Midterm Exam
the production of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) in the calvin cycle requires six molecules each of ATP and NADPH. Another three molecules of ATP are then used in the cycle. what is the purpose of these additional ATP molecules
to regenerate the starter molecule RuBP
the reactivity of an atom depends on the number of
valence electrons
the light reactions of photosynthesis are said to be similar to a battery because they form a current. In which direction do the electrons of the circuit flow
H20 > PSII > electron transport chain > PSI electron transport chain > NADPH
the pH of pure water is because
7.0.; water contains an equal number of H+ ions and OH- ions
The pH of pure water is because
7.0; water contains an equal number of H+ ions and OH- ions
Which energy association is correct?
A fish swimming through the water is an example of kinetic energy.
which of the following classification categories for humans is correct
homo genus
both starch and cellulose are polysaccharides made by stringing together many glucose molecules, but starch is easily digested by human, while cellulose is indigestible. starch has every bond occurring below the sugar rings while the bonds in cellulose alternate between one bond above the ring and the next below the ring. How can you explain human's' inability to digest starch but not cellulose
the enzyme that breaks down polysaccharide can only fit the specific bond configuration within a starch molecule
The term "functional" is used in the phrase "functional group" because it describes a group of atoms that
help determine the chemical properties of an organic molecule
a possible explanation to a problem or educated guess is a
hypothesis
which of the following is an accepted explanation for how the world works
scientific theory
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet are characteristics of
secondary protein structure
Which form of passive transport allows small noncharged molecules, such as oxygen, to cross the cell membrane?
simple diffusion
The number is neutrons present in the nucleus of an average atom of any given element is best estimated by
subtracting the number of protons from the mass number
Which of the following properties of water involves hydrogen bonds
Cohesion, high heat capacity, surface tension, water expands as it freezes
which of the following organelles would form a membrane bound package, also known as a vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Heartburn occurs when stomach acid escapes the stomach and burns the tissues of the esophagus. Baking soda is sometimes used as an antacid. How does baking soda help relieve symptoms of heartburn?
The baking soda is serving as a buffer to remove excess H+ ions from stomach acid.
Why do leaves and vegetables with high concentrations of carotenoids appear yellow or orange?
The carotenoids reflect yellow and orange wavelengths of light.
When a potted house plant is wilting, the addition of water quickly changes the look of the plant. This can be accounted for by which of the following statements:
The water creates a hypotonic environment causing the cells to gain water.
What do lemons, tomatoes, and coffee all have in common chemically?
They all release H+ ions in solution, making them acids.
which of the following is an example of kinetic energy
a roller coaster traveling downhill
which of the following levels of biological organization is correctly matched with an example
a tropical rain forest with rain, sunlight, trees, insects, and animals - ecosystem
the part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the
active site
Scientist rely on which of the following to make observations
all of the other choices are correct
what are the building blocks for proteins
amino acids
which one of the following is the smallest unit of matter that has all the properties of an element
atom
All atoms of the same element have the same
atomic number
the scientific method
begins with observation
which of the following pairs of words is matched correctly
bladder - organ
which of the following is an accurate statement regarding cell structure in plant and bacterial cells
both plant cells and bacterial cells have cell walls and plasma membranes
A molecule is said to be organic if it contains
carbon and hydrogen atoms
the results of an experiment are referred to as the
data
the responding variable of an experiment is called
dependent
which of the following are components of a good experimental design
designed so results will be meaningful
surface to volume ratio is an important characteristic for cell functions; some cells increase their ratio by
developing finger-like projections.
simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it
does not require energy from the cell
a covalent bond occurs when
electrons are shared between two atoms to complete their octets.
which of the following is considered the unifying concept of biology because it explains almost every aspect of life, including the diversity of life on the planet
evolution
Latonya is an avid gardener who spends a lot of time caring for the plants in her garden. To minimize damage from pests, Latonya uses a pesticide spray. After a few years of using the same pesticide spray, she notices that it has become less effective. This is most likely due to
evolution by natural selection
when neuron releases their neurotransmitter, they release them in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane. What type of cellular transport is this
exocytosis
The purpose of a control group in an experiment is
for comparison to the other test groups.
the food web in a prairie ecosystem includes grasshoppers which feed on grasses. when the grasshoppers die, their dead bodies are broken down with the help of fungi. list in order the producer, decomposer, and consumer in this system.
grass, fungi, grasshoppers
why does the folding of the mitochondrial inner membrane, shown here, provide
greater surface area for ATP production
the changing of an enzyme's shape as the substrate binds to the active site is called the
induced fit model.
if the concentration of the solute is the same in the cell as it is in the surrounding solution, the cell is in a(n) environment
isotonic
what is the function of peptide bond
joins an amino acid to an adjacent amino acid
Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell
lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.
The hormone estrogen is -based
lipid
the light reactions act like a battery that stores the energy needed to power the reactions of the Calvin Cycle. This energy from the light reactions is stored in the form of
ATP and NADPH
ATP and NADPH are both used during the Calvin cycle. What is the function of each?
ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies electrons for reducing power.
which of the following organisms serve as models in scientific studies according to your book
All of the answer choices are correct.
Based on the evolutionary tree of the three domains, which of the following is true?
All three domains have a common ancestor.
which statement below is correct when comparing plant and animal cells
Both plant and animal cells have a plasma membrane, and plant cells also have a cell wall.
which of the following is an organic molecule
C5H10O5
the three stages of the calvin cycle reactions are
CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and RuBP regeneration.
the calvin cycle produces
G3P
the from the light reactions is used to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate using energy derived from
NADPH; ATP
Although Oregon and South Dakota are at similar latitudes, winters in Oregon are warmer and summers in Oregon are cooler. Which of the following might explain these differences between the climate of Oregon and the climate of South Dakota?
Oregon is location near the Pacific Ocean
chlorophyll is to the light reaction as is to the calvin cycle
RuBP
which of the following is an inaccurate statement about extinction
Scientists are not currently alarmed by the current rate of extinction which is unlikely to rival rates seen during the last 5 mass extinctions.
Scientists created an enzyme that will break down ANY kind of carbohydrate. If given to humans, they could use which of the following as a new food source?
cellulose
Wood and paper are composed of
cellulose
the chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in which cellular organelle
chloroplasts
phylum mollusca is broken into subgroups which include both cehalopoda and bivalvia. as a result, cehalopoda and bivalvia most likely belong to which classification category
class
when populations of different types of organisms interact in a given area, they comprise a(n)
community
Sucrose, C12H22O11, is best described as a(n)
compound
the group in an experiment serves as a comparison and lacks the factor being tested for
control
living organisms must constantly take in energy in order to power functions necessary to remain alive. all of the chemical reactions that involved energy conversions within a cell are called
metabolism
Cells needs buffering agents in order to
minimize the changes in pH of their internal environment
Where within the cell is the majority of ATP produced?
mitochondria
large molecules are made of repeating units called
monomers
in a dehydration reaction, . In order for this to occur water is
monomers are joined to become a polymer; removed
the process of leads to organisms that are that environment
natural selection; adapted to
elements that differ in their are known as isotopes
neutron number
The subatomic particles that are found within the nucleus of an atom are the
neutrons and protons
the subatomic particles that found within the nucleus of an atom are the
neutrons and protons
the first step of the scientific method is
observation
Which answer choice lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order?
observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion
what process allows water to move across the cell membrane
osmosis
which of the types of cellular activities listed below can proceed without ATP energy
passive transport
which organelle functions in proteins synthesis
ribosomes
which of the following splits H20 during the light reaction of photosynthesis
photosystem ll (PSII)
What must materials pass through to enter or leave a cell?
plasma membrane
which feature is found in all cells
plasma membrane composed of phospholipids
Both plants and animals need mitochondria to
produce ATP
in the reaction C6H12O6+6O2>6CO2+6H2O carbon dioxide is one of the
products
Using their lateral line organ, fish can perceive and react to changes in water currents caused by prey and predators. This is an example of
response to the environment
which functional group is common to both amino acids and fatty acids
-COOH
in general, evolution processes lead to organisms that
function well in a given environment
which of the following allows eukaryotic cells and their organelles to move
cytoskeleton
In science, a theory
encompasses many hypotheses.
metabolic pathways, which are facilitated by begin with a particular and terminate with an end
enzymes; reactant; product
Select the ultimate source of energy for nearly every organism on this planet.
sun
what function does the nucleolus have
synthesizes ribosomal RNA
connections between adjacent cells in which plasma membrane proteins attach to each other, producing a zipper like fastening are called
tight junctions
of the following examples, which best demonstrates cohesiveness of water
water moving up a 100-foot pine tree, from the roots to the leaves
An atom with a neutral charge has
equal numbers of protons and electrons
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) generally utilizes a radioactive form of_to determine the comparative activity of tissues
glucose
Cell size is limited because ________ is critical to a cell's function.
surface area to volume ratio
