c. standard deviation d. mean e. range

a. fixed-interval

A _____ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a certain amount of time has passed. a. fixed-interval b. continuous c. variable-ration d. fixed-ratio e. variable-interval

c. a goal.

A decision maker's actions should be guided by a. a code of honor. b. an operating budget. c. a goal. d. interpersonal relationships. e. personal opinions.

e. none of these

Allowing an employee to spend part of their time working off-site, usually at home is called _____. a. compressed work week b. flextime c. job sharing d. off-shoring e. none of these

d. Normative

An employee who just finished an MBA paid for by a firm's tuition reimbursement program might feel a moral obligation to stay with the employer for at least a few years to repay the debt. This person would be classified by which type of commitment? a. Dysfunctional b. Continuance c. Afective d. Normative e. none of these

c. challenging work

An example of an intrinsic work value is _____. a. financial gain b. social contact with friends c. challenging work d. health insurance e. having lots of time to spend with family

a. an entrepreneurial mindset

An organization with a product innovation competitive advantage would likely seek a core workforce of research and development employees who have which quality? a. an entrepreneurial mindset b. a shorter-term focus c. a low tolerance for ambiguity d. conservative values e. a high aversion to taking risks

d. physiological

Based on Maslow's hierarchy, _____ needs are the most basic requirements that people posses. a. growth b. self-actualization c. esteem d. physiological e. security

c. decreased cycle time.

Car makers design and produce new model cars much more quickly now than they did in the past. This is an example of a. effective leadership. b. low-cost production. c. decreased cycle time. d. valued diversity. e. increased employee morale.

e. self-managing teams

During the _____ phase of team implementation, managers have withdrawn from the daily operations and are counseling teams. a. tightly formed teams b. reality and unrest c. leader-centered teams d. start-up e. self-managing teams

c. perceived threat of loss.

Employees who feel the need to protect their own career prospects by impeding the prospects of others are experiencing a. unequal access to organizational networks. b. prejudices. c. perceived threat of loss. d. the "like me" bias. e. ethnocentrism.

b. renewed concentration of authority in the hands of top managers.

Empowerment will enhance organizational effectiveness under all the following conditions EXCEPT a. commitment to maintain participation and empowerment. b. renewed concentration of authority in the hands of top managers. c. increased commitment to training. d. systematic efforts to empower workers. e. sincere efforts to spread power and autonomy to lower levels.

e. flextime.

Ending the workday shortly after lunch on Friday because an individual reported to work early is most likely an example of a. job sharing. b. a compressed workweek. c. telecommuting. d. a shortened workweek. e. flextime.

e. all of these

Engagement is enhanced when employees _____. a. have clear goals and roles b. have the resources needed to do a good job c. get meaningful feedback on their performance d. are able to use their talents e. all of these

e. Formal and informal organizational rewards are equally observable to individuals when formulating equity perceptions.

Equity theory provides several insights for managerial applications to everyday situations in the workplace. Which of the following statements is NOT true in this regard? a. The basis for organizational rewards should be clearly communicated to employees. b. People tend to take a multifaceted view of the rewards they receive from the organization. c. People base their experience of equity on their perceptions, which don't necessarily match reality. d. Employees' perceptions may differ from the manager's perceptions. e. Formal and informal organizational rewards are equally observable to individuals when formulating equity perceptions.

a. performance.

Goal specificity has been shown to be consistently related to _____. a. performance. b. job satisfaction. c. company image. d. social responsibility. e. ethical behavior.

d. the employee is assigned more tasks to perform.

Job enlargement involves the process of horizontal job loading, meaning that a. each employee is given a specialized task to perform. b. the employee is assigned less monotonous and routine tasks. c. the employee is assigned tasks with more responsibility. d. the employee is assigned more tasks to perform. e. the jobs are broken into small, component parts.

b. high performance, low performance

Once we categorize someone as a high performer, we focus more on (and better remember) information related to her _____ and disregard more of the information reflecting her _____. a. personality, appearance b. high performance, low performance c. appearance, high performance d. appearance, personality e. low performance, high performance

e. women

One of the largest employment discrimination lawsuits was settled for more than $11.7 million against Walmart and Sam's Club. What was the main group that was discriminated in this case? a. Asians b. Hispanics c. Whites d. Blacks e. Women

a. extroverted b. open c. conscientious

Research has found that _____ people tend to be higher performers in a variety of jobs. Select ALL of the choices that would validly complete this sentence. a. extroverted b. open c. conscientious d. neurotic e. introverted

a. employers cannot enforce a rule that forbids employees from discussing their salaries.

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) recently upheld a decision regarding pay secrecy that states that a. employers cannot enforce a rule that forbids employees from discussing their salaries. b. employers must keep all salary information secret. c. state governments may not publicize the salaries of their employees. d. employers buy not employees may openly discuss salary information. e. discussion of salaries is not a right protected under the National Labor Relations Act.

True

The desirability of outcomes received for performing work is referred to as valence.

d. ethics

The oversight of a public corporation by its board of directors is called corporate _____. a. lollygagging b. malfeasance c. responsibility d. ethics e. governance

d. sexual orientation

Title VII prohibits employee discrimination based on a variety of characteristics. Which of the following is NOT included? a. race b. national origin c. religion d. sexual orientation e. sex

b. psychological contract

What term refers to employer and employee expectations of the employment relationship that operate over and above the formal contract of employment? a. prenuptial agreement b. psychological contract c. emotional contract d. emotional intelligence e. informed consent

d. Setting a goal will be positively related to the number of products assembled.

Which of the following is a hypothesis? a. A researcher found a .8 correlation between goal-setting and productivity. b. Personally, I am more productive when I set goals. c. I wonder if there is a relationship between goal-setting and productivity. d. Setting a goal will be positively related to the number of products assembled. e. There is no way to determine whether goal-setting is positively or negatively related to productivity.

a. members are similar in one or several ways that are critical to the work of the group.

A group is homogeneous if a. members are similar in one or several ways that are critical to the work of the group. b. men and women are represented equally in the group. c. the group is highly productive. d. two or more people interact with and influence each other. e. the organization allows the group a high degree of autonomy.

c. keep things the way they are

A person who feels equitably treated is motivated to _____. a. work less hard b. work harder c. keep things the way they are d. change the way things are e. look harder for signs of inequity

a. contingent

A(n) _____ worker is employed in a company on an impermanent or part-time basis. a. contingent b. tiered c. offshore d. illegal e. knowledge

d. achievement

According to David McClelland, the desire to master complex tasks or to do things better or more efficiently is called a need for _____. a. power b. empowerment c. status d. achievement e. affiliation

e. want to be treated fairly.

According to equity theory, people a. want everything to be equal. b. have the motivation to develop satisfying relationships. c. compare what they get from a job with what they want from a job. d. have the motivation to improve their standard of living. e. want to be treated fairly.

a. the threat of losing something than by the prospect of gaining something.

According to prospect theory, people are more motivated by a. the threat of losing something than by the prospect of gaining something. b. the prospect of gaining something than by the threat of losing something. c. internal values by external rewards. d. external rewards than by internal values. e. none of these

a. Strenuous exercise

All of the following are signs of burnout EXCEPT a. Strenuous exercise b. Physical exhaustion c. Metal exhaustion d. Dreading going to work e. Putting in long hours, but getting little accomplished

d. Goals set for organizations as a whole are typically more effective than goals set for individual employees.

Goal-setting theory has been tested in a variety of settings. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the findings of these studies? a. Goal setting is an important way for managers to convert motivation into improved job performance. b. Goal difficulty and goal specificity are closely related to performance. c. Little is currently known about how individuals accept and become committed to goals. d. Goals are set for organizations as a whole are typically more effective than goals set for individual employees. e. Goal setting may focus too much on the short-term at the expense of long-term issues.

e. 16

How many personality types are there according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? a. 2 b. 8 c. 4 d. 32 e. 16

a. attribution

How people explain the causes of their own as well as other people's behaviors and achievements is called _____. a. attribution b. indiscriminate perception c. projection d. stereotyping e. selective perception

d. differentiation

If a company creates and maintains a culture that encourages employees to bring new ideas into the company, it is most likely to be using what strategy? a. growth b. cost leadership c. specialization d. differentiation e. sabotage

b. self-esteem.

If you are proud of yuor accomplishments yet look forward to achieving higher levels of performance and are confident in your abilities, you have high a. self-monitoring. b. self-esteem. c. conformity. d. risk propensity. e. locus of control.

c. start-up

In the _____ phase of team implementation, enthusiasm runs high and the anticipation of employees is quite positive. a. self-managing teams b. tightly formed teams c. start-up d. leader-centered teams e. reality and unrest

d. mindguards

In the study of groupthink, what term refers to self-appointed members who shield the group from conflicting information? a. group poles b. group rationalizers c. risky shifters d. mindguards e. self censors

e. Alarm

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome do people wonder how to cope with stressors? a. Realization b. Emotion c. Resistance d. Exhaustion e. Alarm

d. performance will lead to certain outcomes.

Instrumentality refers to a person's perception of the probability that a. effort will lead to performance. b. motivation will lead to effort. c. certain outcomes will lead to performance. d. performance will lead to certain outcomes. e. performance will lead to effort.

a. values related to the work itself

Intrinsic work values are defined as _____. a. values related to the work itself b. values related to your family c. values not related to the work d. values related to your education e. values related to the outcome of doing the work

a. attitudes are not as stable as personality attributes.

One of the primary differences between attitudes and personality is that a. attitudes are not as stable as personality attributes. b. attitudes are more deeply rooted than personality attributes. c. attitudes are less important than personality attributes in predicting behavior. d. attitudes are more difficult to assess than personality attributes. e. attitudes are stronger than personality attributes.

d. more, more

People with an internal locus of control, as compared to those with an external locus of control, tend to be _____ socially integrated at work and report _____ favorable relationships with their supervisors. a. less, more b. equally, equally c. more, less d. more, more e. less, less

b. the envrionment

Performance is a function of motivation, ability, and _____. a. management b. the environment c. goals d. power e. nothing else

c. high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction.

Porter and Lawler's extension of the expectancy model argues that a. reward equity replaces valence. b. rewards are less important than originally thought. c. high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction. d. only extrinsic rewards are important. e. ability, traits, and role perceptions are removed from the original model.

c. implicit

Psychological contracts create _____ promises and obligations between employees and the employer. a. ethical b. explicit c. implicit d. absolute e. unethical