minerals & water (quiz 3; test 3)
true
T or F: calcium absorption DECREASES with age
bioavailability
Increased intake of one mineral can affect how others get absorbed (Minerals compete for this)
calcium
SALIVA is saturated with what for mineralization or remineralization of the tooth?
no but released from foods during digestion
are minerals digested?
35
at what age do we achieve peak bone mass
toxic
excessive intake from mineral supplements can be what?
into the bloodstream thru villi in small intestine
how are minerals absorbed?
like water-soluble vitamins or fat-soluble vitamins
how are minerals transported?
essential, inorganic, not easily destroyed, make of 4% of body mass
minerals are what kind of nutrient?
osteoporosis/osteomalacia
what are deficiencies of calcium
anemia - severely depleted iron stores resulting in low RBC concentration (pale color - hypochromic & small cells - microcytic)
what are deficiencies of iron?
consuming too many aluminum containing antacids (may lead to bone pain & weakness)
what are deficiencies of phosphorus caused by?
protein rich foods
what are food sources of phosphorus?
all protein-containing foods
what are food sources of sulfur?
incomplete calcification of teeth & increase in alveolar bone loss
what are oral manifestations of phosphorus?
weakness, headaches, darkening of skin, joint pain
what are symptoms of iron toxicity?
iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, fluoride
what are the 6 trace minerals?
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfur
what are the 7 major minerals?
occur due to heavy sweating, chronic diarrhea, or vomiting (rare)
what are the deficiencies of chloride?
decreases blood formation = causing anemia (rare)
what are the deficiencies of copper?
hypothyroidism & goiter
what are the deficiencies of iodine?
electrolyte imbalance (caused by excessive losses), nausea, vomiting, listlessness, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure
what are the deficiencies of potassium?
muscle weakness & joint pain (similar to vitamin E)
what are the deficiencies of selenium?
muscle cramps, loss of appetite, confusion
what are the deficiencies of sodium?
loss of appetite, alters taste, slow wound healing
what are the deficiencies of zinc?
forms & maintains bones & teeth, aids in blood clotting, aids in nerve function, regulates muscle contraction
what are the functions of calcium?
maintains electrolyte balance (-ion = extracellular - that reacts with chloride), regulates acid-base balance
what are the functions of chloride?
aids in absorption of iron & work with iron to synthesize hemoglobin
what are the functions of copper?
involved in formation of bones & teeth by increasing retention of calcium (can sometime substitute calcium)
what are the functions of fluoride?
major portion of RBCs & oxygen metabolism, produce 2.5 million RBCs per second, vitamin C increases absorption of dietary iron
what are the functions of iron?
assist in mineralization of bones & teeth, assist in the immune system via protein synthesis, inhibits blood clotting & muscle contraction
what are the functions of magnesium?
control water balance, muscle contraction & nerve transmission, tissue synthesis, antioxidants, energy metabolism but yield no energy
what are the functions of minerals?
assist with calcium & vitamin D in the formation of bones & teeth, regulates acid-base balance, necessary for muscle contraction
what are the functions of phosphorus?
regulates electrolyte balance (+ charge ion = intracellular) - part of sodium pump, pumps waste products outside of cell, regulate acid-base balance, essential role in nerve transmission & muscle contraction
what are the functions of potassium?
maintains electrolyte balance (+ion that works with -ion in chloride), regulates acid-base balance, aids in nerve & muscle contraction
what are the functions of sodium
antioxidant & used to preserve foods
what are the functions of sulfur?
involved in taste & smell sensitivity, would healing & immunity, develops pigment needed for night vision, aids in insulin storage in pancreas
what are the functions of zinc?
stronger bones & teeth, resistance to caries, remineralizes caries areas
what are the health benefits of fluoride?
hypocalcification (incomplete tooth calcification)
what are the oral manifestations of calcium deficiencies?
angular cheilosis, & pale lips & oral mucosa
what are the oral manifestations of iron?
impaired taste
what are the oral manifestations of zinc?
vomiting & diarrhea
what are the toxicities of copper?
can occur in with abnormal kidney failure, and overconsumption of potassium salts or supplements (including energy fitness shakes)
what are the toxicities of potassium?
GI disturbances, hair loss, fingernail discoloration, halitosis
what are the toxicities of selenium?
known to increase risk of hypertension (common)
what are the toxicities of sodium?
lack of muscle coordination, interferes with copper absorption, alters cholesterol metabolism & may weaken blood vessels
what are the toxicities of zinc?
if water deficiency causes dehydration there can be a high concentration of Cl in blood
what are toxicities of chloride?
dental fluorosis (mottled enamel - discoloration & pitting of tooth enamel during tooth development)
what are toxicities of fluoride?
excessive absorption with overconsumption of vitamin C & iron poisoning
what are toxicities of iron?
reduced calcium absorption = bone loss (Ca & P compete for absorption)
what are toxicities of phosphorus?
food & water
what can restore chloride balance?
high calcium intake
what competes with magnesium absorption?
80% of bones & teeth
what does phosphorus make up
phytochemicals
what in certain foods can bind with minerals & make them unavailable to the body?
table salt - 40% Na & 60% Cl
what is a food source of sodium & chloride?
Ca
what is calcium's element symbol?
K
what is element symbol for potassium?
magnesium
what is the 3rd most prevalent mineral in teeth & bone?
500 mg/day (1/4 teaspoon)
what is the adequate intake for sodium?
dental caries
what is the deficiency of flouride?
Cl
what is the element symbol for chloride?
Cu
what is the element symbol for copper?
Fl
what is the element symbol for fluoride?
I
what is the element symbol for iodine?
Fe
what is the element symbol for iron?
Mg
what is the element symbol for magnesium?
P
what is the element symbol for phosphorus?
Se
what is the element symbol for selenium?
Na
what is the element symbol for sodium?
S
what is the element symbol for sulfur?
Zn
what is the element symbol for zinc?
sodium
what is the first mineral to be lost during perspiration, bleeding or fecal excretion?
integral part of thyroid hormone
what is the function of iodine?
antioxidant
what is the function of selenium?
iron poisoning - as few as 5 tabs at 200 mg each can cause death
what is the leading cause of accidental poisoning in small children?
calcium
what is the most abundant mineral in the body?
iron - caused by loss of blood &/or poor iron intake
what is the most common deficiency world wide & WHY?
iron toxicity (hemochromatosis)
what is the most common genetic disorder in the U.S.?
iron because of the body's capacity to store it
what is the most toxic mineral & WHY?
fluoride because it is not necessary for daily physiological functions
what is the only mineral that is considered NONESSENTIAL?
phosphorus
what is the second most abundant mineral in the body?
2400 mg/day (1 1/4 teaspoon)
what is the upper limit for sodium?
major minerals
what kind of minerals are found in quantities >5 gms. in the body and are needed by the body in quantities >100mg/da
phosphorus
what mineral is the least likely to be deficient in the body?
trace minerals
what minerals are found in small quantities <5 gms. in the body and are needed by the body in quantities <100mg/day
40%
what percentage of calcium manufacture total adult bone mass?
60%
what percentage of magnesium is in bone?
99% in bones & teeth & 1% in cells & blood (remain permanent in teeth unlike bone)
where is calcium in the body?
most in bones & small amount in teeth
where is fluoride stored?
20% in bone marrow, liver & spleen & 80% in blood
where is iron found?
because it is involved in so many general functions
why can a ZINC deficiency be diagnosed as GENERAL MALNUTRITION?