Midterm

Christopher Columbus

reached the Americas in 1492 exploring the coastline of Cuba and Hispaniola in the Caribbean. He believed he had reached Asia

Viceroys

were appointed to rule the colonies in absence of the monarch

Missions

were built to Christianize the native peoples and use them for labor

Baldassare Castiglione

wrote The Book of the Courtier

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote The Prince

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

The Thirty Years' War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. Ended up becoming more political after Catholic France started fighting the Catholic Emperor

Civil War and Commonwealth

A civil war erupted in 1642 between the supporters of the King Charles I (Cavaliers) and supporters of Parliament (Roundheads).

Papal States

A section of central Italy governed by the pope Rome is the capital Political body of the Catholic Church Spanish Soldiers invaded and looted Rome Spain was in control until the Italian Wars ended in 1559

Desiderius Erasmus

Christian humanist Believed Christianity should teach people how to live good lives did not think pilgrimages and relics or certain other old traditions were important Wrote The Praise of Folly in 1509 to criticize church practices did not want to break from the church

Effects of the Reformation: Anabaptists

Considered to be dangerously radical by Catholics and Protestants believed in separation of Church and State and faced persecution for their political beliefs

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish/Portuguese but born in Latin America

Characteristics of Florence

Dominated the region of Tuscany Ruled by wealthy merchant families, especially the Medici A French Invasion sent the Medici family into exile in the late 1400s The Medici returned to power soon after

Martin Luther

German monk and professor Believed Christians could only be saved through their in God, called justification by faith alone (Solo fides) did not like relics of indulgences wrote 99 theses in 1517 which attacked the sale of indulgences wanted to eliminate traditional Catholic ceremonies forced out of the Church in 1521 created Lutheranism

Characteristics of Milan

In Northern Italy A very rich city-state Ruled by Visconti family until 1447 Later, conquered and ruled by Francesco Sforza

Characteristics of the Kingdom of Naples

In Southern Italy Ruled by a hereditary monarch Occupied by the French King Charles VIII in 1494 The Spanish and French battled for control of the area for the next 30 years

Characteristics of Venice

In northeast Italy International power whose strength was based on trade Is a Commercial Link between Asia and Western Europe Republic run by elected leader called a "Doge" the real power was held by the rich merchant families

Spanish Explorers

Included Columbus, Magellan, Pizarro, and Cortes Sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean to fin a route to Asia

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect Painted: The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa

Gutenberg's Printing press

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in the 1440s encouraged Scholarly research and articles stimulated the publics desire to gain knowledge In 1455 the Gutenberg Bible became the first book to be printed in Europe

Effects of the Reformation: Switzerland

John Calvin spread the ideas of justification and predestination; Calvinism became a dynamic and activist faith

The Stuarts and Divine Right

King James I of the Stuart Dynasty believed they received their power from and was only responsible to God.

New painting techniques

Masaccio's frescoes were the first masterpieces of Renaissance art. With the introduction of fresco painting. Which included a mastering of the laws of perspective, human figures had a depth previously unseen. Artists of this period were able to create the illusion of three dimensions, which led to a new realistic look to paintings

Commercial Revolution

Mecantilism, which was the belief that the prosperity of a nation depended on its supply of bullion (gold and silver) contributed to the success of the Commercial Revolution.

Glorious Revolution

Nervous about the Catholicism of King James II, Parliament invited his protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to invade and take the throne.

Mulattoes

Offspring of Africans and Europeans

Ferdinand Magellan

Passed through a waterway at the tip of South America, later called the Strait of Magellan. Although he reached the Philippines, he was killed by indigenous people there. Magellan is remembered as the first person to sail completely around the world.

Batholomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer that rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1488

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, arriving in Calicut in 1498. Made a large profit from spices obtained in India

Afonso de Albuquerque

Portuguese naval/military leader who ended Muslim control of the Indian Ocean trade--took Melaka, Moluccas, (A treaty was signed with the Moluccan ruler that established Portuguese control of the spice trade

Effects of the Reformation: European Society

Public schools emerged because Martin Luther believed it was important to provide the church with good Christians

sculpture and architecture

Renaissance sculptors and architects sought to express a human-centered world Architect Filippo Brunelleschi designed the church of San Lorenzo in Florence, which departs from the overwhelming effects of Gothic cathedrals and focuses on human rather than divine needs.

Effects of the Reformation: England

Rooted in Politics, the reformation was a result of King Henry VIII wanting a divorce which the Catholic Church would not grant King Henry VIII enacted the act of supremacy making him head of the Church in England

Peninsulares

Spanish/Portuguese born, came to Latin America; officials, highest social class.

Michelangelo

Statue of David, Sistine Chapel

Effects of the Reformation: Catholic Church

The establishment of the Jesuits, the reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent were essential elements of the Catholic Reformation.

The Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

What was the Spanish Armada's objective?

To change England to a Catholic Nation

Shared ideas of Martin Luther and Desiderius Erasmus

Wanted to reform the Catholic Church Thought the Church Wrote documents that criticized the Church Called for change of traditional church rules and beliefs

Mita

a labor system that the Spanish administrators in Peru used to draft native people to work

Encomienda

a system of labor the Spanish used in the Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers

Mestizos

offspring of Europeans and Native Americans

The Restoration

through the Stuart dynasty was restored with Charles II in 1660, Parliament kept much of the power it had won in the Civil War