Mitosis and Meiosis difference - Biology, EXTRA BIO! 6.2

oviduct

(also, fallopian tube) muscular tube connecting the uterus with the ovary area

Know steps of Mitosis.

.

Describe the phases of the human sexual response.

In phase one (excitement), vasodilation leads to vasocongestion and enlargement of erectile tissues. Vaginal secretions are released to lubricate the vagina during intercourse. In phase two (plateau), stimulation continues, the outer third of the vaginal wall enlarges with blood, and breathing and heart rate increase. In phase three (orgasm), rhythmic, involuntary contractions of muscles occur. In the male, reproductive accessory glands and tubules constrict, depositing semen in the urethra; then, the urethra contracts, expelling the semen through the penis. In women, the uterus and vaginal muscles contract in waves that may last slightly less than a second each. In phase four (resolution), the processes listed in the first three phases reverse themselves and return to their normal state. Men experience a refractory period in which they cannot maintain an erection or ejaculate for a period of time ranging from minutes to hours. Women do not experience a refractory period.

Where does oogenesis occur?

In the ovaries before birth

Where are the gametes located?

In the reproductive organs

Name the four difference between mitosis in Meiosis.

Mitosis - makes genetically identical cells, makes diploid cells, takes place throughout an organism's lifetime, and is involved in asexual reproduction Meiosis - makes unique cells, makes haploid cells, takes place at a certain time in an organism's lifetime, and is involved in sexual reproduction

What are sister chromatids?

One half of a chromosome and they are duplicates of each other

What is an immature egg called?

Oocyte

What are polar bodies? Where are polar bodies made in the male or in the female?

Polar bodies on the smaller cells produced by meiosis in the female

When does crossing over occur?

Prophase one

What is independent assortment?

Random alignment and it is also what makes you look different than every one else

What are gametes?

Sex cells (egg and sperm) that have DNA that will be passed on to offspring

What is anaphase two?

Sister chromatids are separated and move to the opposite sides of the cells.

What are the two major groups of cell types in human body?

Somatic and sex cells

gameotogenesis in males

Sperm becomes streamlined and motile Sperm primarily contributes DNA to an embryo

What is an immature sperm called?

Spermatids

Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis as to timing of the processes and the number and type of cells finally produced.

Stem cells are laid down in the male during gestation and lie dormant until adolescence. Stem cells in the female increase to one to two million and enter the first meiotic division and are arrested in prophase. At adolescence, spermatogenesis begins and continues until death, producing the maximum number of sperm with each meiotic division. Oogenesis continues again at adolescence in batches of oogonia with each menstrual cycle. These oogonia finish the first meiotic division, producing a primary oocyte with most of the cytoplasm and its contents, and a second cell called a polar body containing 23 chromosomes. The second meiotic division results in a secondary oocyte and a second oocyte. At ovulation, a mature haploid egg is released. If this egg is fertilized, it finishes the second meiotic division, including the chromosomes donated by the sperm in the finished cell. This is a diploid, fertilized egg.

Which chromosome carries the fewest number of genes?

The Y chromosome

Fertilization

The action of fertilizing an egg involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

What happens in prophase one?

The nuclear membrane of the diploid cell breaks down and duplicated homologous chromosomes begin to pair up. Spindle fibers and centrioles appear.

What is telophase two and cytokinesis two?

The nuclear membranes form again and cleavage occurs each new cell is haploid with a unique combination of chromosomes from the mother and father.

What happens in prophase two?

The nuclear membranes of the haploid cells breaks down and the cells prepared to divide. The centrioles and spindle fibers are present.

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

The testes

What is a somatic cell?

They are also called body cells, they are not passed on to children, and make up body tissues and organs

What are sex chromosomes?

They directly control the development of sexual traits

What are homologous chromosomes?

They have the same structures, for each pair of chromosomes one comes from each parent, and has the same genes but codes for different traits

Somatic cells

all the cells of your body except your sex cells

Haploid

an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes, half of a diploid

Diploid

an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

Autosomes

chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual

Homologous Chromosomes

chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis

Which female organ has the same embryonic origin as the penis?

clitoris

Mitosis results in...

diploid cells (2n)

uterus

environment for developing embryo and fetus

semen

fluid mixture of sperm and supporting materials

Fertilization

fusion of male and female gametes

Meiosis results in...

haploid cells (n)

Mitosis

homologous chromosomes never pair up

labia majora

large folds of tissue covering the inguinal area

vagina

muscular tube for the passage of menstrual flow, copulation, and birth of offspring

how many eggs are produced as a result of one meiotic series of cell divisions?

one

Sex Chromosomes

one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, contains genes that will determine the sex of the individual, X and Y

testes

pair of reproductive organs in males

Which of the following cells in spermatogenesis is diploid?

primary spermatocyte

oogenesis

process of producing haploid eggs

spermatogenesis

process of producing haploid sperm

Gametogenesis

production of gametes

Gametogenesis

production of gametes through meiosis and other changes

Sexual reproduction

reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete

Gametes

reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells. Haploid

scrotum

sac containing testes; exterior to the body

bulbourethral gland

secretion that cleanses the urethra prior to ejaculation

seminal vesicle

secretory accessory gland in males; contributes to semen

Most of the bulk of semen is made by the ________.

seminiferous tubules

Sperm are produced in the ________.

seminiferous tubules

clitoris

sensory structure in females; stimulated during sexual arousal

seminiferous tubule

site of sperm production in testes

labia minora

smaller folds of tissue within the labia majora

prostate gland

structure that is a mixture of smooth muscle and glandular material and that contributes to semen

Egg

the female gamete

Sperm

the male gamete

Meiosis

two cell divisions while mitosis has one

Which female organ has an endometrial lining that will support a developing baby?

uterus

What happens in telophase one and cytokinesis one?

A cleavage furough forms and cytokinesis separates the cells. Each cell is now haploid, but the chromosomes are still duplicated.the nuclear membrane forms.

Why do polar bodies die?

Because of unequal division of the cytoplasm

Diploid

Body cells that have two copies of chromosomes one from the mother and one from the father

Polar Bodies

Byproduct of meiosis, cells with little more than DNA that are eventually broken down.

What is metaphase two?

Chromosomes line up on the equator

What are autosomes?

Chromosomes that contain genes and aren't related to the gender of the organism (the first 22 of 23 pairs of chromosomes)

What is crossing over?

Crossing over multiplies the huge number of different gamete types produced by independent assortment

What does a sperm contribute to the embryo?

DNA

What does the egg contribute to the embryo?

DNA, cytoplasm, and organelles

Abbreviation for diploid? Haploid?

Diploid - 2n Haploid - n

gameotogenesis in females

Eggs contribute DNA, cytoplasm, and organelles to an embryo Meiosis- egg gets

What is the sex of a person with 2 X chromosomes?

Female

Meiosis

Form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cells into haploid cells. Essential for sexual reproduction.

How many spermatids does meiosis produce?

Four

Haploid

Gametes are haploid, they also have one copy of every chromosome, gametes have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome

What are the results of meiosis?

Gametes form and four haploid cells, one copy from each chromosome

What happens in metaphase one ?

Homologous chromosomes line up a crossed from each other one on each side of the equator

What happens in anaphase one?

Homologous chromosomes move away from each other toward the opposite ends of the cell. Sister chromatids remain attached.

How many chromosomes are in a typical human being?

46 (23 pairs)

What is the haploid chromosome number in humans?

23 (Autosomes have numbers 1-22)

During oogenesis how many polar bodies are produced and how many eggs are produced?

3 polar bodies and 1 egg