Midterm History study
Crassus was killed in battle, Caesar defeated Pompey and was later assassinated, Octavian defeated Antony, who committed suicide, and Octavian attained sole power and was named Augustus. As a result of the preceding, the traditional Roman Republic a. ended. b. was restored. c. increased senatorial power. d. eliminated the monarchy. e. became a dyarchy.
A
Cyrus the Great a. created a great Persian Empire. b. enslaved the Jews. c. used merciless policies that caused him to be hated by the people he conquered. d. established the Ptolemaic Dynasty. e. permanently conquered Greece.
A
Egyptian hieroglyphs a. used sacred characters as picture signs. b. employed the use of an alphabet. c. were written only on a paper made from papyrus reed and oak bark. d. were introduced by the Amorites. e. were borrowed from the practices of the Phoenicians.
A
Hammurabi did all of the following except a. become Pharaoh of Egypt during the Middle Kingdom. b. "divide and conquer" his enemies as he returned Mesopotamia to unified control. c. establish his new capital at Babylon. d. work to stimulate economic revival and enhance the irrigation system. e. establish a major code of law.
A
Mummification was to a. help ensure that one could continue to live despite the death of the physical body. b. assure against the return of the ka. c. prevent the vital force of the physical body from returning. d. prevent the vital force of the physical body from departing. e. prevent decomposition during immersion in the Nile or exposure to the sun.
A
Paleolithic peoples a. engaged in artistic activities, as indicated by surviving cave paintings. b. lacked the use of fire, which significantly retarded their pace of development. c. perfected techniques that allowed them to hunt very large dinosaurs with total success. d. lived in brick structures. e. used bronze for tools and weapons, but not copper.
A
Pursuing pleasure rationally, and not only in a physical or hedonistic sense, as the only true good, was a precept of a. Epicureanism. b. Stoicism. c. Hellenism. d. Euphemism. e. Zoroastrianism.
A
The "good news" concerning Jesus was contained in the written a. gospels. b. Old Testament. c. Sermon on the Mount. d. Dead Sea scrolls. e. Analects of John the Baptist.
A
The Assyrian army a. was renowned for its ability to besiege enemy cities. b. could deploy only a few thousand troops in major campaigns. c. customarily used diplomacy and negotiation in its largely peaceful campaigns. d. was unable to conquer Egypt. e. defeated the Persians on the banks of the Tigris River.
A
The Greek historian who wrote the History of the Persian Wars was a. Herodotus. b. Homer. c. Thucydides. d. Themosticles. e. Philip of Thebes.
A
The annual flooding of the Nile River a. enabled Egyptian civilization to thrive by leaving deposits of fertile silt. b. was an unwanted event that occurred suddenly and generally without warning. c. did not require an organized irrigation system. d. produced many large urban centers that served as havens from the raging waters. e. inhibited the evolution of civilization in ancient Egypt.
A
The following are true about the Jewish concept of monotheism except a. a transcendent God, he was part of nature, created rather than the creator. b. God could be both vengeful and merciful. c. each person was worthwhile but had to decide between good and evil based upon the morality established by God. d. an agreement, or covenant, existed between the Hebrew people and Yahweh. e. the gods of all other peoples were believed to be mere idols.
A
The ideas of Zoroastrianism a. according to the Zend Avesta, stated that there was only one god. b. are perhaps the best stated exposition of polytheism produced in the ancient world. c. were written down by Zoroaster in the seventh century B.C.E. d. influenced Hinduism and Buddhism. e. did not outlive the death of Zarathustra.
A
The monotheism of the Jews a. produced a feeling of Jewish separation from those who were not Jewish. b. was accessible only to the prophets. c. provided a tolerance for the gods of outside conquerors. d. was a result of the Osiris movement. e. was a consequence of the spread of early Christianity.
A
The people who created the first Mesopotamian civilization were the a. Sumerians. b. Akkadians. c. Egyptians. d. Babylonians. e. Nubians.
A
Which of the following statements is an accurate depiction of life in classical Athens? a. It was a male-dominated environment that used slaves, was predominantly agricultural, employed a limited number of craftsmen, gave a major role to the family, and accepted the practice of male homosexuality. b. It was an environment in which total egalitarianism, wage labor, industrial production, a socialistic family structures, and female homosexuality were predominant. c. It was a society in which men ruled, women were impotent in all areas of social life, international trade was nonexistent, and there were no public works programs. d. It was a society emphasizing militarism, which secluded its young men at a relatively young age in order to "harden" them for war. e. It was ruled by philosopher kings.
A
The great mosque constructed in Jerusalem at the site of the old temple is the a. Dome of the Rock. b. Alhambra. c. Hegira Sophia. d. Cordoba Mosque. e. the Blue Mosque.
A. Dome of the Rock
The piece of land that provided the feudal vassal's economic support was the a. fief. b. tallage. c. homage. d. vassalage. e. right.
A. Fief
The Persian empire which experienced defeats at the hands of the Arab armies was the a. Sassanid. b. Umayyad. c. Abbasid. d. Fatimid. e. Mongol.
A. Sassanid
The pope who gave his blessing and authorized the First Crusade was a. Urban II. b. Gregory VII. c. Gregory the Great. d. Innocent III. e. Edward the Confessor.
A. Urban II
A development during the period of Julio-Claudian rule was that emperors a. increased the responsibilities that Augustus had given the senate. b. acted more openly as real rulers than as "first citizens of the state." c. had fewer opportunities to act in an arbitrary and corrupt way. d. lost power to the revitalized senate and assemblies. e. sincerely attempted to restore the Republic
B
After the death of King Solomon, Jerusalem became the capital of the southern Kingdom of a. Sumeria. b. Judah. c. Israel. d. Arabia. e. Axum.
B
By about 700 B.C.E., which of the following replaced the aristocratic cavalryman in Greek warfare? a. helots. b. hoplites. c. poleis. d. mercenaries. e. Macedonians.
B
During the reign of Akhenaten, a. monotheism permanently replaced polytheism in ancient Egypt. b. foreign affairs were ignored and Syria and Palestine were lost. c. Thebes was replaced by Cairo as the capital. d. the Hyksos invaded the Nile Valley. e. the Sea Peoples were driven from Egypt.
B
Greek geography a. helped to produce a civilization that was composed of cooperative and peaceful communities. b. contained mountainous areas that impeded Greek unity. c. prohibited a relationship with the sea that produced colonization. d. encouraged industrialization e. discouraged emigration.
B
If one lived in a way that was harmonious with the natural law, or was submissive to the will of God, then one was living a life of virtue. The preceding statement would be a position advocated by the a. Epicureans. b. Stoics. c. Hellenists. d. mystery religions. e. Zoroastrians.
B
In The Republic, Plato a. prepared a blueprint for democracy. b. created a utopian, ideal state composed of three social classes. c. established a theoretical structure for rigid gender distinctions. d. bitterly attacked the people of Sparta. e. advocated laissez-faire capitalism.
B
Judaism can be defined or described as a religion of a. amoral monotheism. b. ethical monotheism. c. ethical polytheism. d. amoral polytheism. e. monotheistic relativism.
B
Mesopotamian civilization a. developed during the Paleolithic Era. b. was made of cities and located in a river valley. c. was located between the Nile and the Niger rivers. d. was the only early civilization with no cities. e. was the birthplace of democracy.
B
Sparta was located in a. the Attica Peninsula. b. the Peloponnesus. c. Boeotia. d. Macedonia. e. the Strait of Corinth.
B
Successors to Cyrus were a. Cambyses and Alexander. b. Cambyses and Darius. c. Ionisus and Cirrilus. d. Zoroaster and Mithras. e. Pericles and Cleisthenes.
B
The First Punic War a. resulted from a Roman invasion of Spain. b. was waged between Carthage and Rome over control of the island of Sicily. c. was begun with an attack by Hannibal. d. discouraged the Romans from developing their naval power. e. was caused by a Macedonian assault on Sicily.
B
The Nile delta, about one hundred miles from the Mediterranean, was called a. Greater Egypt. b. Lower Egypt. c. Upper Egypt. d. Central Egypt. e. Axum.
B
The Olympic games were held to honor a. Delphia. b. Zeus. c. Athena. d. Apollo. e. Aphrodite.
B
The earliest hominids a. lived in Asia. b. lived in Africa. c. used iron tools. d. are known as Homo sapiens. e. evolved 1,000,000 years ago.
B
The key figure in the spread of Christianity outside the Jewish community was a. Peter. b. Paul of Tarsus. c. Jesus. d. Tiberius. e. Joseph of Arimethea.
B
The three central aspects of Jewish religious belief were the a. priests, rabbis and prophets. b. covenant, the law and the prophets. c. army, the king and the family. d. law, the Pharisees and the rabbinate. e. Judah, Israel, and the Temple.
B
What do Zoroastrianism and Judaism have in common? a. the concept of polytheism. b. emphasis on good and evil. c. a common worship of the god, Yahweh. d. individual judgment of souls after death by Osiris. e. the belief in unoriginal sin.
B
Which of the following is not correct about the pyramids? a. They were tombs for the pharaohs. b. They were constructed during the Middle Kingdom. c. They were symbols of royal power. d. The most magnificent of the pyramids was constructed about 2500 B.C.E. e. Pyramids were filled with boats, food, weapons, and games.
B
Which of the following was the leading cultural center of the Hellenistic world? a. Athens. b. Alexandria. c. Thebes. d. Isfahan. e. Persepolis.
B
The Fourth Crusade resulted in the a. capture of Jerusalem. b. fall of Constantinople. c. conquest of Alexandria. d. sack of Istanbul. e. occupation of Egypt.
B fall of Constantinople
The son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad who was murdered after he became caliph was a. Hashemuti. b. Ali. c. Khadija. d. Sadaam. e. Abu Bakr.
B. Ali
The traditional liberal arts included all of the following except a. rhetoric. b. biology. c. music. d. astronomy. e. geometry.
B. Biology
The Viking discoverer of Greenland was a. Vladimir the Bold. b. Erik the Red. c. Leif Erikson. d. Wilbur the Just. e. Ivar the Boneless.
B. Erik the Red
Which of the following was not characteristic of Romanesque architecture? a. barrel vaults b. flying buttresses c. massive pillars and walls d. dark on the inside e. gave the impression of a fortress
B. Flying buttresses
The city to which Muhammad went to in 622, a journey known as the Hijrah, was a. Mecca. b. Medina. c. Jerusalem. d. Riyad. e. Damascus.
B. Medina
The artist who painted the Sistine Chapel and who sculpted the statue of David was a. Leonardo da Vinci. b. Michelangelo. c. Masaccio. d. Raphael. e. Alberti.
B. Michelangelo
The major threat to the Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century came from the a. Arabs. b. Seljuk Turks. c. Ottoman Turks. d. Austrians. e. Persians.
B. Seljuk Turks
The ideal of early fifteenth-century Humanists was to a. reject religion and the Church. b. serve the state. c. abandon history and the past. d. work only for the most powerful states. e. establish political democracies throughout Europe.
B. Serve the state
Which of the following revolutionized warfare in the early Middle Ages? a. gunpowder b. the stirrup c. the emergence of a money economy d. the longbow e. the Black Death
B. The stirrup
The victor at the Battle of Hastings was a. Harold Godwinson. b. William of Normandy. c. Edward the Confessor. d. Henry II. e. Vladimir the Northman.
B. William of Normandy
Cleisthenes a. was Sparta's greatest legal reformer. b. invaded Boetia from his secret base in Helvetia. c. reformed Athenian government thus creating the foundation for political democracy. d. argued that a polis was too small an area to govern. e. was a distant relative of both Homer and Pericles.
C
During the Old Stone Age, a. only Egypt had an advanced agricultural economy. b. both men and women hunted wild animals. c. hunting and gathering was the way most people supported themselves. d. humans lived only in the southernmost parts of Africa. e. communication was maintained through the use of cuneiform.
C
Mycenaean Civilization a. first developed in eastern Asia Minor. b. had its major trading center on the island of Crete. c. was founded by Indo-Europeans who migrated into Greece as early as 1900 B.C.E. d. reached its high point between 2100 and 1800 B.C.E. e. was destroyed by the Ionian Greeks.
C
Mycenaean civilization was characterized by a. a democratic system of government. b. an introspective commercial system. c. a militaristic program of conquest, even of Crete. d. disinterest in agriculture. e. a preference for trading over political and military activities.
C
Octavian a. was badly defeated by Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 B.C.E. b. gave up his military authority once he was given the title of Augustus in 27 B.C.E. c. established the praetorian guard to guard him and his successors. d. was officially installed as emperor in 21 B.C.E. e. was the biological brother of Julius Caesar.
C
Socrates a. was a popular hero of the Peloponnesian War. b. was a merchant prince by trade. c. employed a question-and-answer method by which students' reasoning helped them to learn. d. wrote The History of the Peloponnesian War. e. was a student of Plato.
C
The Indo-Europeans a. fought long and exhausting wars against the Hittites. b. originally lived in the western section of the Sahara. c. spoke related languages, among which are Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek. d. were the descendants of the Mongols and Turks. e. never penetrated Europe or India.
C
The Phoenicians a. were great builders of several long-lasting empires. b. established numerous Black Sea colonies. c. invented an alphabet. d. were skilled mercenary warriors. e. conquered the Sea Peoples of Egypt.
C
The Second Punic War a. saw the eventual victory of Carthage. b. saw Hannibal invade Italy from Greece. c. won Spain for Rome and resulted in Roman control over the western Mediterranean. d. produced a great victory for the Romans over Hannibal at the battle of Cannae. e. all of the above
C
The Third Punic War a. began with an unprovoked Carthaginian attack on Gaul. b. took place immediately after the end of the Second Punic War. c. resulted in Carthage being destroyed and its territory becoming a Roman province. d. saved North Africa from Roman influence. e. was caused by the assassination of Cato the Elder.
C
The central aspect of the Neolithic Revolution was the a. first development of hunter-gatherer cultures. b. successful invasion of northwestern Africa by Turkish nomads from central Asia. c. emergence of systematic food production through the domestication of plants and animals. d. use of fire and the cooking of food. e. development of writing.
C
The government of Rome a. was originally established as a representative democracy. b. contained an element of republicanism from its beginnings. c. was originally a monarchy but later became a republic. d. was developed as a monarchy under the Celts. e. was ruled by the upper-class plebeians.
C
The legacy of Alexander the Great a. was entirely cultural in nature. b. included an historic change in world development, as elements of Latin culture immediately spread to the Middle East. c. embraced a major clash and fusion of cultures across a huge area as Greco-Macedonian elite assumed power in highly diverse cultures. d. did not outlast his own lifetime. e. was overshadowed by Ptolemy in Macedonia.
C
The plebeians a. were less numerous than the patricians. b. could not be elected to governmental offices before 150 C.E. c. were less privileged and often poorer than the patricians. d. were barred from military roles. e. became slaves when they could not pay their debts.
C
The story of Osiris in ancient Egyptian religion served to a. weaken popular belief in the pharaoh's divinity. b. permit the people to maintain a sun cult. c. strengthen the belief that immortality could be achieved. d. provide a method for designing and constructing the pyramids. e. justify wars against Syria.
C
The ultimate result of the formation of the Delian League was to a. limit commercial opportunities throughout the region. b. create a cultural alliance of equal and independent city-states in Asia Minor. c. make Athens the dominant city-state in the region. d. foster closer ties with Sparta. e. strengthen trade ties with the Persians.
C
Under the reigns of the five "good emperors" a. the power of the senate increased. b. nearly a century of chaos consumed Rome. c. the range of responsibilities that were affected by the policies of the emperors increased. d. public works construction decreased. e. Rome gained control of the British Isles and the Arabian peninsula.
C
Which of the following accurately characterizes ancient Egyptian civilization? a. Its geography and topography made for great political and social insecurity. b. There was little continuity because of the Nile's horrific floods. c. There was a sense of security and a feeling of changelessness. d. It considered religion unimportant as the emphasis was life in the here and now. e. There were few opportunities for trade.
C
Which of the following best summarizes Aristotle's fears the deterioration of forms of government? a. monarchy to anarchy, aristocracy to tyranny, and constitutional government to oligarchy. b. monarchy to oligarchy, aristocracy to anarchy, and constitutional government to tyranny. c. monarchy to tyranny, aristocracy to oligarchy, and constitutional government to anarchy. d. aristocracy to democracy, oligarchy to anarchy, and constitutional government to tyranny. e. tyranny to oligarchy to monarchy.
C
Which of the following is a true statement about the centuriate assembly? a. It prevented the Roman army from functioning in a political role. b. It had an organizational pattern that assured a majority for its poorest members. c. It had the responsibilities of electing the chief magistrates and passing legislation. d. It had the power of declaring war and peace. e. It was abolished during the Punic Wars.
C
Which of the following is a true statement? a. The Akkadian Empire achieved no expansion, but endured for a thousand years. b. Ur produced total Mesopotamian disintegration. c. The Amorites, under the leadership of Hammurabi, replaced the Sumerians and Akkadians as rulers of Mesopotamia. d. Hammurabi eliminated all aspects of Sumerian culture in Mesopotamian life. e. Sumer was established by the Hyksos.
C
Which of the following statements is not an accurate characterization of the Greek polis? a. It was composed of a central town or city, and the countryside surrounding it. b. It was a communal environment of individuals, some who were citizens with rights, others who were citizens without rights, and others who were not citizens. c. It played a significant role in unifying all Greeks throughout the entire region under a single government. d. It developed simultaneously with the creation of the new system of Greek military organization. e. It could vary in size from a few square miles to hundreds of square miles.
C
Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorad, defeated the a. Russians. b. Byzantines. c. Germans. d. Mongols. e. Poles
C. Germans
The Renaissance began in a. Byzantium. b. France. c. Italy. d. Spain. e. Flanders.
C. Italy
The divine beauty of the ceiling figures in the Sistine Chapel are a reflection of the Neoplatonism of a. Leonardo. b. Raphael. c. Michelangelo. d. Van Eyck. e. Dürer.
C. Michelangelo
Charlemagne's oversight representatives, the "messengers of the lord king," were the a. mark graf. b. chandiar. c. missi dominici. d. scriptoria. e. flamboria.
C. Missi dominici
In 1453, the Byzantine Empire fell to the a. Arabs. b. Seljuk Turks. c. Ottoman Turks. d. Bulgars and Ukranians. e. the crusaders.
C. Ottoman Turks
Which of the following is not one of the Five Pillars of Islam? a. prayer. b. fasting during Ramadan. c. pilgrimage to Medina. d. belief in Allah and Muhammad as his Prophet. e. giving alms to the poor.
C. Pilgrimage to Medina
The Orthodox Church had its greatest missionary success with the a. Poles. b. Czechs. c. Russians. d. Arabs. e. Mongols.
C. Russians
At the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the English had the advantage because of a. cannon and gunpowder. b. the crossbow. c. the longbow. d. heavily armored cavalry. e. German mercenaries.
C. The longbow
The Koran, or Qur'an, a. is the book containing the holy scriptures of Zoroastrianism. b. contained the guidelines by which a Hindu was to live. c. was derived from the revelations of Muhammad. d. means, literally, "acceptance." e. was first written in 776 C.E.
C. Was derived from the revelations of Muhammad
A the Zealots were a. a Jewish sect who established a religious community near the Dead Sea. b. members of the Roman Emperor's private bodyguard. c. a Jewish group who favored cooperation with Rome. d. militant extremists who advocated the violent overthrow of Rome's rule. e. the special Roman legions whose major function was to defend the empire from barbarians.
D
All of the following was true about the Peloponnesian War except a. the foundation of Athenian strategy, initially, was the exploitation of its naval power. b. the foundation of Spartan strategy was the exploitation of its strength in fighting face-to-face military confrontations on land. c. a plague killed one-third of the population of Athens. d. the ultimate result of the war was a unified Greece headed by the city by Thebes. e. Athenians were defeated and their city wall torn down.
D
Among the early Indo-European peoples were the a. Hyksos, who conquered Sumer in 3300 B.C.E. b. Uighurs, who occupied Lower Egypt in 1700 B.C.E. c. Romans, who first appeared in southern Palestine. d. Hittites, who developed an empire in western Asia. e. Arabs, who conquered Mecca in 1700 B.C.E.
D
Greek philosophy a. was characterized by a lack of leading thinkers. b. contained thinkers holding only absolutist views. c. has not made as lasting an impact as that of Mesopotamia. d. was distinguished by the ideas of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. e. is perhaps best known today for the ideas contained in the work of Polyclitus.
D
In addition to Mesopotamia and Egypt, other nearby areas in which significant human advances were made included a. the development of large urban centers in the Balkan peninsula by 9300 B.C.E. b. probable independent development of animal domestication and limited farming in what is now southern France by 10,000 B.C.E. c. the establishment of large sheep ranches on the islands of Sicily and Ireland. d. the construction of a large megalithic complexes in the British Isles and in northwestern France which revealed a surprising awareness of astronomical data. e. the appearance of true cities in northern Gaul by 4000 B.C.E.
D
Julius Caesar a. was a member of the plebeian class. b. defeated Octavian's army and obtained the titles of dictator, then dictator for life. c. saw the need for change and strengthened the Senate's power. d. was assassinated by leading senators convinced his death would restore the republic. e. all of the above
D
Roman imperialism was characterized by a. a desire to improve the economies of conquered peoples. b. unsuccessful diplomatic moves. c. pure accident and fate. d. diplomacy, strategic fortifications, road construction, and allied military support. e. the successful employment of the phalanx.
D
Spartan society a. secluded women and forbade them to appear in public. b. was the first ancient society to attempt to save all premature and crippled infants. c. adopted democracy a century earlier than in Athens. d. was organized as a military state. e. passed the Lycurgan reforms, which made all women voters.
D
The Athenian leader whose funeral oration lauded Athenian democracy was a. Antigones. b. Lycurgus. c. Knosses. d. Pericles. e. Cleisthenes.
D
The first Christian Emperor of the Roman Empire was a. Augustus. b. Hadrian. c. Diocletian. d. Constantine. e. Theodosius.
D
Under Pericles, a. Sparta dominated the Greek world. b. Thucydides developed the first comedy. c. Athenian democracy became less democratic. d. the Delian League was used to expand Athenian imperialism. e. Athens conquered Sparta.
D
The capital of the Abbasid empire was a. Damascus. b. Persepolis. c. Tehran. d. Baghdad. e. Mecca.
D. Baghdad
In the eleventh century, the Byzantine emperor, Basil II, blinded fourteen thousand soldiers of the a. Muslims. b. Vikings. c. Russians. d. Bulgars. e. Franks.
D. Bulgars
The Frankish leader who defeated a Muslim army near Tours in 732 was a. Pepin. b. Clovis. c. Charlemagne. d. Charles Martel. e. Louis the Pious.
D. Charles Martel
The council that ended the Great Schism was the council of a. Clermont. b. Canossa. c. Orleans. d. Constance. e. Trent.
D. Constance
The English king most responsible for establishing the "common law" was a. William of Normandy. b. Philip Augustus. c. Frederick II. d. Henry II. e. John.
D. Henry II
The English king most responsible for creating a strong monarchical government was a. Henry VI. b. Edward V. c. Richard III. d. Henry VII. e. Henry VIII.
D. Henry VII
The personal element of feudalism was most symbolized in the relationships involving a. serfs and the lords of the manor. b. knights and priests. c. popes and emperors. d. lords and vassals. e. burghers and kings.
D. Lords and vassals
In 800, Charlemagne was crowned a. King of the Franks. b. Bishop of Rome. c. Ruler of the Germans. d. Roman Emperor. e. Emperor of the East.
D. Roman Emperor
Alexander the Great believed or accomplished all except a. attempting to emulate Achilles, the hero of the Iliad. b. believing that he was descended from the god Heracles. c. being forced to turn back in India because his troops refused to go further. d. taking the titles of pharaoh of Egypt and Great King of the Persians. e. restoring freedom to Greece.
E
King Solomon is associated with all of the following except a. he ruled a united kingdom. b. he built a temple. c. his capital was Jerusalem. d. Israel was at the height of its powers. e. controlled all of the Middle East.
E
The defenders of the plebeians were known as the a. consuls. b. praetors. c. senators. d. centuriates. e. tribunes.
E
The period of the Peloponnesian War saw a. Syracuse become the dominant Greek polis. b. Athens finally defeat Sparta. c. the Athenians capture Sicily and Carthage. d. the use of hoplites discarded by Persia. e. Thucydides write his History of the Peloponnesian War.
E
The term polis describes a. a province of the Persian Empire. b. the original name of the city of Troy. c. the title of a member of the Council of 500. d. the term for a thirty-man infantry unit. e. a community of citizens in which political, economic, social, cultural and religious activities were performed.
E
Under ____, Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman Empire. a. Augustus b. Hadrian c. Diocletian d. Constantine e. Theodosius
E
Which of the following is untrue about the Code of Hammurabi? a. Public officials had numerous responsibilities. b. It incorporated a system of consumer protection. c. The largest category focused on marriage and the family. d. Sexual promiscuity was tolerated for men only. e. Hammurabi's code did not mention women.
E
A major advantage that the Ottomans had against Constantinople in 1453 was a. cavalry. b. the longbow. c. the crossbow. d. Greek fire. e. cannons.
E. Cannons
France's first parliament, begun under Philip IV, was the a. Chambre des Comptes. b. Parlement. c. Diet of Paris. d. Reichstagen. e. Estates-General.
E. Estates-General
The medieval religious order which was noted for its commitment to living among the common people and ministering to the poor was the a. Cistercians. b. Dominicans. c. Jesuits. d. Benedictines. e. Franciscans.
E. Franciscans
The best known Byzantine historian was a. Einhard. b. Tacitus. c. Suetonious. d. Belisarius. e. Procopius.
E. Procopius
Muhammad's teachings a. stressed that Islam was not just a religion but also a way of life. b. required all Muslims to follow the Six Suras and the Seven Pillars. c. accepted polygyny, but permitted men to take only one wife. d. were entirely theological with almost no ethical nor moral aspects. e. were propagated in Greek to make them more understandable in the non-Arab world.
a. stressed that Islam was not just a religion but also a way of life.
The phrase l'uomo universale means that one should a. be capable of achievements in many areas. b. reject religion and become a student of the universe. c. specialize in great depth in a single subject, such as history or physics. d. turn to God as the only answer to the problems of this world. e. reject public service and satisfy one's personal ambitions.
a. be capable of achievements in many areas.
By the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French gained victory because of a. cannon and gunpowder. b. the crossbow. c. the longbow. d. heavily armored cavalry. e. German mercenaries.
a. cannon and gunpowder.
The Byzantine theme a. combined military and civil authority in one person. b. was a military strategy relying upon Greek fire. c. was the time, or the theme, during which the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire. d. was a self-sufficient organization of peasants in Anatolia. e. was the master plan for the rebuilding Constantinople under Justinian.
a. combined military and civil authority in one person
The Mongols a. facilitated the spread of the plague with the creation of its Silk Road empire. b. stopped the spread of the plague to China, but allowed it to decimate the West. c. stopped the spread of the plague to the West, but allowed it to decimate China. d. were immune from the Yersinia pestis. e. captured Constantinople.
a. facilitated the spread of the plague with the creation of its Silk Road empire.
Aristocratic medieval women a. in unusual circumstances, could play a major role, as did Eleanor of Aquitaine. b. were totally independent of their men. c. never assumed managerial responsibilities in spite of their husband's frequent absences. d. were always dominant in their marriages. e. frequently led troops into battle in the absence of their husbands.
a. in unusual circumstances, could play a major role, as did Eleanor of Aquitaine.
All of the following regarding the Hundred Years' War are correct except a. traditional nobles fighting on horseback were the keys to victory. b. new weapons were used in the war, including the longbow and gunpowder. c. the English were victorious at the battles of Crécy and Agincourt. d. Joan of Arc was burnt at the stake. e. it was fought between England and France.
a. traditional nobles fighting on horseback were the keys to victory.
The Black Death a. was spread by fleas carrying Yersinia pestis. b. killed ninety-five percent of its victims in urban areas. c. had been an ongoing problem in Europe since the late Roman Empire. d. killed many people, but had no effect on economic affairs. e. had no religious implications.
a. was spread by fleas carrying Yersinia pestis.
The principles of Early Renaissance art a. were demonstrated in the frescoes of Masaccio, which employed the laws of perspective and a more realistic relationship between figures and landscape. b. excluded the nudes in the works of Palladio. c. failed to begin a new area of artistic statement. d. were marked by total disregard of knowledge of motion and/or anatomical detail. e. explored the possibilities of scroll portraiture.
a. were demonstrated in the frescoes of Masaccio, which employed the laws of perspective and a more realistic relationship between figures and landscape.
In an effort to avoid the potential mayhem of the Germanic system of personal revenge for the punishment of crimes, an alternative system arose that made use of a fine called a. wergeld. b. wingard. c. wodoms. d. wargast. e. arbeiter.
a. wergeld.
The Dominican friars a. were established in the ninth century. b. were first led by the highly intellectual Dominic de Guzmán. c. lived among the people and helped the poor. d. became key factors in combating heresy under the leadership of the Holy Roman Emperor. e. were led by Francis of Assisi.
b. were first led by the highly intellectual Dominic de Guzmán.
The caliphate that is often described as the Abbasid "Golden Age" was the reign of a. Muhammad Ali. b. Harun al-Rashid. c. Abu Bakr. d. Kabia al-Kahn. e. Kadija al-Farabi.
b. Harun al-Rashid.
The principality of Kiev was founded by a. Central Asian Mongols. b. Scandinavian Vikings. c. Byzantines from Constantinople. d. the Germanic Holy Roman Emperors. e. Hungarian Magyars.
b. Scandinavian Vikings.
Which of the following was accomplished by medieval Christian monasteries? a. They launched an early "feminist" movement. b. They served as centers of learning. c. They played a major military role for their religion. d. They enforced the tenets of the Scriptures, often by force. e. They were under the rule of the princeps.
b. They served as centers of learning.
In addition to being Islam's sacred book, the Qur'an a. is composed, in part, of the Christian New Testament. b. also provides the ethical foundation for life. c. provides a systematized body of illegal tenets and theories of political procedures. d. took oral shape before the writing of the Christian bible. e. was written down by Muhammad's two sons.
b. also provides the ethical foundation for life.
A primary contribution of Arab scholarship was the a. creation of original contributions in the areas of astrophysics and geology. b. preservation and dissemination of the science and philosophies of ancient civilizations. c. establishment of the university system of study. d. discovery of the rings of Saturn. e. invention of paper.
b. preservation and dissemination of the science and philosophies of ancient civilizations.
The Photian schism a. abolished the use of icons. b. resulted in the excommunication of the Pope by the Patriarch. c. led to the reunion of the Roman and Orthodox churches. d. established the interdict in the Roman church. e. divided Arabs from Persians, a split that continues to the present.
b. resulted in the excommunication of the Pope by the Patriarch.
The Great Schism a. resulted in the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin. b. saw two different individuals claiming to be the true pope. c. was the result of the investiture controversy between Gregory VII and Henry IV. d. led to the Hundred Years' War between England and France. e. led to the sacking of Constantinople by crusaders from the West.
b. saw two different individuals claiming to be the true pope.
As a result of the Black Death, a. peasants were worse off. b. social unrest increased. c. social unrest decreased. d. the Roman Church gained power and authority. e. citizen-ruled republics replaced divine-right monarchies in much of Europe.
b. social unrest increased.
As a result of the Black Death, a. there was a decrease in anti-Semitism. b. there was an increase in anti-Semitism. c. flagellation disappeared. d. the population rose in Italian cities but fell in English and French cities and towns. e. the Pope moved to Avignon.
b. there was an increase in anti-Semitism.
All of the following were true of the medieval peasants' life except a. their housing was quite basic. b. they were members of agricultural craft guilds. c. peasant women had a challenging role. d. their diet was simple but adequate when food was available. e. they owed labor services to the lord of the manor.
b. they were members of agricultural craft guilds.
The incursions of the Scandinavian Vikings into other parts of Europe a. were the most threatening of the fifteenth century invaders to the peace of Europe. b. were successful because their ships had a shallow draft, allowing them to sail far up rivers. c. had little impact on the history of England and France. d. were defeated at the Battle of Lechfeld. e. led to Scandinavian control of Greece.
b. were successful because their ships had a shallow draft, allowing them to sail far up rivers.
Renaissance artists a. painted and sculpted only religious subjects. b. never painted or sculpted religious subjects. c. focused on a realistic portrayal of human beings and nature. d. turned their back on nature, following instead their inner subjective emotions. e. never worked for the Church.
c. focused on a realistic portrayal of human beings and nature.
Monasticism in medieval Europe a. was entirely a male area of activity. b. involved an egalitarian governance structure. c. included women, many of whom belonged to royal families d. was based upon the model established by St. Basil. e. was made up of hermit monks.
c. included women, many of whom belonged to royal families
Muhammad was a. a Bedouin sheikh until his "arranged" marriage to a wealthy woman. b. the son, ironically, of a Christian father and a Jewish mother. c. not widely accepted for many years after he announced his religious revelations. d. a peasant farmer before he married his wealthy employer. e. originally considered to be an angel by his followers.
c. not widely accepted for many years after he announced his religious revelations.
Iconoclasm a. created a division in the Roman Church but not the Orthodox Church. b. required the worship of icons by Orthodox Christians. c. outlawed the use of icons in the Byzantine Empire. d. was imposed upon the East by Charlemagne. e. was a political movement to restore the primacy of Latin in the Byzantine Empire.
c. outlawed the use of icons in the Byzantine Empire.
37. In general terms, it can be said that Islamic society a. was usually extremely intolerant toward Christians and Jews. b. contained very rigid divisions between Church and State. c. relied heavily on religious doctrine to determine proper behavior in the areas of politics, economics, law, and ethics. d. was more violent than its contemporaries. e. became more secular after the death of Muhammad.
c. relied heavily on religious doctrine to determine proper behavior in the areas of politics, economics, law, and ethics.
All of the following were motives for the Crusades except a. the desire for military adventure. b. religious fervor. c. the aim to increase religious toleration between Muslims and Christians. d. the desire to gain riches and land. e. to allow the pope to assume the leadership in liberating the Holy Land.
c. the aim to increase religious toleration between Muslims and Christians.
Muhammad began the solitary meditations during which he received the revelations underlying Islam because of a. a dispute with his wife. b. his desire to expand his knowledge of the message of Allah. c. the difficulties created in his mind by the corrupt and decadent society of his day. d. the call of the angel Gabriel. e. his desire to convert the people of Mecca to Islam.
c. the difficulties created in his mind by the corrupt and decadent society of his day.
By the end of the thirteenth century, the institutionalization of the English Parliament a. provided the foundation for the absolute rule of the monarch. b. enabled the barons and church lords to establish themselves in the House of Commons. c. was a system of power sharing between the monarch and groups within the society. d. enabled the knights and burgesses to establish themselves in the House of Lords. e. had failed because of the impact of the Black Death.
c. was a system of power sharing between the monarch and groups within the society.
The Slavs a. divided into seven specific groups during the Middle Ages. b. became Roman Catholic, with the exception of the Russians, Turks and Magyars. c. were divided into two religious groups, with most southern and eastern Slavs becoming Orthodox and most northern and western Slavs becoming Roman Catholic. d. converted to Islam after the First Crusade. e. briefly occupied northern Italy.
c. were divided into two religious groups, with most southern and eastern Slavs becoming Orthodox and most northern and western Slavs becoming Roman Catholic.
The Hadith and Shari'a a. were adopted, respectively, from Jewish and Christian writings. b. were the "Pillars of Islam." c. were, respectively, a collection of Muhammad's sayings and a law code. d. were, respectively, a law code and a marriage manual for Muslims. e. was a military manual to be used in war against the Western Crusaders.
c. were, respectively, a collection of Muhammad's sayings and a law code
The official calendar of Islam begins a. in 222 C.E. b. when Muhammad and his closest supporters left Yathrib and went to Mecca. c. with the occurrence of the Hijrah. d. with Muhammad's death in 632 C.E. e. with the Arab conquest of Damascus.
c. with the occurrence of the Hijrah.
All of the following are true about scholasticism except a. it is a term used to depict the philosophical and theological system of medieval universities. b. it attempted to prove the unity of faith and reason. c. it was preoccupied with establishing the concurrence between Christian and Aristotelian thought. d. the author of the Summa Theologica was Abelard dun Scotus. e. theology was considered to be the "queen of the sciences."
d. the author of the Summa Theologica was Abelard dun Scotus.
Flagellants a. was the term used to describe the aristocratic opponents of rebelling serfs. b. were Jews who beat themselves in an effort to avoid harsher abuse by Christians. c. were a new order of friars which were established in France by Joan of Arc. d. were Christian fanatics who physically scourged themselves during the Black Death. e. were hereditary slaves in fifteenth-century Italy.
d. were Christian fanatics who physically scourged themselves during the Black Death.
All of the following are correct regarding the development of fief-holding except it a. was a response by local leaders who gathered military retainers to protect themselves, as the remnants of the imperial government could not adequately defend the state. b. led to the creation of a large number of knights who literally owed their livings to the lord who granted them a fief. c. led to a five-hundred-year period when warfare was dominated by heavily armed cavalry. d. reflected the high value of land during the centuries during which it was established. e. was a result of the Church's attempt to give serfs and peasants more social mobility.
e. was a result of the Church's attempt to give serfs and peasants more social mobility.