midterm PA

According to Tocqueville, what does a robust civil society lead to?

Citizen-centered problem solving

Article II simply notes, This difference has spawned a debate over the limits of

"The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States"; it does not specifically enumerate executive powers in the kind of detailed manner found for Congress in Article I. presidential appointment and removal power,and more generally regarding whether the executive branch enjoys "inherent powers." This is anissue we address more fully in chapter 8.

Alexis de Tocquevillewas struck by the American drive for advancing one's economic well-being. He referred to it as

"a tenacious, exclusive, universal but contained passion" that makes it difficult "to draw a manout of himself to interest him in the destiny of the whole state, because he understands poorly theinfluence that the destiny of the state can exert on his lot"

The founding fathers all believed They also differed in their views of fundamental issues about governance, such as (4)

"believed in the importance of attracting the best individuals to public office but ,they failed to establish any mechanisms ensuring that this would happen on a consistent basis" (1) what constitutes proper representation of the people by public officials, (2) whether and to what extent the people themselves should play a role in public policy and administration, (3) which powers should be invested in the states versus the national government, and (4) how much power should be held by any single branch of government. The founders shared a healthy respect for diverse opinions about democracy in general and theelements most crucial to securing the blessings of liberty in particular. Toward that end, they stresseda common belief in the need for balancing contending principles and interests. They subscribed tothe Aristotelian view that regimes tend to fail from an excess of their virtues or dominant principles.

The immense variety of administrative practices suggests that neither

"management" nor "administra- tion" should be conceived of as a uniform endeavor.

Mary Parker Follett

"the mother of modern management" is the only women discussed in most public management theory classes.

The founding era experienced robust debate over two fundamental questions:

(1) Who should govern, and (2) what role should government play in a liberal democratic society? These two questions remain at the center of debate for each generation of public servants.

Law Provides Purposes, Goals, and Standards for Appropriate Action law is used (3)

(1) to create new organizational entities with clearly defined authority, (2) to define the boundaries among the sectors and partition sovereign boundaries rights, and (3) to promote values and establish standards for appropriate action. laws can provide or exhort moraltone but fall short in achieving it. This leads to some degree of skepticism about the relationship between law and morality in general. It is, nevertheless, an essential relationship that we will explore in terms of a public morality (chapter 6) that obligates public servants in distinctive ways.

Since the 1980s and the Reagan Revolution

(see chapter 5), over the past several decades, therelationship among the sectors has been undergoing a major transformation spawned by a limitedgovernment movement as well as by changes in the law. At a philosophical level, the private andnonprofit sectors have grown in importance as government has been encouraged to "steer, ratherthan row" (Osborne and Gabler, 1992) leading to greater contracting of functions with privatefirms and nonprofit organizations.

The for-profit private sector's concern for The following are the most com-mon examples of market failures or exceptions that have pRovided justification for public-sector intervention: In these and other instances, the public sector is encouraged to

- innovation, creativity, and customer satisfaction is assumed to be the best mechanism for efficiently maximizing the allocation of society's resources. This may be the case, as long as the goals of society are compatible with those of individuals, and the demands of customers can be arranged to induce a market response. But there are numerous instances when these private marketplace conditions do not exist. -(1) the provision of public goods, such as national defense; (2) the amelioration of some of the diseconomies or externalities of collective action—pollution of the environment and drug abuse among them; (3) the avoidance of tragedy of the commons problems, such as natural resource depletion; (4) reaping the collective benefits of public economies, such as education and early childhood development programs; and (5) taking advantage of natural monopolies, including water, sewer, and other public utilities. -intervene in the private marketplace in the interest of promoting greater equity

instrumental view of PA popularized when? why was it created? How did scholars redefine public service? Admin. practice looked up as? Today? what does book think?

--popularized by the academic field of public administration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries --. Scholars and fellow reformers articulated the instrumental approach as a politically expedient solution to avexing problem: how to reduce partisan meddling and influence that tended to corrupt and distort governmental operations, while simultaneously preserving democratic principles of governance. --they redefined public service as a politically neutral and responsive field of administration—a field largely confined to the executive branch. Administration involvedquestions of how to get things done, while the politicians determined what things needed to bedone in the first place. --This simple formula enabled administrative theorists to conceive of administrative practice as neutral, independent field of scientific study that could be applied universally to organizations,whether private or public, and regardless of culture or context. ---today it remains influential among many scholars, politicians,and career public servants. We view this approach not only as an inadequate explanation of therole of public service in American government but also as a distortion of what really happens inthe governing process. We view this approach not only as an inadequate explanation of therole of public service in American government but also as a distortion of what really happens inthe governing process.

The standards for public management morality are the same as the standards for businesses management.

false

The advantage of the special district approach is twofold: i One of the disadvantages of special districts: Communities utilizing multiple special districts struggle to ensure that . Special district governments can enter into agreements with

-it allows citizens to purchase additional levels of service that government may not be able to provide, and it controls the price the public is willing to pay. - is that they further balkanize public service delivery and allow those with more financial resources to obtain more and better service than the poor. Under such circumstances, it becomes more difficult to build a shared sense of the common public or community interest (Burns 1994). -citizen voices reach the correct officials before a district takes formal action -nprofits organizations, but they more often enter into intergovernmental agreements (IGAs) with other governments. For example, a small city might enter into an intergovernmental agreement with an adjacent fire district for emergency services. Likewise, the county sheriff might provide law enforcement services to the small city under a different by similar agreement.

There are at least three major advantages to taking an institutional approach to the practice of public service:

1) it greatly influences our understanding of how change occurs; (2) it significantly improves our understanding of the interface between public- and private-sector activities; and (3) it enriches our understanding of the processes for generating legitimacy.

administrators affect the legitimacy of democratic governance in at least three ways: This constitutive work is essential if a

1) the processes administrators use to carry out their work helps to shape citizen attitudes about the basic "fairness" of democratic governance; (2) the substantive outcomes of administrative work affect citizen attitudes about whether government is effectively "delivering the goods"; and (3) the constant interplay between public officials and citizens from one activity to another over an extended period of time develops or constitutes the democratic relationships between citizens and officials (Cook 1996). This constitutive work is essential if a rule-of-law system is to maintain popular support and successfully adapt to changing social, political, and economic conditions.

There are three dimensions of the "equality problem" that have implications for career public administrators?

1. First, equality is often thought of as "equality of social condition" or a measureof income disparity and all of the consequences that follow from being poor (i.e., issues relatedto employment, housing, food, clothing, and medical care). 2. A second way the equality issue arises for administrators is through their leadership role in ad-dressing income disparity and equality of economic opportunity. The American founders assumed that liberty was a sure ticket to enhanced economic well-being. In making this assumption, theywere not unmindful of the great disparities in the socioeconomic setting. However, they believedthat there was sufficient abundance of resources and open access to assure that the advancing tide of economic prosperity would raise the boats of all, thus making the "pursuit of happiness" universally attainable. 3/ third way in which the equality issue arises for administrators across all sectors is through their leadership role in embracing and promoting various kinds of social, racial, gender, ethnic,and religious diversity in their communities.

Public admin is a clinical practice bc?

1. irst, an administrator cannot become accomplished without knowing what constitutes the standards of good practice. In matters of governance, few standards are settled in the sense that they are clear and accepted by everyone. Most are ambiguous and therefore subject to rival definitions and uncertainty in proper application. Nevertheless, accepted standards do exist in the practice of American governance—standards that have a long history and continue to guide administrative work. Understanding their development is vitally important 2.A second factor that makes public administration a clinical practice is that career officials derive knowledge from systematic experimentation and study that meets the tests of scientific validity and reliability. Many public decisions are assisted today through the use of data-based techniques in which facts are gathered and sifted analytically.

Law Promotes Values, Edifies, and Teaches (3) Most public servants find themselves educating people about what the?

1. many legal requirements are intended toedify and teach. For example, our governments provide a wealth of information for the public—asa public service as well as a means to empower and engage the citizenry in their social, economic,legal, and political spheres of life. 2. Second, the law prescribes standards or expectations of prope rbehavior in a variety of settings, and the sponsoring agencies often work very hard to educate the populace accordingly. 3.Third, the law is often subject to argument over meaning, intent, and outcome, and judges are not the only officials charged with educating the public about these argiments. Most public servants find themselves educating people about what the law says, how it is applied, and why it should or should not apply to them. This can result in discussion and argument that includes both an educational and a persuasive component.

The growing recognition of civil society in successful governance has several important impli- cations for public administration. bc

1. many small community-based organizations are, in fact, not formal. then public administrators will increas- ingly need to tend to the condition of civil society as an outcome of public (not just governmental) actions. This perspective significantly changes the role relationship between nonprofits and the government. Instead of being an instrumental, low-cost alternative to service delivery, they (along with all of the informal civic organizations in the community) may serve as valuable partners in building trust, civic competency, and civic enterprise. This will require future administrators to become expert in what Tocqueville called the "science of association" (1835-1840/2000, 492).

types of TACIT KNOWLEDGE IN ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICE?

1. prudential understanding: that is acquired by undertaking an activity over a prolonged period. The subtle nuances and complex interactions among materials, people, and settings acquired by master artisans and crafters through a long period of hands-on experience exemplify this kind of tacit knowledge. Police officers, case managers, and city planners rely on it routinely to make decisions under conditions of limited resources, short time frames, significant uncertainty, and political conflicts that often make systematic analysis impossible. 2. "feel for the whole," and it is critically important to successful administrative practice. For public servants, knowledge of the whole tends to accrue through experience in a variety of positions, and by moving to higher-level administrative roles that require an increasingly broad or strategic sense of their institution. As they do so, they become more aware that their work forms part of the larger process of democratic governance. They develop a sense of proportion among priorities and become skilled in balancing competing demands. They learn how to weave together people and programs and how to mobilize interests into new missions and institutional arrangements. From this point of view, knowledge of the whole is transitory in nature (Schmidt 1993, 527)—about managing change for the common good—and is thus inseparable from democratic statesmanship (Green 1998). We will develop this point more fully throughout Part I of this book. 3. there is critical knowledge: that gives skilled practitioners a sense of when things are not quite right, or when things do not add up. In such situations, their judgments often run against perceived facts and guiding principles. They also tend to run against the tide of opinion among colleagues, or in the general public, which then invites conflict. The capacity to preserve and protect critical knowledge for the public benefit requires institutional safeguards such as secure tenure for key positions and careful staffing of critical workgroups to avoid problems with groupthink and related organizational pathologies. Critical knowledge comprises a sixth sense for public servants who know that good administrative work cannot always follow prescribed formulas or seemingly convincing data.

functions of law in public life?(5)

1. the law establishes institutions and both confers and limits power; 2. it maintains boundaries among the sectors; it partitions sovereignty; 3. it provides purposes, goals, and standards fo rappropriate action; 4. it educates and persuades; 5. and, finally, it authorizes the collection of taxes and the expenditure of funds.

what are the approaches?

1.Regime-centered 2.Value-centered 3. Structuralist 4. Process-centered 5. Functionalist 6.Doctrinal and formalistic approaches 7.Methodological 8. historical

Alexander Hamilton defines public administration as "The administration of government, in its largest sense, comprehends all of the operations of the body politic, whether legislative, executive, or judiciary" in what Federalist Paper? (enter just the number, no words)

72

The Constitution Ratified in The Supreme Marbury v. Madison- Bill of Rights- 5th 14th Amendment

1788 law of the land (Supremacy Clause)- no laws that can contradict the constitution. established judicial review- the courts are able to interpret what the constitution means. important for public administration. - established due process and equal protection. Voting Rights.

Which amendment granted women the right to vote*? *note that many women of color were not able to vote until much more recently. For example, Native American women (and men) were not able to vote in New Mexico until 1962 and black men and women were not guaranteed the right to vote until the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Even today, access to the polls remains a problem for many in marginalized communities.

19

Article I, establishing the legislative branch states

All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congressof the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." It then pro-ceeds in Section 8 to specify 18 important legislative powers.

The legislative branch was established by?

Article I

Supremacy Clause? This clause provides the basis for a preemptive claim by federal administrators over?

Article VI establishes federal law as the supreme law ofthe land, requires an oath of office from all federal public servants, and bars religious tests as a qualification for any office under the United States. This clause provides the basis for a preemptive claim by federal administrators over state-level interpretations of federal law when the two may be in conflict or when a state law conflicts with a federal law (as illustrated in the matter of criminalizing medical marijuana, or in state efforts to control illegal immigration).

Constitutional provisions of Powers of Government? (articles) The subordinate public administration receives its budget and the statutory authority to implement legislation from the powers enumerated for ? All three branches exercise limited supervening power over

Articles I, II, and III respectively define the powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The subordinate public administration receives its budget and the statutory authority to implement legislation from the powers enumerated for Congress in Article I, and operates mainly, but not exclusively, under the supervening authority of the executive branchas specified in Article II. All three branches exercise limited supervening power over the public administration. the public administration.

Constitutional provisions of: Structure and Processes of Government= what articles and include the guarantee of a

Articles I, II, and III together define the governance structure and processes of the national government, and they include the guarantee of a republican form of government for each state.

Which is an example of a special district government?

Canyons School District

Administrative Law APA (Administrative Procedure Act) is a ?

federal law that lays out everything you need to know about administrative law.

Statutes are laws passed by many statutes also contain . At the local level, bills passed by councils are often called

Congress and state legislatures with the concurrence of the chief execu-tive. In most cases, statutes are intended to have general and future effect; that is, they apply to broad classes of people and activities beginning at a future designated point in time, and are in force inperpetuity except when expiration dates (sunset provisions) are included, or when repealed, or when determined by a court to be unconstitutional. preambles stating their intended purposes up front ordinances but they have the same status as laws, though are subordinate to state and federal statute

The types of law that government public servants encounter are:

Constitutional law, statutory law, administrative law, common law

Who developed Theory Y?

Douglas McGregor

Functionalist •

Emphasis on administrative functions,such as personnel policy, budgeting, policydevelopment and implementation • Use of cases to illustrate development offunctional policies over time • Emphasis on legal principles and doctrines toinform and guide administrative functions

Value-centered •

Emphasis on central constitutional values • Use of cases to illustrate development ofvalues over time • Focus more on the goals and purposes of theConstitution than doctrinal case law as thesource of guiding values • Emphasis is normative and institutional • Value pluralism in constitutional tradition

Process-centered •

Emphasis on legal reasoning in relationship tothe reasoning characteristic of administrativework • Emphasis on the unique constitutional roleadministrators play in the process of policydevelopment and implementation • Emphasis on the role relationship ofadministrators and elected officials in localgovernments which rely

Historical •

Emphasis on tying PA practices andinstitutions to a regime's history and culture • Emphasis on history as the source ofadministrative values and the meaning ofpractice • Emphasis on political rationality over scientificrationality • Emphasis on civil association vs. purposivestate

Appearance of Fairness

Even when the law does not require equal treatment and "procedural fairness," citizens expect government and its agents to maintain the appearance of fairness. This often results in more elaborate public notice, access, and time taken to make decisions about even seemingly minor affairs.

Similar to the French Revolution, the American Revolution was about wealth redistribution.

False

Statutes- a common typo (watch out for) examples ordinance examples?

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (29 USC 2600 et seq.) (Federal Statutes Example) (United States Code, second part section, and where it starts) Holding a raccoon or coyote in captivity prohibited - penalty (Utah code (4-23-110) (infraction) lower than misdemeanor idlining restrictions within city limits (Salt Lake City code 12.58.030) (city ordinance)

Which of the following are true about the Federalists?

Federalists shared a view with classical Romans that honor and devotion are high callings. Federalist wanted a strong national government. Federalists believed excessive self interest could threaten liberty. Correct! Federalists favored proecedural republic traditions, like formal rules and voting.

Private organizations now have the and landowners can't have their property taken for a public purpose without a strong showing by government that

First Amendment right to be free from campaign spending limitations (see especially CitizensUnited v. Federal Elections Commission [2010] and American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. SteveBullock [2012]), it is proportionately contributing to a clearly articulated publicgood (see especially Dolan v. Tigard [1994]).

Feminist Critiques Women scholars get? Focus a lot on article of the week:

Focus a lot on men in PA. Article for Week. White women were interested in poor/charity work in private sphere. They took on substantive aspect of helping people; meanwhile, you see the men applying scientific method in public administration.? left out of PA men in PA. White women were interested in poor/charity work in private sphere. They took on substantive aspect of helping people; meanwhile, you see the men applying scientific method in public administration.

Who introduced principles of scientific management that focused on empirical research on work processes to find the "one best way" of doing things?

Frederick Taylor

What are some of the benefits to administrative discretion?

Increased employee motivation and flexibility

Private Sector:

Mission driven Results oriented Entrepreneurial Motivating others for high performance customers Flexibility Innovation Customer satisfaction Incentives Employee empowerment Delegation of authority Self-interest Interests Preferences profit

For several decades, states and ? who are the beneficiaries of court decisions that have placed greater importance on their sovereign rights than at any point in the past. . The reinvigoration of the principles of state and tribal sovereignty require

Native American tribes have been the beneficiaries of courtdecisions that have placed greater importance on their sovereign rights than at any point in thepast. For example, courts have invoked the principle of tribal sovereignty to place limitations onthe ability of states and the federal government to regulate people and resources on tribal lands administrators at all levelsof government to have a firm grounding in why sovereignty is important and why its importancehas waxed and waned over the course of American history.

Methodological •

Normative—reasoning about principles andends as much as means • Interpretive—emphasis on derivation andconstruction of meaning, entails imaginationand judgment as well as analysis. Oriented totacit knowledge • Historical—contextual, evolutionary,synthesizing, pragmatic and critical • Casuistic—reasoning by analogy from cases.Structured around doctrines, conventions,principles • Institutional—focus on roles, integrity ofprocesses and practices • Comparative—contextual,

What does POSDCORB stand for? (You might need to Google this)

Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting

. Public administrators need to know how to? Governance in this sense is a form of ?

Playing these roles successfully requires legal, political, and ethical competencies as much as or perhaps more than, technical expertise build as well as reform public institutions—how to develop and sustain practices that integrate contending interests and values, and then adapt them to changing circumstances. institutional politics marked by complicated relationships between public administra-\tors, their political and judicial superiors, and the public at large.

The pluralist legacy is alive and well in the modern administrative state.

Pluralism assumes that political interests affect all aspects of policymaking and implementation. We use the term pluralism to describe theories of governance that affirm the dominant role that interest groups play in the operation of the American systems of government, as well as the legitimacy of these interests in making the systems work effectively. Good administration under the legacy of pluralism creates an atmosphere of openness on an issue and then supports discourse until common agreement and action is possible. Compromise and trade-offs are assumed to be central and morally necessary.

Debate over the proper role that public administrators should play with respect to nonprofit organizations is often subsumed

in discussions of civil society.

Legal Correctness

Public servants must always act in a legally correct fashion, even when doing so does not serve the perceived interests of the citizens.

Career administrators play a vital role in shaping both the process and substance of these rebalancing efforts through their role

in shaping and implementing the rule of law.

Rulemaking and adjudication?

Rule making is when agencies draft their rules and regulations; meanwhile, adjudication is when they bring people forward for violating these laws.

Here, civil society is a coproduced outcome

of good governance and a precondition for good governance. The classic model treats civil society as an organic part of a larger set of regime values.

What is Public Administration? 2*

The Administration of government, in its largest sense, comprehends all of the operations of the body politic, whether legislative, executive, or judiciary"- Alexander Hamilton Federalist No.72 Everything that is involved in the administration in government, is public administration.

which best describes the Hawthorne Effect?

people behave differently when they know they are being watched

book uses what approach? The founding fathers designed as system that?

The approach we take in this book treats public service and administration as a sublimated politi-cal process. The founding fathers designed a constitutional system that would hold conflicting principles in irresolvable tensions, thus forcing public servants at all levels (even street level) to cope with them in the ongoing administration of government. In the design process, the founders left many broad political and constitutional questions un answered,in part because they could not agree among themselves about the "right" answers.

Bill of Rights 14th?

The first 10 (of 26) amendments constitute the Bill of Rights; they were passed by the first Congress shortly after ratification of the Constitution. he Fourteenth Amendment contains due process and equal protection clauses that apply to the states as well as to the federal government, and it gives Congress the power to pass laws enforcing its provisions. The Fourteenth Amendment waspassed shortly after the Civil War to ensure the protection of the civil rights of newly freed slavesfrom abuses by southern states. While originally intended to check the abuse of state power indiscriminating against newly freed slaves, the due process and the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment have been interpreted by courts to apply most of the Bill of Rightsr estrictions to states as well as the U.S. government.

Institutions emerge from the law because (Philip Selznick)

The law is used, then, to formally establish or recognize public institutions and to codifythe relationships, processes, and practices that comprise them. By codify, we mean more thanmerely writing these things into rulebooks and standard operating procedures. The administra-tive processes and practices developed in these institutions are used by public servants to relatethe often ambiguous content of law to daily life in distinct and meaningful ways. Without this,the law is a dead letter. T

The Madisonian Model: Administration as Interest-Group Balancing

The legacy of political pluralism derives from James Madison's view that a multiplicity of interests in the economic and social spheres is the best check against the tyranny of an overpowering majority. As the founders observed in The Federalist Papers: "The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern legislation and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary operations of government" -public manager shares responsibility for balancing these interests in the daily operations of the administration. In addition to relying on the informal checks from a contending multiplicity of interest groups, Madison's model relied on an "auxiliary system" of formal checks and balances between and within each of the branches of government. This formal approach to interest balancing also shapes public administration.

The pluralist model works

The pluralist model works best when interests are well developed, when these interests are securely attached to stable groups in the larger society, and when the issues under discussion are well understood. This model is particularly effective in reconciling pragmatic differences; however, it is not especially useful when dealing with strong ideological differences, attempting to optimize the use of limited resources, working to achieve a planned set of objectives, or trying to resolve problems that are fundamentally technical. Moreover, since the model starts with the status quo, it neglects interests that are not well organized and funded; it is not always appropriate when planning for long-term needs; and it frequently results in inefficiencies through overlap and duplication of efforts and programs. At its worst, it stymies effectiveness and favors private interests over the public good.

The Book focuses on Alexander's summary of his claim: What should public servants in all levels of govenment/sectors cultivate their understanding: of and use it how?

The proper forms and operations of a nation's governments depend on the values and character of its people as they evolve over time. Learning how to govern properly requires that, at minimum, public servants in all levels of government and in all sectors cultivate their understanding of this evolutionary history—and use it to inform their governing practices.

When the Supreme Court threatened New Deal legislation, how did President Roosevelt respond?

Threatening to add more justices who agreed with him

the institutional approach to public service blurs any the essential differences among the sectors based on how

bright-line distinction among the public general government, special district government, for-profit private, and nonprofit sectors. (MUTUALLY DEPENDENT) they arbitrate value differences and the breadth of interests they serve.

How do you pronounce Max Weber's last name?

Vay-ber

Law Creates and Limits Organizations and Institutions

We use law to give legal status to a complex array of organizational entities, from the basic govern-ment agency to local governments, special districts and authorities, corporations, and government-sponsored and government-owned enterprises. The legal system also prescribes widely varyinggoverning structures such as boards and commissions, centralized hierarchies, adversarial anddispute resolution structures, and collegial bodies, just to name some of the most common. Aspart of the role of law in creating governance processes and structures, the law also confers poweron legally established entities (officers, associations, and organizations), usually taking great careto specify the limits of that power along with various methods of holding it accountable throughvarious checks and balances.

respect for All Persons

Whatever else the words "we the people" may mean in the U.S. Constitution, it includes being treated with dignity and respect, regardless of gender, age, sexual orientation, ethnic background, education level, economic status, religion, or emotional or physical capability. The private sector can develop niche markets that cultivate exclusive populations. Public servants are expected to demonstrate equal respect for all, regardless of whom they serve.

In the first public administration textbook (White, 1887), who is credited with founding the field? [enter first and last name]

Woodrow Wilson

What is Alexander's claim?

[A] government must be fitted to a nation, as much as a coat to the individual; and consequently, that what may be good at Philadelphia may be bad at Paris, and ridiculous at Petersburgh. (Alexander Hamilton 1799/1975, 22:404)

c

a "History of Sheep in Wolves' Clothing" (Karl 1987, 26 -And even though Americans may value efficient problem solving, they do not want solutions to come at the expense of protecting individual rights and preserving community identity and culture. Balancing these conflicting values in ways that enable things to work out in the end is what makes American public administration so difficult.

polity making role

a polity-making role involves the formation of a politically organized unit; our use of the term polity-making refers to a concern for how the community's assets across the nonprofit, government and for-profit sectors can be identified and mobilized to make the highest and best contribution to the community's common good. This goes beyond the traditional jurisdiction's concern for using its own resources to preserve the delivery of high-quality government services, even in the face of diminishing resources. Furthermore, it suggests additional measures of success for public action related to the health and well-being of communities and the capacity of communities to function well politically (Sirianni 2009).

public sector

accountability

public organizations have to conduct their functions in a public fishbowl, where

all of the decisions they make and almost every document they produce can be scrutinized and second-guessed by any citizen within the jurisdiction. Pub- lic organizations must also cope with political pressures. They must adhere to governing board policies, detailed strategic plans, purchasing rules, civil service guidelines, public hearings, and organized citizens' groups that may have conflicting or partially informed opinions.

The Jeffersonian model embraces the traditions espoused by which group of Founders?

anti-federalists

King George Problem

arbitrary abuse of power by government offiicials

The executive branch was established by?

article II

The judicial branch was established by?

article III

Anti-Federalist founders viewed bureaucrats

as unreachable, faceless, and self-serving. They believed a large national government administered from afar would develop a self-serving life of its own and, over time, would produce staff and administrators with little sympathy for the needs of local communities.

The career administrative sphere of publics service is another arena where, sphere of bureaucratic politics is?

because of hard lessons involving unchecked partisan abuse, we have restrained partisan influence in favor of preserving independent professional judgment and technical competence. where civil servants vie for power among themselves as well as with political parties, judges, professions, interest groups, and even persistent individuals who have axes to grind.

New Public Management strives to treat government like a

business

he founders instilled irresolvable tensions in the Constitution in three ways:

by blending powers horizontally between the branches of government, vertically between levels of government, and by using the extended sphere of a large republic to encourage proliferation of factions or special interests that would help prevent any one group from dominating the political system.

Constitutive Legitimacy

career administrators also play an important role in redefining what democratic governance means. They do this in a variety of subtle ways, most often driven by changing public values that alter the relationship between the government and civil society (the world of nonprofits and voluntary associations), or the relationship between government and the business sector. The following example illustrates what we mean by constitutive legitimacy.

Texts focuses on CAREER PUBLIC OFFICIALS BC Reason #4

career administrators play a pivotal role in creating and maintaining an appropriate balance among the general government, special district government, and the for-profit, private, and nonprofit sectors within American communities.

Texts focuses on CAREER PUBLIC OFFICIALS BC Reason #3 In all of the United States, there are only several thousand elected and appointed officials compared with how many career officials?

career public officials greatly outnumber elected officials and their political appointees several million career officials.

Texts focuses on CAREER PUBLIC OFFICIALS BC Reason #2

career tenure gives lifetime calling= bolsters the power of career public officials in deter-mining how our systems of democratic governance work = They exercise powerful discretionaryjudgments that affect the health (good or bad) of democratic governance

Which form of government is the purest institutional manifestation of the politics/administration dichotomy prompted by the Progressive reforms?

council-manager form of city government

Article III does not explicitly case?

confer the power of judicial review uponthe courts. That is an inherent power established by interpretation in the famous case of Marburyv. Madison (1803).

While what law broke the link between the federal government and churches,

constitutional

Public servants in government service encounter and apply four basic types of law in their work:

constitutional law, statutory law, administrative law, and common law.

8 const. approaches Whether public, private, or nonprofit, the framework summarized in Exhibit 1.1 provides amoral purpose of the organization helps to check ? In addition, as the bright-line distinction amongt he sectors continues to blur, the American legal and moral framework in Exhibit 1.1 provides

context against which organizational leaders and their governing boards can test and aligntheir mission with a larger public good. Organizational dialogue that sharpens the moral the undue influence of vested interest groups, major donors,primary partners, and contracting organizations. a common anchor for an array of public, private, and nonprofit partner organizations as they engagein policymaking, resource allocation, and service delivery for a diverse community polity.

This book treats ordered liberty as the guiding purpose of American public service

contrast toinstrumental conceptions of administration that focus on efficiency and effectiveness for the sake ofdemocratic responsiveness. Though democracy is vital to our culture and modes of governance, it re-mains problematic in a regime that is also dedicated to protecting individual rights. The founders shared a common concern for the excesses of both entrenched elites and unrestrained democracy.

What did the Pendleton Act of 1883 do?

created the modern civil service system

Career public officials help ? In the process they contribute to, and may also detract from? The initiatory influence of career public officials in shaping the meaning and practice of democratic government is especially significant at and why?

design, organize, implement, and maintain our public safety and defense systems, our transporta-tion infrastructure, our sewer and water systems, our social service programs, our school systems,our land use planning patterns, and our public health and environmental programs the engagement of citizens in democratic life. local levels of government, which are frequently governed by elected bodies of part-time officials who have no staff.

Anti-federalists viewed bureaucrats as the best way to combat politicians' reelection goals.

false

Hamilton was a proponent of laissez faire economics.

false

Jane Addams's Hull House was the first American settlement house.

false

The US Constitution is changed only through amendments.

false

Bowling Alone Problem

disengaged citizens and loss of republican virtue

Special districts

efficiency

What important clauses are in the 14th Amendment?

equal protection and due process

Which ethics model would argue that low-level Nazi officers were just following orders and thus had no moral responsibility for the crimes of the Holocaust?

ethics of neutrality

Public administration has recognized the growing importance of the nonprofit sector as the formal

expression of civil society. -The nonprofit sector provides citizens and corporations with a way to express their personal values and voices through civil society. Routine small-scale charitable giving and larger-scale planned philanthropy provides donors with the means to take action in close conformance with their values and preferences, and to make a difference in their communities and in people's lives. Nonprofit organizations present an independent alternative to both the governmental sector and the private-market sector. Independence from government reflects a separation from government institutional values, detailed procedures and processes, and majority-centered balanced decision making.

the general government sector plays a pivotal role

for for-profit private, nonprofit, and special district organizations. Markets cannot sustain themselves without a stable infrastructure of roads, communication systems, defense systems that protect and maintain international lanes of com- merce, banking systems that provide security for loans, a legal system that enforces contracts, and a regulatory system that stabilizes the rate and complexity of change in markets as well as their relations with consumers and communities.

What did Finer think was the only acceptable basis for bureaucratic responsibility?

formal-legal accountability

Ordered liberty is an end ? questions of ordered liberty:> Should we minimize the role and presence of government in order to maximize free-dom from governmental restraint, or should we increase the power of our governments in orderto protect and enhance our liberties within various spheres of life? The implications for public policy and administration change significantly the more we favor one approach versus the other and both have merit. In the twenty-first century, these two approaches inform the basic ideological differences between our two major political parties, and implicit in each approach is a differing sense of how we should order our lives together.

fraught with conundrums and tensions. Relationship of nature and liberty.

Who makes administrative laws?

government agencies

Texts focuses on CAREER PUBLIC OFFICIALS BC Reason #1 What about non-profit administrators?

government and special district civil servants are subordinates in our governing systems In an organization of divided and checked powers, public servants have many bosses.Ultimately, in a regime based upon popular sovereignty, these bosses are the people, not just politicians and judges this situation places career officials at the center of politics and policymaking and holds them responsible for translating an often conflicting mix of policy intentions into agency action at all levels. They share in a big way with their political superiors the task of "creating public value," maintaining "operative capacity," and building legitimacy for government policy and action nonprofit administrators share responsibility as well for creating public value, building governance capacity within the community, and increasing thelegitimacy of public institutions. Whenever nonprofit administrators enter into the communitypolity to develop and provide public services or to coordinate with other providers, they act

Law Creates and Maintains Boundaries Among the Sectors This foundational "right to organize" is specifically recognized in ?

in constitutional,statutory, regulatory, and common law,

THE MEANING OF A CONSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO PUBLIC SERVICE There are how many approaches? all approaches share? Good administration facilitates the realization of the ?

in taking a constitutional approach to public service, we narrow the focus to regime-based char-acteristics without creating orthodoxy around any single point of view. we sum-marize eight different but, in our opinion, complementary aspects of constitutionalism. All of the approaches share the belief that the foundations of public administration theory and practice ar egrounded in regime principles, structures, processes, functions, history, and values of a given political system. The unifying principles of public administration are not likely to be found in somekind of neutral science that transcends historical and political boundaries. Good administration facilitates the realization of the values of a particular regime. If those values are evil, corrupt, or have no redeeming value, then we resort to a more transcendent set of universal values to serve as a critique and goad for improvement

right to form a corporation independent of government : The Supreme Court decision

in the case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) allowed state governments the authority to enter into a contract to establish a corporation, but not to unilaterally modify or impair the contract after the fact. This quashed New Hampshire's effortsto reassert control over Dartmouth College against the will of its Congregationalist trustees. Byimplication, the ruling provided independence for both commercial and nonprofit corporations.Even with this ruling, New York and many southern and western states made it difficult to establishcorporations and tried to require state supervision of them (Hammack 1998, 124).

Kenneth Culp Davis reminds us that a distrust of administrative discretion is deeply embedded

in the founding principles of the American republic (see chapter 4).

book uses the treatment of public administration from an

institutional perspec- tive. Public service involves the management of a complex stream of interrelated activities and organization structures that accumulate significance and meaning over time. (See discussion of Philip Selznick's quotation on institution building [1992] in chapter 1.) American public admin- istration is more than a set of administrative functions, more than a mere instrument of someone's will. Many of its practices form traditions that gradually acquire institutional status.

senior-level administrators face some of the most difficult challenges in our system of democratic governance. They are expected to be "on tap, not on top." Yet, in most small local jurisdictions and special districts, part-time elected officials do not have the time or the expertise to take full responsibility for most public policy decision making. An elected official may have an initial idea or want to take a policy initiative, but it is the senior administrative staff that is responsible for transforming initiatives and ideas of elected officials into practical, legal, and politically acceptable courses of action. To get this work done, senior managers need to work as a team to assist elected officials with the following "sense-making" activities:

interpreting and reconciling multiple sources of authority; 2. building public support and authority for government activities; 3. facilitating interorganizational cooperation; 4. initiating interjurisdictional collaboration; 5. negotiating interorganizational service standards; and 6. interpreting the needs and culture of the community.

polity-making role

involves the formation of a politically organized unit; our use of the term polity-making refers to a concern for how the community's assets across the nonprofit, government and for-profit sectors can be identified and mobilized to make the highest and best contribution to the community's common good. This goes beyond the traditional jurisdiction's concern for using its own resources to preserve the delivery of high-quality government services, even in the face of diminishing resources. Furthermore, it suggests additional measures of success for public action related to the health and well-being of communities and the capacity of communities to function well politically (Sirianni 2009).

What word describes theories of governance that affirm the dominant role that interest groups play in the operation of the American systems of government?

pluralism

THE IRONY OF AMERICAN DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE In fact, our affection for democracy seems inversely related to affection for those who are responsible on a daily basis for making the system work on our behalf. Why is this? In short, suspicion of power and authority has become

irony plays out on a daily basis as we witness constant efforts to place ever more popular checks on our public servants while simultaneously urging them to conduct government "more like a business." in large part, this incongruity stems from our long tradition of distrust of governing power—a sense of distrust so strong that it fueled colonial unrest, a revolution, and a civil war that nearly tore apart a newly formed American nation. and Beginning in the seventeenth century, many immigrants fled oppressive regimes and arrived on the shores of the New World determined to establish governments that would closely represent their interests. Limited electoral terms at top levels, jealous oversight of administration, and vigorous scrutiny through a free press would provide the means to ensure a government strictly accountable to citizen interests high political doctrine among Americans, sewn as deeply in our breasts as our devotion to democracy and individual rights.

We agree with the noted German American political philosopher Hannah Arendt, who argued that the banality of evil

is best checked by the cultiva-tion of imaginative capacities that make the moral dimensions of our activities tangible through aconstant internal dialogue with ourselves (Arendt 2006). This dialogue facilitates self-awareness,but it needs some kind of script or narrative that provides a moral benchmark. Our constitutionalapproach to the study and practice of public administration

Common law? course of adjudicating these cases, courts establish standards and principles that take on the force of? This accumulation of standards and legal precedents is also known informally as ? Both public officials and private persons may find themselves involved in?

is case law established in the judicial courts of the country. Judges resolve civilcases brought by complainants concerning myriad problems—disputes over property, contracts,estates, divorce, and torts (civil wrongs such as trespass, negligence, and the like) legal precedents. caselaw. civil suits that are subject to common law

The constitution is not just a legal doc but It is also a all public servants who operate under its auspices. In short, it has become a consummate example of what Selznick describes as

it It is also a political and economic document of the first order, establishing a complex commercial republic, a robust civil society, and a superintending organizational structure for the national government. It is a moral document as well, in the sense that it expresses our common ideals and obligates all public servants who operate under its auspices --an "institution." Federal employees and most state and local employees swear oaths to uphold theConstitution and laws of the country

One of the increasingly important functions of law is that? This partitioning is reflected in the American system

it partitions sovereignty. of federalism, without which the compromise to establish the U.S. Constitution in 1787 would not have been achieved.

Federalists effective representation

knowing the general nature of regional, state, and community interests , yet remaining aloof from them in favor of policies

The case of the angry library patron illustrates how the

lawful and legitimate exercise of public authority requires a combination of professional training, experience, consultation, engagement, attention to organizational practices, and personal judgment. The case reveals that legitimacy and authority have as much to do with building and maintaining relationships and dialogue with all the players as they do with coming to any particular decision or claiming a legal prerogative.

Administrative law Agencies make both ? Federal and state agencies are, at abare minimum, subject to? Local governments and special districts often do not have a formal?

laws made by government agencies under a set of legislative guidelines and standards that are usually codified in administrative procedures acts. procedural and substantive rules, and they issue orders with the force and effect of law. Through these procedures, agencies create many regulations that impose substantive standards, set rates, and issue orders and licenses covering a variety of professional, social, and economic activities. rule making and adjudicative standards by their respective administrative procedure acts, and many agencies must meet much higher standards as prescribed in their-enabling acts. administrative procedure act but nevertheless are subject to constitutional and statutory standards that impose some procedural and substantive requirements on them. Most local governments have detailed administrative procedures in place for dealing with land use issues.

Common Law-

laws that involved in the courts. Law is based in common law, based in futile law. English Common law aka. Murder: the unlawful killing of another human being with malice afterthought

politics is channeled through This? double-helical set of relationships results in an aggravating trade-off ——how to confer enough power to govern effectively without it becoming excessive and tyrannical.The founders had no desire to resolve this dilemma because

legal, organizational, and institutional processesthat tend to slow down decision making and provide a forum for varying degrees of public input andscrutiny. Public input, deliberation, and accountability are high principles of democratic governance, but they are also the source of delay, red tape, and occasional gridlock. with efficiency and effectiveness—values often associated with business and touted by many as preeminent in public administration. unchecked power would subvert theirultimate purpose—to sustain a democratic republic dedicated to the principle of ordered liberty

Shays' Rebellion Problem

majority tyranny

Our approach to the teaching of public service and administration treats the governing principles embraced by the founding fathers as

meaningful, obligating, and enduring, but also as ambiguous,unsettled, and conflicting. The Constitution they designed embodies these principles and theirinherent tensions, and the public service must inevitably reflect the resulting controversies.

Which group took on "municipal housekeeping" efforts?

middle-class white women

What is the balance wheel? the Declaration of Independence asserts that "all men are created equal, that they are endowed bytheir Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit ofHappiness."

model of public service that reflects the paradoxical nature of ordered liberty and its effects on the character of American public service. T the Balance-wheel is grounded in the multiple purposes that have to be successfully accomplished to ensure the preservation of liberty: protecting minority rights, being responsive to majority will, efficient and effective delivery of services, and honoring the unique institutional differences across America's diverse geographic landscape.

Justice for the individual is the primary goal in what justice paradigm?

moral judgment model

Book view governance as:

more about balancing tensions rather than resolving them

As public administrators and ordered liberty must be what?

must be worried about social justice and delivering effectively and efficiently. They take to value public equality, fairness, and justice.

Middle managers play a decisive role in creating the necessary legitimacy to implement policy initiatives of the larger organization.

n a study of the consequences of flattening local government organizations, the following four tasks were identified as critical to the work of middle managers (Morgan et al. 1996). 1. They interpret and represent the interests of their organizational unit. 2. They lend and secure the cooperative assistance of other work units. 3. They develop organizational relationships across legal and budgetary boundaries. 4. They leverage other people's time. Middle managers also develop public policy responses to issues of the day. another major task of middle managers is marketing and delivering the workgroup's expertise to others. Prosecutors meeting with police officials and members of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and local community groups to plan antidrug strategies are entrusted by the prosecutor's office to represent and project the interests of the organization beyond its own walls. When faced with tasks that a work unit cannot undertake on its own, the middle manager develops and relies upon organizational relationships with others outside of the unit in order to get things accomplished Middle managers often are called upon to attend meetings and perform tasks that have a vague, ill-defined, or even ill-conceived purpose. In such settings, middle managers are expected to ably represent a collection of interests and be incisive enough to determine whether the issues discussed have a bearing on and a relationship to the abilities, concerns, and interests of their own organizational unit. Sometimes it is simply a "flag-flying exercise" to maintain visibility and recognition that the organization or the unit has a sphere of interest and a stake in the topic under discussion. More often, though, their work requires reading between the lines, attending to what others are not saying, assessing the interests at stake in the room, and determining what actions and resources their own work units must commit as a result of such meetings. All complex organizations need middle managers to represent a work unit's interests, to secure or lend assistance, to develop professional relationships, and to leverage other people's time (especially that of their superiors). These four functions are common to middle managers in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. However, middle managers in the public sector carry out these functions quite differently than their counterparts in the private sector and, to a lesser extent, in the nonprofit sector. These differences result from two characteristics that distinguish the public and private sectors: one is the lack of a common dollar denominator for measuring successful service in the public sector; the other is the impact of free market barriers to collaborative activity in the private sector. For example, Microsoft Corporation's financial interests are not well served by developing its Windows2 operating system so that it is compatible with all of the operating systems of its competitor software providers. Because of these differences in financial benchmarks, middle managers in the public sector encounter service and accountability responsibilities that their counterparts in the private sector do not fac

According to Lipsky, the exercise of discretion by street-level bureaucrats is _______.

necessary

This is a theme we address throughout the book, especially in chapter 12, where we argue that administrators across all sectors

need toview their role as polity leaders in addition to serving as managers of their organizations.

In American public life, the first method by which we provide for ordered liberty and the protection of equality is through the principle Law integrates ? relation to public servants? subject to what scrutiny x2 Law is therefore integral to public decision making and the administrative process. Infact, under the American legal system, no rule of law give real meaning to ? public servants must?

of rule by law. Our rights are enshrined in law, and we bind all who engage in public decisions and actions to established legal procedures that help preserve those rights. This principle, more than any other, is what distinguishes government administration from for-profit business and nonprofit management—and from the traditional instrumental approach that has dominated administrative thought since the Progressive Era. ends with means and in many cases provides vague and/or ambiguous language subject to nuance and arguable interpretations. It establishes a minimum standard of reasonability to which all administrative decisions are subject. Public servants must give reasons for their decisions, and these reasons are subject to scrutiny on both substantive and procedural grounds. administrator can take official action without clearly identifying a source of legal authority that permits such action. This gives real meaning to the principle of "limited government." The powers granted to all officials, and the ends prescribed for them, are defined and circumscribed by law. The legal foundation for public administration in the United States means that legal knowledge and analysis cannot be left exclusively to lawyers. Public servants of all stripes must cultivate anunderstanding of the Constitution and laws that guide their work; they must use law and comply with it. Those officials who do not give it due regard endanger their fiduciary role (a public trust)as agents of democratic governance.

What are local statutes are often called?

ordinances

Thus, order and liberty exist in a

paradoxical relationship thatrequires shifting negotiations and compromises over their meaning as well as their applicationthrough time. Together, order and liberty form a moving target that is never fully captured by oneor another agenda or institutional arrangement

Publics service is thus mired in

politics at all levels. It is, however, a coherent and structured politics,not simply a chaotic melee among egos and interests. By this we mean that there are different types and spheres of politics

Government special districts offer an alternative way of

providing public services. Unlike gen- eral-purpose governments that administer a broad range of services, special districts are established to administer one specialized activity on a "cost of service" basis. Special district governments face the same institutional and procedural checks as faced by general-purpose governments. Fire and emergency response, hospital, police, water, sewer, library, and other services can be provided by creating a unit of government whose sole purpose is to administer that service at a specified cost to each member of the district. Local school districts present a well-known example of this type of special district government.

Result-Oriented Legitimacy problems less obvious ways that public servants foster results-oriented legitimacy through the exercise of their administrative discretion. ?

public servants are also judged by their ability "to deliver the goods." Citizens, customers, and nonprofit donors want results, especially in matters that affect them directly. Most public services are delivered unobtrusively, with hardly any thought on the part of citizens about what is required to make the service work. This quiet and trouble-free delivery is usually taken for granted and thereby indicates a significant degree of legitimacy accompanied by a sense of entitlement. 1.First, many studies of administrative and organizational behavior have revealed a variety of organizational problems or pathologies that harm employees, erode public accountability, and compromise effectiveness. These findings have prompted continual efforts to make bureaucracies more humane in the sense of providing more personable and enriching working environments, less rigid organizational structures, and less stultifying procedures, and making agencies more representative of the people they serve. When taken seriously, these administrative reforms alter bureaucratic outcomes and thereby affect administrative legitimacy among employees and the citizens who receive services 2. since government mostly produces services with nuanced qualities and value-laden connotations, it ends up having to define what "good service" means. It has to do this at various levels within the organization as well as outwardly to clients and other interested parties (Morgan et al. 1996). Good service standards are difficult to measure in the public sector, which has to reconcile competing public values of satisfaction, need, efficiency, effectiveness, equity, and available resources. This places a burden on public servants to negotiate and mediate conflicting views of what counts for good service. Private for-profit organizations generally have an easier time than public agencies in addressing "good service" problems. 3.An additional factor that compounds the problem of defining good service is that it is continu- ally being redefined at all levels of the organization under the constraints of politically established budgets. This redefinition frequently results in nonprofit contractors and partners receiving limited government funding. Street-level bureaucrats and front-line supervisors routinely make trade-offs in the amount of time and effort they devote to competing demands; furthermore, they are obliged to make judgments about how workable any given policy may be in light of the individual cases they encounter. The attention they confer on any given client and to various priorities over a given span of time redefines much of the meaning, as well as effectiveness, of public policy (Lipsky 1980; Vinzant and Crothers 1998). As the question of good service moves upward in the organization, pu

Responsiveness

public servants deal with people who may not be able to find alternative service providers when they are dissatisfied. As a result, citizens interact with government agencies with heightened expectations regarding responsiveness and respect.

The nonprofit sectoR

r relies on this infrastructure, depending heavily upon the grants, contracts, and other forms of sponsorship by governments at all levels, not to mention its privileged tax-exempt status. The elaborate legal and procedural environment of many governments helps provide stability for the other sectors, but it also presents impediments to highly efficient operations. Private-sector firms and nonprofit organizations enjoy substantial advantages over the public sector in this regard.

Which of the following characteristics and traits would be found in Weber's ideal bureaucracy?

reliance on skills, experience, and expertise employees feeling dehuamnized hierarchy

Nonprofit Sector

responsibility

Private Sector

self interest

Who is a street-level bureaucrat?

social security clerk

According to Cooper, which are virtue career officials require?

substantive rationality, public spiritedness, prudence or practical judgmen

Law Authorizes Revenue Collection and Expenditure

the financial and budgetary systems of our governments are subject tolegal procedures and authorizations that reflect the jealous interplay of the legislative and execu-tive branches of government over extracting and then spending taxpayer's money.

The interdependence of the multiple sectors of the American political economy also has some important leadership and budgeting implications for public administrators, particularly at the?

the local levels of government. We believe that local governments will increasingly play a polity-making role as demands grow on shrinking public resources.

For Jacksonians, to whom was the government accountable?

the people

Federalism ensures that states have independent authority to maintain

the public health and safety of their communities. Statesdetermine how they will organize and distribute this responsibility among various subunits (i.e.,counties, cities, township, boroughs, regional governments, etc.) and what kinds of powers thesesubunits can exercise.

In making the Bill of Rights provisions equally applicable to both the U.S. and state/local governing bodies, the courts have broadened

the responsibility for administrators at all levels of government.

Anti-Federalists effective representation

thinking and feeling as people do

The Washingtonian Model: Administration as Systematic Planning

to "reinvent government" in order to improve its performance. At its base, the Washingtonian model embraces the argument that a powerful government is needed to both protect and enhance our liberties. The Washingtonian model emphasizes the importance of systematic planning, coordinated implementation with adequate resources, and the ability to act quickly and decisively. Alexander Hamilton's principle of "energy in the executive" required adequate unity of command, duration in office, competent powers, sufficient resources, and a core group of experienced, knowledgeable officials, all of which characterized President Washington's administration. Washington's presiding leadership and sound judgment enabled subordinate colleagues such as Hamilton to develop sophisticated plans and proposals, and to help establish new institutions and practices that would help stabilize the new nation and set it on course for commercial and agricultural prosperity. The Washington administration either bolstered or put in place the basic elements of a stable commercial economy, a sound defense, a basic communications system, and a revenue system, all of which instilled broad public confidence in the viability of the new nation. This model works best when problems require systematic solutions, where there is general disenchantment with the current state of affairs, and when experienced and knowledgeable people needed to address the problems are available and seen as legitimate. It works less well in solving problems that are fundamentally political in nature, or when the nature of the expertise needed to solve the problems is in dispute. For example, it works much better when applied to fighting wars or dampening economic cycles than it does in ameliorating problems of racism, poverty, and economic inequality. Moreover, as early critics passionately argued, the competent powers required for the model to work are double edged. They can also be used in an oppressive manner—to abuse rights as well as to protect them, and to overwhelm smaller, weaker, but no less vital governments in the federal system.

We also emphasize that the knowledge and responsibilities of career public servants as applied

to administrative processes and structures constitute a practice. Like other practices, public administration requires standards and skills that must be cultivated and tempered by working in the field and in concert with others, not just studying it as a detached observer. Public servants must gain a feel for their work and understand the context and pressures of their practice.

In New Public Governance, what is the goal of government?

to promote the larger common good

According to Lipsky, street level bureaucrats are policymakers.

true

According to Rohr, bureaucrats are politicians.

true

Process Legitimacy

ublic servants in government have a unique set of process expectations that set them apart from their for-profit and nonprofit sector counterparts. While not strictly bound by these procedural steps, nonprofit administrators may need to take similar actions for process legitimacy.

The for-profit private sector negotiates The interests of the nonprofit sector, on the other hand, are usually regarded as part of the Special districts and general-purpose public bodies arbitrate value differences Special districts are established to pursue

value differences through the market, and its interests are parochial. larger common good. through the political process, but they differ in the scope of interests they embrace. parochial interests in contrast to the broader common interests of general-purpose governmental units.

"Miss" Laverne Burchfield PHD,

was "real" managing editor of PAR (1944-1958) and ASPA's first uncredited executive director. Mary Guy published her story in 2002.

"Miss" Francis Perkins

was U.S. Secretary of Labor (1933-1945)

The Seventeenth Amendment changes the way and the Twenty-second Amendment limits Together, these changes provide the basis for an argument (rohr)

way senators are elected—from election by their statelegislatures to direct election by the people—persons to two terms as the nation's president. that career public servants now fulfill more of the role that was originally intended to be performed bythe U.S. Senate (Rohr 1986).

George Washington Problem

weak, incompetent and fickle government

career public administrators do influence the framing of these debates and play a key role in the development and implementation of policies that aspire to improve the economic Nonprofit administrators may have enhanced responsibilities advocating for

well-being of allAmericans. equality and social justice. Nonprofit organization missions and goals, along with the personal convictions of its leaders and supporters, may require nonprofit administrators to engage in active political and policy advocacy or in service activities to those in need.

When does the Washingtonian model not work well?

when problems are fundamentally political in nature

regime approach

• Emphasis on the character-forming and value-generating nature of governance and the rolespublic administrators play • Focus on the underlying philosophic principlesunique to each political system and subsystem • Emphasis on the emergence of politicallegacies that create and inform administrativetraditions • Emphasis on the foundational tensions uponwhich the political systems rests • Constitutionalist school of PA • Regime vs. science-centered PA

Doctrinal and formalistic approaches

• Emphasis on the development ofconstitutional doctrines in relationship topublic administration • Emphasis on the importance of doctrinal legalprinciples to guide administrative practice andeducate administrators

Structuralist

• Emphasis on the structure of the Constitution • Cases used to illustrate the changingrelationship of the government to the nonprofit,private and public sector, the changing natureof federalism, and the changing nature of therelationship among the legislative, executive,and judicial branches of government • Emphasis on the "problematic" of balancingcompeting democratic goals/values • Focus on the balancing role administratorsplay in structural arrangements thatinstitutionalize competing constitutional values • Organization theory and the Constitution