Midterm Quizlet - Armitage
2 main drivers of globalization
- Improvements in transportation systems - Improvements in communication and information technologies
Theories of Globalization(3 types)
- Modernization theory (structural-functionalism) - World systems theory (conflict) - world society theory
Sociological Perspectives
- Structural Functionalism - Critical Theory / Conflict Theory - Symbolic Interactionism - Feminism
why do sociologists conduct research?
- create objective understandings of the social world - answer questions on individual behaviour - explore how society functions as a whole
what is social inequality is based on
- differences between people that are consequential to their lives - differences that shape the rights and opportunities people exercise - differences that affect the rewards and privileges they enjoy eg. social class, gender, sexuality, age, etc.
Emile Durkheim
- father of sociology -argued Sociology should focus on empirical research where sociology prioritizes social over the individual and is based on the study of social facts - established the field of sociology as separate and distinct from psychology and political philosophy - theorized that suicide be explained by social facts (opposed to individual causes)
causes of South african poverty
- growing poverty - high unemployent - lack of economic growth - has a legacy in colonialism
what is social change?
- institutions perpetuate inequality and create social change eg. religion, a social institution that has changed dramatically in canadian society (and worldwide) - secularization is one part of this
Why is socialization important?
- provides us with the necessary skills for participating in society - helps us fit into society roles - leads us to develop a 'self'
Causes for homelessness
- spousal or parental abuse - family breakdown - eviction,etc., in combination with other factors (illness, disability, addiction)
3 core aims of sociology
- to identify general themes in everyday life (find patterns in behaviour) - Critically asses the common and familiar (find the strange in familiar) - Examine relationship between individuals and society (people shape society, but also shaped BY society)
Consequences of Colonialism
-Income: 60% of national average, 50% live under poverty line (10% of total canada does) -Justice: 1/5 of prison population is Indigenous. -Health: life expectancy less, greater infant mortality, more than a third of deaths are violence related. Education: greater dropout rate
Bourgeoisie
-capitalists -own the means of production -*profit motive*: production of surplus value on top of the value of the goods + the labor time necessary to produce them=based on *exploitation* competition whereby aim to: -pay lower wages -increase work hours -invest in machinery -increase scale of production
"Indian"
-refers to the legal identity of an Aboriginal person registered under the Indian Act (first established in 1876) -Indian Act created division between "status" and "non-status" Indians -aside from specific legal context is considered dated and offensive -indigenous peoples may refer to themselves as Indians perhaps to show themselves as defined by federal legislation (you (colonizers) gave us this name/ identity)
Proletariat
-working class -own only labour in exchange for wages -the value of the labour (the wage) = the value of the goods necessary for worker to subsist and reproduce. -relationship leads to *alienation* -perpetual exploitation and inability to gain ownership of property -development of *class consciousness* that possibly will lead to *Socialist Revolution*
"Aboriginal" demographic
4.3% of total population in 2011 and 5% of BC population -fastest growing demographic group in Canada
Parties
=organizations that attempt to influence social action + focus on achieving some goal in the sphere of power, through rational and legal manner. -parties recruit from class situation or status situation (think MAGA/Trump markets to angry, uneducated white people) -Parties can include: -formal political parties (liberal/democrat) -groups aiming to solve social problems (ex. block watch) -Environmental groups (ex. Greenpeace) -Sporting/recreation org. (ex. YMCA)
Status Groups: Status Situation
=the evaluation of ones character or 'style of life' based on social prestige and honour that is expressed in our interactions with each other. Can be formal (calling someone Dr.) or informal (respecting ur elders)
Weber's 3 Primary Bases of Power
Class (economic: income+wealth) Status group (social: prestige + honour) Party (political power) =all combine to create *social status*
Class Struggle is an example of which Sociological Perspective?
Conflict Theory. ex. "The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggle" -The Communist Manifesto
Social Status
a term used to describe individuals and groups in society based on *honour* and *prestige*, which is in relationship to their relative position in the social stratification of a given society.
4 types of suicide
altruistic, egoistic, fatalism, anomic
What does the richest 1% earn?
as much income as the bottom 57%.
Interconnectedness
being connected with each other through communication, technology, trace, etc.
what is the measurement and comparison of inequality grounded in?
distribution of income and wealth within a country
When does homelessness tend to increase?
during economic downturns
Ascribed
gender, ethnicity, race, age -all of which tend to be characteristics we are born with
High Status
gives privileges: legal, economic & interpersonal
globalization increases _______________________
material/physical connections eg. Movement of goods/people/money across the national borders
What are social institutions?
norms, values and rules that structure human interactions
Indigenous
refers to peoples with ties and long settlement to specific lands. (in Canada often refers to those who have been adversely affected by the incursions of industrial economies, displacement, and settlement of their traditional territories by others. The term is frequently used around the world)
Aboriginal
refers to the descendants of original indigenous occupants of a specific country, lands or territory. -became popular in 1982 when the constitution defined the term -has been rejected (as well as "Native") as they are too broad and European Aboriginals 1982 defined as: Indian, Métis and Inuit peoples...
Quantitative Research
research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
Qualitative Research
research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data
Legacy of Colonialism
resistance to industrial development and over reliance on single-commodity export economies.
what did 82% of the wealth generated last year go to? (according Oxfam report)
richest one percent of the global population while the 3.7 billion people who make up the poorest half of the world saw no increase in their wealth
Norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behaviour of its members
public issues
social problems that arise in society - transcend the immediate milieu (personal environment) eg. unemployment and wage levels, poverty, rise in one person households
Globalization
the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. increasing interconnectedness of people, products, ideas, and places
Social Inequality Definition
the structured uneven distribution of resources in relation to socially defined categories (class, race, gender, etc.) that impacts the kind of lives people lead (education, health, housing etc.)
global inequality
the systematic differences in wealth, power and income between countries
Gini Coefficient
used to measure income inequality where 0 corresponds with perfect equality and 1 corresponds with perfect inequality. eg. Canada had a 0.281 as the gini coefficient, meaning it was higher than most
"Métis" 1982 Constitution Act
Descendants of marriages between European and Cree, Inuit, Ojibway, Algonquin, Saulteaux, Menominee etc.... peoples.
Low Income Cut-Off (LICO)
Family that spends roughly 70% or more of its income on food, shelter and clothing this measure acts as Canada's unofficial poverty line
5 core institutions in modern societies
- Family - Education - Religion - Economy - Government
Class as described by Max Weber (compared to Marx)
1)*class situation* individuals that share a common life = chances in the sale or purchase of labour or commodities, which differentiates between different sub-classes; that are either propertied or non propertied. (ex. we can't all afford Balenciaga...that doesn't make use distinctly Proletariat) 2) Classes exist as statistical entities (not groups or communities) 3) Collective action (revolution etc.) is possible but not *inevitable* from 'class situation' -there is no given group based consciousness.
Critiques of Marx
1. How many classes? 2. Growth of the middle class/ professions 3. Continued importance of small business. 4. Material well being of many increased. 5.Workers as free agents- choice 6. Economic class doesn't capture all inequalities 7. many, many, owners- shares/stocks, pension plans 8. Failures of Socialism (Russia)
What does globalization do to society?
facilitate the movement of people, products, and ideas gives rise to unique forms of social inequality
Who coined the term sociology? What was the inspiration?
Auguste Comte (French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès was the first to use the term but Comte reinvented it) - inspired by rapid change taking place around him
egoistic suicide
Occurs in societies with low levels of integration
"Inuit" 1982 Constitution Act
General term for Aboriginal people living in the Arctic.
anomic suicide
Occurs in societies with low levels of regulation
World society theories
Importance of global institutions and cultural models in shaping behavior of nations, organizations and individuals.
what does inequality lead to?
Inequality leads to consumerism, isolation, and anxiety, as such inequality effects both the rich and the poor
Low Status
Involves withholding privileges and/ or applying sanctions
Major Differences Marx vs. Weber
Marx: -class is an entity, class consciousness is tied to continued exploitation of the proletariat, leading to socialist revolution. -class struggle between the Bourgeoisie & Proletariat -Economic Reductionism- economics the determining aspect of history. Weber: -Class not as an entity, hence 'class consciousness' is more subjective and based on 'Class Situation' that may lead to action if relationships are transparent. -Distinction between 1) propertied (renters, entrepreneurs) and non-propertied (middle class, skilled workers, semi-skilled workers, unskilled workers) -stratification is legitimated through the use of power in the economic, social & political spheres.
social mobility
Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another
does global economic growth reach the working people (money-wise)?
No
Who wrote "The Society of Individuals"?
Norbert Elias (1987)
altruistic suicide
Occurs in societies with high levels of integration.
fatalistic suicide
Occurs in societies with high levels of regulation
Modernization Theory
States pass through different stages going from traditional to modern societies. Argues that traditional values hinders development
Globalization relies on ____________________________
Shared global infrastructure, a networker society eg. international transport and banking systems
Six points Émile Durkheim argues about society
Soars above us, exerts a constraining influence, regulates collective activity, enables us to understand rules, governs social behaviour, helps us get along w/ one another.
3 foci of sociology
Social inequality, social institutions, social change
Societies require ________________
Social interaction between its members
First Nations
Term used to describe Indigenous ppls of Canada who are ethnically neither Métis nor Inuit. -became common in 70s and 80s and generally replaced the term "Indian" although online Indian it does not have a legal definition. -when singular, can refer to a band, reserve-based community, larger tribal grouping and the status Indians who live in them.
Thomas King
The Inconvenient Indian: A Curious Account of Native People in North America (2014) Offers 3 types of Indians: -The dead Indian: the one of myths and the past, and which North Americans want in their films -The Live Indian: The Indian that is demanding the same opportunities for education and employment. -The Legal Indian: The Indian with treaties and that have claims to land and resources.
Weber's Model of Stratification
The Social Order is fragmented- people exist in multiple groups at one time- whereby different spheres of social life take precedent at certain times.
Socialization
The lifelong process of learning our society norms, customs, and ideologies - occurs through socializing with others
World Systems Theory
Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is linked to the economic activities of the developed world
Land Acknowledgment
We are gathered on the traditional(used for millennia), ancestral (handed down from generation to generation), unceded (not handed over to the Crown by treaty) territory (belonging to) of the Musqueam people.
Which gender is more likely to attempt suicide?
Women more often attempt to commit suicide, but men succeed more often (because males often do more violent attempts, ie. guns, whereas females often do quieter/less violent attempts, ie. pills)
Social Class
a group of individuals who occupy a similar position in the economic system of production.
absolute poverty
a lack of resources that is life-threatening eg. living on $1 a day, little food + water
Meritocracy
a liberal notion which holds that certain things, such as economic wealth or acceptance to university is awarded to people (individuals) on the basis of talent, efforts, and hard work.
Modernity
changes brought about by the industrial revolution aka Modern Society
C. Wright Mills
coined the term sociological imagination believed in *personal troubles* and *public issues* and how they defined the type of solutions produced (individual or the society) (individual shapes society but also shaped by society)
the 3 richest people in the world own more than _____________________
combined gross domestic product (GDP) of the 54 least developed countries.
relative poverty
deprivation of one individual in comparison with another easiest way to measure the level of poverty in an individual country eg. you get uni level education and can get more job offers than someone with high school diploma
Corrado Gini
developed gini index measures inequality on scale of 0-1
the lower the Gini, the more ____________ the country
equal
Status Groups: Status Privileges
expressed through the monopolisation of *ideal* (clothes, food, etc.) and material (property) goods
Social Facts
external social structures, norms, and values that shape individuals' actions. realities that exist external to the individual
Structural Functionalism
interested in explaining how society functions effectively - society's purpose is to survive and reproduce itself - socialization ensures society functions effectively - socialization is a top-down process
Types of social mobility
intergenerational and intragenerational
Society
largest-scale human group that shares a common geographic territory and common institutions.
Achieved
occupation, citizenship, education- all of which tend to be acquired on the basis of merit reflecting a person's skills, abilities & effort
cycle of poverty
poverty tends to perpetuate itself and is therefore likely to continue for an individual or group unless there is some outside intervention eg. children in welfare families may end up on welfare themselves when they grow up unless they get help
personal troubles
problems we face as individuals -our immediate milieu (individual's personal environment) eg. loneliness, shoplifting, poverty/hunger
Secularization
process by which religion loses its authority over individuals and social life in general - often noted as a dynamic of modernity.
Durkheim's Theory of Suicide
proposed that suicide is a product of social forces, depending on a person's level of social integration and social regulation - compared rates of suicide across different groups of people found that suicide rates vary by the level of regulation and integration within a society. - identified four types of suicide
2 major types of research
quantitative and qualitative
Social Closure
status groups restrict social interaction to maintain their own community's privileges. (one's status may secure economic and/or political benefits)
"Indian" 1982 Constitution Act
status indians (non-status only recognized as Aboriginal from 2016)
globalization is ____________________
supported by normative societies e.g. Tariff agreements and friendly relations between countries
Historical Materialism
the assumption that material forces are the prime movers of history and politics; a key philosophical tenet of Marxism believed that the goal of sociology is not to scientifically analyze society but to use scientific analysis as a basis to change society/sociology
social stratification
the categorization of people into layers based on their jobs, income, wealth, social status and power (e.g. social class/ socio-economic status)
poverty line
the estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life
What group of people seem more likely to live in poverty and become homeless? (3 groups)
visible immigrants, indigenous population, disabilities (mental and physical)
