MMG 201 Lecture 6 Terms
________ act as catalysts in virtually all metabolic pathways.
Enzymes
Complex II of of the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the carrier called ________.
FADH2
True or false: In photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions provide the energy and reducing power needed for the light-dependent reactions.
False
True or false: Photosynthetic pigments harvest chemical energy and convert it to light energy.
False
True or false: Plants are the principle producers of oxygen on Earth.
False
True or false: The Calvin cycle is part of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
False
Which aspect of an enzyme's structure gives rise to the specificity for its substrate?
Folding to produce a 3-D structure
Why do the last five reactions of glycolysis occur twice for each glucose substrate?
Glucose is split into 2 intermediates at step 4
Which of the following identifies best the reason for the Krebs cycle must occur twice per glucose molecule?
Glucose will yield two pyruvates
Which of the following metabolic pathways begins with glucose and yields two pyruvates?
Glycolysis
________ is the multi-step energy-yielding conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid.
Glycolysis
Which is NOT one of the main photosynthesizers of aquatic ecosystems?
Green plants
Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions.
Making and breaking chemical bonds Transferring electrons
During the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA, electrons reduce ________.
NAD
Using an abbreviated acronym, name any one of the common coenzymes acting as electron carriers in your cells: ________ (Do not add the hydrogen to the end)
NAD
Which is the most common redox (electron) carrier in cells?
NAD
________ is the most common redox (electron) carrier in cells.
NAD
Complex I in the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the carrier called ________.
NADH
Which occurs during fermentation?
NADH is oxidized to NAD
During fermentation, ________ (NAD or NADH) is oxidized to form ________ (NAD or NADH).
NADH, NAD
Which compound is reduced via electrons from PS700?
NADP
Electrons from PS700 oxidation move through a second transport chain to reduce ________ to NADPH.
NADP+
What name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act?
Substrate
Which is NOT a toxic product generated by side reactions during aerobic respiration?
Superoxide dismutase
The ________ group that starts the Krebs cycle can be used to synthesize lipids and proteins.
acetyl
The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed is termed the energy of ________.
activation
An enzyme's ________ site is unique for each substrate.
active
The ________ site is the region on an enzyme that binds substrate.
active
The nitrogenous base is a ________ component of ATP.
adenine
In ________ respiration, electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen which acts as the terminal electron acceptor.
aerobic
The addition of an amino group to a carbon skeleton occurs via a(n) ________ reaction.
amination
ATP synthase is principally composed of ________.
amino acids
The specific process of ______ incorporates nutrients into larger, complex structures through biosynthesis.
anabolism
Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical ________ and the transfer of _______ from one molecule to another.
bonds, electrons
Enzymes serve as catalysts for:
both types of reactions
Photosynthetic pigments harvest light energy and convert it to ________ energy.
chemical
The Calvin cycle is ________.
dependent on the products from the light-dependent reactions to work
All cells need a constant input and expenditure of ________ in a usable form.
energy
All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable ________.
energy
A(n) ________ is a biological catalyst.
enzyme
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a separate ________.
enzyme
Composed principally of amino acids, ______ act as biological catalysts, facilitating metabolic activities of the cell.
enzymes
The addition of carbon dioxide to ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate to begin the Calvin cycle is known as carbon ________.
fixation
The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are ________, the ________ cycle, and the ________ chain.
glycolysis, Kreb's, respiratory
One evolutionary strategy to deal with an "enzymatic-block" to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to
have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product
The Kreb's cycle must turn ________ times for each glucose that entered glycolysis.
2
Typically, ________ ATP are netted by fermentation.
2
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle produces:
2 FADH2 6 NADH 2 ATP 4 CO2
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the NET output is:
2 NADH 2 ATP 2 Pyruvic acid
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation results in the production of ________.
2 NADH 2 CO2
During acetyl CoA formation ________ CO2 and ________ NADH are produced per initial glucose that enters glycolysis.
2, 2
The NET output of glycolysis is ________ ATP, ________ NADH, and ________ pyruvic acid molecules per glucose.
2, 2, 2
ATP has ________ phosphate groups. (number)
3
How many phosphate groups does ATP contain?
3
At best, cells can generate ________ ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration.
38
What is the maximum yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?
38
During the Kreb's cycle ________ CO2, ________ FADH2, ________ NADH, and ________ ATP are produced per initial glucose that enters glycolysis.
4, 2, 6, 2
Which of the following is correct regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways?
Aerobic pathways use oxygen.
Which term is used to describe an addition of an amino group to a carbon skeleton?
Amination
________ is the cellular process of taking monomers of compounds and producing polymers (e.g., amino acids are combined to make proteins).
Anabolism
Which of the following describes the process occurring during the Calvin cycle?
Carbon fixation
Which oxidized compound can be used as a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
Carbonate Nitrate Nitrite Sulfate
Select the oxidized compounds that can be used as a final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration.
Carbonate Nitrate Sulfate
Which of the following is the decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism?
Catabolism
________ refers to the decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism, usually with the release of energy.
Catabolism
The atom ________ is added to NAD to reduce it.
hydrogen
Fermentation results in the production of ________ ATPs than aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
less
The ________-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are dependent on the sun.
light
Enzyme-substrate interactions are sometimes referred to as a(n) "________ and key" interaction.
lock
Compounds that are oxidized will
lose electrons
In eukaryotes, ATP synthase enzymes are found
on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Typically, each reaction (step) in a metabolic pathway will require
one enzyme
Aerobic respiration requires ________, whereas fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur without this molecule.
oxygen
The term "aerobic respiration" implies that ________ is required for the metabolic pathway to be completed.
oxygen
When water is split during the light-dependent reactions, ________ (molecule) is released into the environment.
oxygen
Fermentation allows survival and growth in the absence of ________ and allows colonization of ________ environments.
oxygen, anaerobic
When ________ supplies have been depleted in human muscle cells, ATP can be produced by ________ acid fermentation for short periods of time.
oxygen, lactic
The high energy of ATP is located in the bonds of the ________ groups.
phosphate
The first step in glycolysis is the ________ of glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate.
phosphorylation
ATP is produced by the process of ________-phosphorylation (prefix) in the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis.
photo
As hydrogen ions accumulate between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion, a(n) ________ is generated which powers ATP production.
proton motive force
The active pumping of hydrogen ions across the cristae membrane sets up a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions called the ________ ________ ________.
proton motive force
By the end of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two 3-carbon ________ ________ molecules.
pyruvic acid
Collective reactions which transfer hydrogens/electrons from one compound to another are termed ________ reactions.
redox
Paired reactions where an electron donor transfers electrons to an electron acceptor are called ________ reactions.
redox
Oxidation reactions are coupled with ________ reactions.
reduction
ATP contains an adenine linked to ________, a 5-carbon sugar.
ribose
Protein folding determines the 3-D shape in enzymes needed for their ________ for a particular substrate.
specificity
The ________ is the term for a specific molecule on which an enzyme acts.
substrate
The ultimate source of almost all chemical energy on earth is the ________, making most organisms directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis.
sun
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are dependent on
sun light (or some light source)
ATP ________ is an enzyme in the mitochondrial cristae that harnesses the flux of hydrogen ions across the membrane during oxidative phosphorylation.
synthase
The ultimate source of most of the chemical energy in cells is:
the Sun
For each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis, the last five reactions (of glycolysis) occur ________ times.
two
At the end of glycolysis, the carbons from glucose are now located in
two pyruvic acids.
The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is ________.
using or not using oxygen
Which nitrogenous base is found in ATP?
Adenine
How many net ATP are generated during fermentation?
2
Which is NOT a common cellular coenzyme that carries electrons?
ADP
Which is an energy-rich product of aerobic respiration?
ATP
Which of the following couples (links) anabolic reactions with catabolic reactions?
ATP
________ (acronym) is the useful final product of aerobic respiration.
ATP
________ is the energy currency of the cells, coupling energy releasing reactions with energy requiring reactions.
ATP
Protons can only cross the mitochondrial inner membrane by diffusing through a specific portion of the enzyme called ________ ________.
ATP synthase
________-CoA feeds directly into the Krebs cycle.
Acetyl
Which compound feeds directly into the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Which Krebs cycle group can be used to synthesize proteins and lipids?
Acetyl group
What term is used to describe the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed?
Activation energy
Which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique?
Active site
Identify any of the following which serve as energy-poor products of aerobic respiration.
CO2 Water
Which of the following is an energy-poor product of aerobic respiration?
Both CO2 and water
Which component of the electron transport chain accepts electrons from NADH?
Complex I
Which group of iron-sulfur proteins in the electron transport chain accepts electrons from FADH2?
Complex II
Which enzymes neutralize toxic products of respiration in aerobic organisms?
Dismutase Peroxidase Catalase
In strict aerobes and some anaerobes, pyruvic acid enters the ________, or citric acid, cycle.
Kreb's
What is the typical "next step" for pyruvate at the end of glycolysis following normal aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Kreb's cycle
Which of the following reactions generates ATP and NADPH?
Light dependent reactions
Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions?
Lock-and-key
The final step of the ETS in aerobic respiration occurs when electrons are passed to ________.
O2
In the last step of the ETS, the electrons are passed to ________ along with hydrogen which results in the formation of ________.
O2, H2O
Which serves as a terminal electron acceptor in fermentation?
Organic compounds
Consider the simplified aerobic respiration formula: Sugar + O2 --> ATP + CO2 + Heat (________ is simply NOT part of the fermentation pathway)
Oxygen
For aerobic respiration, which is the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen
What is released upon photolysis during photosynthesis?
Oxygen
Which is NOT associated with fermentation?
Oxygen
________ is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
Oxygen
What is the first step in glycolysis?
Phosphorylation of glucose
What term is used to describe the synthesis of ATP via photosynthesis?
Photophosphorylation
Which is NOT an advantage of fermentation to microbial survival and growth?
Promotes growth in oxygen-rich areas of the host
Which best defines an active site?
Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds
The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways?
Respiratory chain Glycolysis Kreb's cycle
Which of the following sugars is part of the structure of ATP?
Ribose
Most enzymes are named to reflect which of the following?
The action of the enzyme
Where do you find the high energy bonds in a molecule of ATP?
The last phosphate groups
What term is used to describe reactions that involve the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a carbohydrate?
Transamination
________ reactions involve the transfer of an amino group an amino acid to a carbohydrate.
Transamination
True or false: Fermentation uses an organic compound for the electron acceptor.
True
True or false: Metabolic pathways are interconnected.
True
Enzymes are named and classified according to their
Type of action Substrate Site of action
When would human cells use fermentation as opposed to respiration to produce ATP?
When oxygen is low
