Midterm/final review funeral history trends

In a Dutch funeral procession, how many pall bearers were needed

12

On what century did the American funeral director occupation emerge?

19th

In Ancient Greek society, what was given as payment to the ferryman in order to cross the river Styx into the netherworld? A. Animal sacrifice B. Wine C. A coin D. Honey cake

A coin

How did the New England settler view death ?

Accepted it as natural

All are examples of mourning gifts, except:

Alchohol

In the early colonial funerals, what items normally made up a larger percentage of the total expense?

Alcohol and food

The common belief that death does not end a relationship with the living in found between whom?

All early people of civilized society

What was the term for the Egyptian, man-shaped coffin which gained popularity over time? A. Mummy B. Sarcophagus C. Canopic D. Anthropoid

Anthropoid

What was the name of the long pleated arrangement of the fine linen was worn by a widow during the middle -ages, which was a cap with a strap under the chin?

Barbe

What were the first embalmers known as? A. Professors B. Preservatists C. Barber-surgeons D. Physicians

Barber-surgeons

What was the Hebrew term referring to the flesh? A. Nefresh B. Basar C. Sheol D. Charon

Basar

In addition to flesh, what other element did the Hebrews believe man was made of? A. Soul B. Emotion C. Blood D. Breath

Breath

In Egyptian times, wealthy, deceased persons were eviscerated and their organs were preserved and stored in four jars, what is the term for these jars? A. Sepulchrum B. Urn C. Canopic D. Anthropoid

Canopic

To what group is the "kiss of peace" attributed?

Christians

What group feared not being resurrected of Their bodies were cremated?

Christians

Where did early American burials normally take place?

Churchyard

During the funeral of the 18th century, what group of people were known to take advantage of the captive audience attending the services?

Clergy

What was the major difference between the Christians and the Hebrews in regards to handling the dead??

Clergy and laity would touch the dead body of Christians

Why did early puritans move away from clergy being involved in funerals?

Clergy were using the funerals to preach

What was the primary motivation behind the types of funerals practiced in the Virginia colonies?

Commercial advancement

The brief ritual service that takes place once the body is at the grave is called the

Committal

Who was the first Christian ruler of Rome ? A. Nero B. Herodotus C. Constantine D. Caesar

Constantine

What benefit did Samuel Sewells journals provide for historians?

Described early American funeral behavior

A preservation method of injecting cedar oil into the body cavity? Caused the organs to do what? A. Foam B. Dissolve C. Harden D. Expand

Dissolve

Who was the person to recommend that a medical officer certify the deaths of children, in order to prevent insurance fraud?

Edwin Chadwick

What civilization has had, arguably, the most influence on modern funeral practices? A. Roman B. Egyptian C. Greek D. Babylonian

Egyptian

What word best describes the feudal funeral of the 17th century?

Elaborate

The use of a pall in a Christian funeral supports what early Christians belief? A. The body should not be viewed B. Everyone is equal in death C. Provides a barrier between the soul and the body D. Death is baptism

Everyone is equal in death

Black is the predominant color in all civilizations to symbolize mourning? True or false

False

Christianity had no major influence over funeral practices during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance True or false

False

Cremation was a common place during the Black Plague True or false

False

Early Christians did not mark their graves with headstones True or false

False

Friends of the family provided the funeral feasts so the family was not burdened with the expense of it True or false

False

It was common practice for Christians to be buried far away from their churches so the act of visiting the grave would be a pilgrimage for the family True or false

False

It was the popes edict of toleration that allowed bodies to be buried within the city walls True or false

False

The burial in woolen act of 1666 required that bodies be buried in linen and no longer in wool True or false

False

Wool was scarce during the Middle Ages and needed in order to produce paper, thus resulting in the burial in woolen act of 1666 True or false

False

In the typical death of New England during the 18th century, who normally took care of preparing the body for viewing?

Family members

Who was the person who developed a system of arterial injection with envisceration? A. William hunter B. John hunter C. Fredrick ruysch D. William Harvey

Frederick ruysch

For what purpose did the Scandinavians and Germans practice cremation? A. For ease of transporting the dead B. Cremation C. Free the spirit from the body D. To protect the dead from the living

Free the spirit for the body

What is the term for the designated people who dug graves and performed other funeral duties as assigned? A. Pollinctores B. Functionaries C. Slaves D. Valkyries

Functionaries

What was the purpose of monkey spoons in the 18th century?

Gift to pallbearers

The Elysian Fields are associated with what ancient civilization? A. Egyptian B. Scandinavian C. Greek D. Roman

Greek

What ancient civilization began cremating its dead around the time of 1000 BC ? A. Egyptian B. Greek C. Roman D. Babylonian

Greek

In Ancient Egyptian belief, what organ was believed to be the seat of intellect and emotion? A. Stomach B. Lungs C. Brain D. Heart

Heart

Who is the Greek historian referred to as the "father of history?" A. Ramses B. Osiris C. Euripides D. Herodotus

Herodotus

In the ancient Jewish tradition, burial took place on the evening of the day of death for what purpose? A. Delayed burial lowered your a social status B. The law required it C. Lowered the financial burden on the family D. Hygienic necessity

Hygienic necessity

What was the term for when the bodies of the noble were separated and the bones were brought back to their home in a chest for burial?

Independent bone burial

Who performed the famous embalming where the deceased was encased and displayed in the spouses home for several years?

John hunter

In ancient Egyptian culture, what element of the body required the most attention? A. Ba B. Yakhu C. Shadow D. Ka

Ka

Who is the person who developed a system of venous injection that served as the inspiration for the development of arterial embalming A. Leonardo da Vinci B. Fredrick Ruysch C. John Hunter D. Gabriel Clauderus

Leonardo da Vinci

Who is the Roman goddess of corpse and funerals? A. Epicurus B. Dionysius C. Libitina D. Helena

Libitina

What role, from Roman culture, is considered to be the direct ancestor of the modern-day funeral director? A. Libitinarius B. Designator C. Praeco D. Pollinctores

Libitinarius

What was the term for the head undertaker (master of ceremonies) in the Roman civilization funeral custom? A. Libitinarius B. Praeco C. Kher-heb D. Pollinctores

Libitinarius

What was the purpose of watching the deceased before burial? A. To protect the living from every spirits B. Out of respect C. For security of the body D. Make sure the person was dead

Make sure the person was dead

What empathy did the embargo act have on American funerlization?

Meant there was less money to spend on funerals

Sumptuary Laws were created for what purpose?

Minimize funeral expense

What style of casket was used in early Jewish burials? A. Terra cotta containers B. Stone sarcophagus C. No casket was used D. Wooden coffins

No casket was used

Who is the ancient Egyptian civilization was known as god of the underworld and judge of the dead? A. Herodotus B. Isis C. Osiris D. Horus

Osiris

In Ancient Rome, where were burials permitted to take place? A. Under the streets B. On family land C. Outside the city walls D. Within the city limits

Outside the city walls

What was the purpose of sumptuary laws? A. Permitted burial within the city walls B. Was the original form of mortuary law C. Guaranteed a funeral for every person D. Regulated the cost of a funeral

Regulated the cost of a funeral

The common man was buried during the night in what ancient society? A. Babylonian B. Egyptian C. Roman D. Greek

Roman

The Christian funeral in the western world was heavily influenced by whom? A. Egyptians B. Romans C. Roman Catholic Church D. Canon law

Roman Catholic Church

Whose diaries gave great insight into the death and burial practices of the 18th century?

Samuel Sewell

Bodies were to be buried outside the city walls for what purpose?

Sanitation

What culture held the belief that there were supernatural guardian women in the afterlife? A. Egyptians B. Romans C. Scandinavian D. Hebrews

Scandinavian

The term Protestant, besides being a western religion not adherent to the Roman Catholic faith, was closely associated with the idea of:

Secularization

What is the Hebrew word for "Netherland" or underworld? A. Valhalla B. Basar C. Elysian D. Sheol

Sheol

Early American Puritan burials can be best described as:

Simple

What was a characteristic practice of the Jewish funeral custom? A. Simplicity B. Elaborate services C. Body preservation D. Creamation

Simplicity

What was the most persistent symbol of death in early New England?

Skull and crossbones

For whom was the commune sepulchrum used in Roman culture? A. Politicians B. Wealthy C. Animals D. Slaves

Slaves

Who were the valkyries

Supernatural women of the underworld

What purpose besides making a grave, were early headstones used for?

Tablets of expression

The ancient Egyptian preservative method of soaking a body for 70 days in a soda solution was reserved for whom? A. The poor B. Wealthy C. Children D. Women

The poor

What time of day were Jewish burials normally scheduled? A. The same day before sundown B. At the moment of dawn C. One hour before dawn D. In the middle of the night, before midnight

The same day before sundown

A women wearing a Barbe was a symbol indicating that she was widowed True or false

True

Burial guilds and leagues of prayer were designed to offset the expense of burial for the working class True or false

True

Christians did not fear their dead True of false

True

Funeral businesses emerged as a way to make money True or false

True

Incense was used in churches in order to cover the scent of decomposing bodies entombed within the walls True or false

True

Independent bone burial was a way for soldiers who died in battle far away from home to be easily transported back for a proper burial True or false

True

It was common to burn candles during medieval funeral rites True or false

True

Over 5000 people died each week as a result of the Black Plague True or false

True

The Catholic Church established the view that only through consecration could burial land be made sacred True or false

True

The church became a stabilizing force for citizens during the dark ages True or false

True

The wake was initially part of the funeral rite in order to make sure the person was actually dead True or false

True

What did the early Scandinavians call their version of the underworld? A. Heaven B. Valhalla C. Hades D. Sheol

Valhalla

Who is the person who injected dye into the arteries and discovered the circulation of blood? A. Leonardo da Vinci B. William Hunter C. William Harvey D. Gabriel Clauderus

William Harvey

Who is the anatomist credited with being the originator of the injection technique for preserving human remains? A. William Harvey B. John hunter C. William hunter D. Fredrick ruysch

William hunter