MNGT 361 Exam 2
Successful implementation of major decisions requires which two (2) of the following to occur?
1. Careful planning 2. Sensitivity to those affected by the decision
Which of the following statements are accurate concerning body movements and gestures as forms of nonverbal communication?
1. Closed body positions tend to be interpreted as being defensive. 2. The gender of the communicator may impact how body movements and gestures are interpreted.
Indicate which three assumptions are prevalent in the rational decision-making model.
1. Complete information, no uncertainty. 2. Logical, unemotional analysis 3. Choice of best decision for the organization and not the individual
Which of the following are downsides of social media?
1. Distracting 2. Leaving the wrong impression
Identify the five tips for writing more effectively from the following list.
1. Don't show ignorance 2. Understand your strategy before you write 3. Start with a purpose 4. Write simply, concisely, and directly 5. Telegraph your writing with a powerful layout
It is recommended that you not use your cell phone to text _________.
1. During meetings 2. While driving 3. During face-to-face conversations
Good listeners will do which if the following?
1. Focus on the content of the message. 2. Ask questions to make sure you understand. 3. Mentally summarize the speaker's remarks.
Which two of the following are appropriate reactions for a manager when unintended consequences occur as a result of an implemented decision?
1. Give the plan more time 2. After the plan slightly
Job design works when employees are motivated. To be motivated, they must have three psychological states. Identify those states.
1. Has knowledge of the actual results of the work 2. Experienced meaningfulness of work 3. Experienced responsibility for the work outcomes
Identify the the three key attributes that the Babson College's Working Knowledge Research Center found among analytics competitors.
1. Having multiple applications 2. Use of modeling 3. Support from the top
Which of the following are ways that you can use the knowledge of decision-making styles?
1. Identification of your personal strengths and weaknesses. 2. Understanding of differences can improve your ability to manage conflicts with others.
Identify the four steps in the rational decision making model from beginning to end.
1. Identify the problem or opportunity. 2. Think up alternatives solutions. 3. Evaluate alternatives and select a solution. 4. Implement and evaluate the solution chosen.
Cell phone use can cause negative behaviors that are _____________.
1. Illegal 2. Annoying 2. Unethical 3. Deadly
Three ways to help you decide whether to decide area to evaluate the following:
1. Importance 2. Credibility 3. Urgency
Indicate the three ways that can help you in "deciding whether to decide" that are listed below:
1. Importance: "How high is this situation?" 2. Credibility: "How believable is the information about the situation?" 3. Urgency: "How quickly must I act on the information about the situation?"
The three key elements in equity theory are:
1. Inputs 2. Outputs/Rewards 3. Comparisons
Identify the three (3) criteria questions a manager should use to evaluate alternatives in a decision.
1. Is it ultimately effective? 2. Is it ethical? 3. Is it feasible?
Using your knowledge of motivation, you as the manager, will want to motivate people to do which of the following?
1. Join your organization 2. Stay with your organization 3. Do extra tasks for your organization 4. Be engaged while at your organization
Which of the following are personal barriers that hinder communication?
1. Nonverbal communication 2. Over-sized egos 3. Faulty listening skills 4. Stereotypes and prejudices
Which two of the following are considered ineffective reactions to challenges?
1. Panic 2. Defensive avoidance
Identify the six key benefits of telecommuting
1. Reduction of capital costs 2. Increased productivity 3. Competitive edge in recruiting hard-to-get employees 4. Increased flexibility for workers 5. Increased job satisfaction 6. Increased ability to tap non-traditional labor pools
People with a conceptual decision-making style are likely to do which of the following?
1. Rely on intuition 2. Take risks 3. Find creative solutions
Which of the following are things you should do if the decision you made is not working?
1. Start over 2. Change it slightly 3. Try another alternative 4. Give it more time
Which two of the following are examples of the Delphi technique?
1. The expert opinion is complied and consensus is reached. 2. A group of specialists submit anonymous reports about a subject.
Select all of the challenges to evidence-based decision making.
1. The side effects outweigh the cure 2. There is too much evidence 3. People are trying to mislead you 4. Not enough good evidence
Which of the following are characteristics of all groups that can influence decision making?
1. The size of the group 2. The amount of time available to make the decision 3. The knowledge of group members
Which of the following are among the six ways in which nonverbal communication is expressed?
1. Touch 2. Facial expression 3. Body Movements 4. Setting 5. Eye Contact 6. Time
Identify several guidelines for developing intuitive awareness.
1. Use imagery 2. Play devil's advocate 3. Get a feel for your batting average 4. Open up the closet
The four different decision-making styles are based on a combination of:
1. Value Orientation 2. Tolerance for ambiguity
The conclusion of an effective speech should take ____________.
5%-10% of your time
The introduction of an effective speech should take _____________.
5%-15% of your speaking time
The main body of an effective speech should take _____________.
75% -95% of your time
Which of the following is an example of urgency in reacting to a situation?
A manager determines if the threat is immediate and then makes a decision based upon that information.
Which of the following best describes the basis of the three non-rational models of decision making?
A model that describes how managers actually make decisions.
Which decision-making style has a higher tolerance for ambiguity and is characterized by the tendency to consider more information and alternatives, while taking longer to make decisions?
Analytical
Sam gave employees a 5% raise last year and expects to give the same raise this year, even though the raise will push his company's salaries significantly above what is normally paid in the industry. This an example of the ______________ bias.
Anchoring and adjustment
Which of the following are core job characteristics in the job characteristics model?
Autonomy Task identity Skill variety Task significance Feedback
Which decision-making style is most people oriented of the four styles?
Behavioral
_______________ is a concept that suggest decision makers are limited by many constraints such as complexity, time and money, cognitive capacity, values, skills, etc.
Bounded rationality
_____________________is a face-to-face technique used to help groups generate multiple ideas and alternatives for solving problems.
Brainstorming
Which of the following would be the likely result of a lack of trust between two parties?
Communicators will be concentrating more on being defensive than on the meaning of the message.
Choose the decision-making style with a high tolerance for ambiguity and with a tendency to focus on people or social aspects of a situation.
Conceptual
__________________ is reached when ALL group members are able to express their opinions and reach agreement to support their final decision and are willing to work toward its success.
Consensus
_________________ making is the process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action.
Decision
Connor interprets the email that he received to try to make sense of its message. On what part of the communication process is Connor focusing now?
Decoding
People with this decision-making style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are task oriented. They are efficient, logical, and practical in their approach to solving problems and making decision. Which style do they use?
Directive
Which of the following is NOT one of the four functions of eye contact?
Displays credibility
Identify which item below is NOT part of they seven implementation principles of evidence-based decision making.
Don't worry about what outsiders think.
Alderfer's ___________________ theory suggests that there are three universal needs: existence, relatedness, and growth, which constitute a hierarchy of needs and motivate behavior. Alderfer proposed that needs at more than one level can be motivational at the same time.
ERG
Alderfer's ERG Theory
ERG Theory: assumes that three basic needs influence behavior-existence, relatedness, and growth. 1. Existence Needs: are the desire for physiological and material well-being. 2. Relatedness Needs: are the desire to have meaningful relationships with people who are significant to us. 3. Growth Needs: are the desire to grow as human beings and to use our abilities to their fullest potential.
When decision makers increase their commitment to a project despite negative information about it, they are experiencing which type of bias?
Escalation of commitment
Indicate all of the theories that are classified as process perspectives.
Expectancy Theory Equity Theory Goal-setting Theory
Identify physiological needs according to Maslow.
Food Clothing Shelter
______________ bias is the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them.
Framing
Which of the following are aspects of the need for "love" according to Maslow's hierarchy?
Friendship Affection
____________________________ is a theory that focuses on identifying the types of objectives that are most effective in producing high levels of motivation and performance and in explaining why objectives have these effects.
Goal-setting
During which of the following is positive team spirit and striving for unanimity most likely to lead to poor decision making?
Group think
Susan is looking for a job where she can use her abilities to their fullest potential. Which of Alderfer's ERG theory needs does Susan exemplify?
Growth
Which of the following theories proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?
Herzberg's two-factor theory
_____________________ are strategies that simplify decision making.
Heuristics
According to expectancy theory, if people have choices, they will be motivated by which of the following?
How much they want something How likely they think they are to get what they want.
Dianne found out that someone else was using her name and social security number to apply for credit cards and run up large amounts of debt. Dianne is a victim of ____________.
Identity theft
Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the Millennials?
Interest in staying with one job during their career
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of formal communication channels?
Internal
Habitat for Humanity volunteers who are building a home are looking for a(n)_______________ reward
Intrinsic
Which of the following questions given below is NOT one of the four questions used in Bagley's ethical decision tree?
Is the proposed action a benefit to our competitors?
Indicate nonmonetary sources of employee motivation.
Job enrichment Job enlargement Empowerment
All of the following are disadvantages of using a group to make a decision EXCEPT:
May be greater intellectual stimulation
A ____________________ is a pathway by which a message travels to the receiver.
Medium
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of communicating via e-mail?
Message can be sent from anywhere at anytime.
Motivation, Intrinsic rewards and extrinsic rewards
Motivation: may be defined as the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior. Intrinsic rewards: is the satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing the particular task itself. Extrinsic rewards: is the payoff, such as money, that a person receives from others for performing a particular task.
______________________ represents the use of technology to participate in several interactions at the same time such as texting during a meeting.
Multicommunicating
There are seven rules for brainstorming. Which of these sentences is NOT one of these seven rules?
Never use the ideas of others.
Which models of decision making explains how managers actually make decisions; assuming that decision making is nearly always uncertain and risky, making it difficult for managers to make optimal decisions.
Non-rational
___________________ are situations that present possibilities for exceeding existing goals.
Opportunities
_____________________________ bias is the bias in which people's positive feelings about their own decision-making ability is greater than their objective accuracy.
Overconfidence
______________ does not provide enough of the information the receiver needs and wants.
Oversimplification
Sue's work group was given a choice of three ways to introduce a new product to existing customers. The work group met and discussed the pros and cons of each method and reached a decision on which one they felt would be most beneficial for the company and work well with members of the work group. Sue's manager let the work group use their choice in this matter. What decision-making technique did the manager use in this situation?
Participative management
Which of the following statements is accurate concerning the impact of oversized egos on effective communication?
People with high levels of power may discount the advice of experts due to feelings of competitiveness.
In the hierarchy of needs theory ____________________ needs deal with the most basic human survival needs of food, clothing, shelter, and comfort.
Physiological
According to McClelland's acquired theory, a "control freak" might be described as an individual with normal achievement needs, a low level of affiliation needs and a very high level of ____________ needs.
Power
A data mining technique used to predict future behavior and anticipate the consequences of change on customers is called:
Predictive modeling
__________________or difficulties can inhibit the achievement of goals.
Problems
__________________ needs are the desire to have meaningful relationships with people who are significant to us.
Relatedness
A manager that hires all applicants that have graduated from a certain college because a particularly good employee came from that same college is an example of:
Representatives bias
Choose the correct definition of risk propensity, also sometimes known as competitiveness.
Risk propensity is willingness to take risk for the possibility of gaining an increased payoff.
_________________ needs are concerned with physical and emotional security.
Safely
Which of the following is NOT one of the needs that are assumed to influence behavior in ERG theory?
Safety
Satisficing model and incremental model definition
Satisficing Model: that is, managers seek alternatives until they find one that is satisfactory, not optimal. Incremental Model: in which managers take small, short-term steps to alleviate a problem.
Identify "esteem" needs according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Self-respect Reputation Status
_______________ is the study of the meaning of words.
Semantics
___________________ reading does not work when the material is difficult.
Speed
_____________ technology simulates face-to-face meetings.
Telepresence
Which of the following would be least likely to impact what we say and what we hear when communicating?
The clothes we wear on a particular day
Which personality dimension indicates the extent to which a person has a high need for structure or control in their life?
Tolerance for ambiguity
Two-factor theory
Two-factory theory: which proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors work satisfaction from motivation factors and work dissatisfaction from hygiene factors. 1. Motivating Factors: or simply motivators, are factors associated with job satisfaction-such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement all of which affect the job content or the rewards of work performance. 2. Hygiene Factors: are factors associated with job dissatisfaction-such as salary, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, and company policy-all of which affect the job context in which people work.
_________________ communication is when a communication flows from a lower level to a higher level as when a subordinate gives information to his or her immediate superior.
Upward
_______________ communication is communication that flows upward and downward in the organization.
Vertical
_________________ involve(s) using video and audio links along with computers to enable people located at different locations to see, hear, and talk with one another.
Videoconferencing
Which of the following is not necessarily a part of every communication process?
Written document
Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the variable skills people have in effective communication?
You can learn better communication skills.
Myra wants to develop and maintain warm friendships with the people with which she works. Myra is displaying a need for_______________.
affiliation
Jobs with high ______________ allow workers to set their own schedules and decide how to perform the necessary tasks.
autonomy
In the _________________ bias, managers use information readily available from memory to make judgements.
availability
Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ____________.
bonus program
The _______________ bias is when people seek information to support their point of view and discount data that do not.
confirmation
A ___________ is a choice made from available alternatives?
decision
A(n) __________________ is a graph of decisions and their possible consequences; it is used to create a plan to reach a goal.
decision tree
An individual perceives and responds to information based on their ___________.
decision-making style
In ___________ _____________ , managers can't find a good solution to the problem so they "pass the buck" to someone else.
defensive avoidance
Conduction a(n) _________________ involves analyzing the underlying causes.
diagnosis
When you transmit your message accurately in the least time you are being a(n) ______________ communicator.
efficient
A(n) _______________ barrier is when the message is not expressed correct as when you have trouble finding the right word to express how you feel about something.
encoding
Job __________ consists of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation.
enlargement
While proponents of job___________ claim that it can improve employee satisfaction, motivation, and quality of production, research suggests that adding additional tasks will not necessarily have a significant and lasting effect on performance if the tasks themselves are all unsatisfying.
enlargement
Sam wants to improve job satisfaction, so he adds more responsibility, complexity, and control to his subordinates jobs. This is an example of job ______________________________.
enrichment
The _____________ theory suggests that people compare the ratio of their own outcomes to inputs against the ratio of someone else's outcomes to inputs.
equity
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, __________ needs include self-respect, status, reputation, and recognition by your peers.
esteem
Someone who is trained about matters of ethics in the workplace, particularly about resolving ethical dilemmas, is called a(n):
ethics officer
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, __________________ needs are the desire for physiological and material well-being.
existence
According to one motivational theory, Jane believes that if she works hard, her efforts will lead to strong performance. Jane has a high level of:
expectancy
__________________ communication flows between people inside and outside the organization.
external
A____________ barrier is when the recipient does not respond enough.
feedback
The job characteristics model consists of ________________ that affect three critical psychological states of an employee that in tun affect the employee;s motivation, performance, and satisfaction.
five core job characteristics
Equity theory
focuses on employee perceptions as to how fairly they think they are being treated compared with others.
All of the following can help make participative management work EXCEPT:
front-line management is not involved in the process
Self-actualization is also called self:
fulfillment
The Scanlon plan is an example of _________________, which distributes company savings to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased productivity.
gainsharing
Social media are internet-based and mobile technologies used to ___________.
generate interactive dialogue with members of a network.
The __________ is the unofficial communication system of the informal organization, is faster than formal channels, is about 75% accurate, and is used by employees to acquire the majority of their on-the-job information.
grapevine
The ____________ computer-aided decision-making system involves a meeting within a room of participants who expresses their ideas anonymously on a computer network by typing their on their keyboards. The input is projected on a large screen for all to see.
group-driven
The three psychological states of the job characteristics model lead to high motivation, high performance, _____________, and low absenteeism and turnover.
high satisfaction
All of the following are positive psychological states resulting from the job characteristics model, when it is applied correctly, EXCEPT:
high turnover
The tendency of people to view events as being more predicatable than they really are is referred to as __________ bias.
hindsight
There are three types of formal communication: vertical, _______________, and external.
horizontal
In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of _____________.
inputs
The expectation that successful performance of a task will lead to a desired outcome is called ________________.
instrumentality
"Going with your gut," or _________, is making a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical inference.
intuition
Intuition Model Definition
is making a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical inference.
Semantic barriers
is the study of the meaning of words. Jargon: is terminology specific to a particular profession or group.
The division of an organization's work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction are both part of ___________.
job design
In order to better motivate his employees, Enzo gave them tasks with added responsibility and room for recognition. Enzo was using ______________.
job enrichment
A(n) _______________ medium is best for routine situations and to avoid overloading.
lean
A_____________ barrier is when the communication channel is blocked and a receiver barrier is when no message gets received.
medium
Overloading is when the receiver gets _________ information than they can handle or process.
more
According to Herzberg, _______________ factors are more frequently associated with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and love of the work itself.
motivating
In reinforcement theory, the removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior is called___________________ reinforcement.
negative
In relaxed avoidance, a manager decides to take, _____________ because he feels there will be no great adverse or negative consequences for him.
no action
Unfortunately, the entire communication process can be disrupted at several different points by what is known as __________, which is any disturbance that interferes with the transmission of a message.
noise
Groupthink
occurs when the group members strive to agree for the sake of unanimity and thus avoid accurately assessing the decision situation.
In ___________, managers are so frantic to get rid of the problem that they can't deal with the situation realistically.
panic
A manager tells his employee, "If you exceed your sales quota, I will give you a bonus." In reinforcement theory, this is an example of _________________.
positive reinforcement
What of the following is NOT a way to streamline your reading?
practice speed reading
The key to protecting yourself against technological security threats is ____________.
prevention
The right of the people not to reveal information about themselves is called __________________.
privacy
The _____________ theory suggests that decision makers find the notion of an actual loss more painful than giving up the possibility of a gain.
prospect
Managers should use _________ only when employees show frequent undesirable behavior.
punishment
The ___________ model of decision making explains how managers should make decisions based on logic that will be the optimum in furthering the organization's best interest.
rational
Feedback is the ____________ expressing his or her reaction to the sender's message.
receiver
The three major problems of the digital age include lack of security, loss of privacy, and __________________.
reduced productivity due to email
There are four perspectives on motivation; they are content, process, job design, and _________________________.
reinforcement
A ______________ medium is more effective with non-routine situations.
rich
Concerning how well a particular media conveys information and promotes learning, media that is better at conveying information is known as being___________.
richer
Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a __________.
sales commission
The ___________ model of decision making emphasizes choosing the first solution that meets criteria rather than an optimal choice.
satisficing
The system of safeguards for protecting information technology against disasters, system failures, and unauthorized access that results in damage or loss is called ______________.
security
A__________barrier is when no message got sent.
sender
According to equity theory, all of the following are considered to be outputs or rewards that people receive from their organization EXCEPT:
seniority
Task _______________ describes the extent to which a job affects the lives of other people, whether inside or outside the organization.
significance
Job ____________________ increases employee efficiency and productivity by stripping the job down to its simplest elements, which enables the worker to do more of the same task.
simplification
Job _____________________________ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.
simplification
Because the number of different skills required to perform the job is greater, the job of the rocket scientist has higher ______________ than that of a short order cook.
skill variety
According to Millington McCoy, "The nature of modern business requires what's more typical to the female mold of building consensus as opposed to the top-down male military model." This use of emotion in relationships is called ________________.
soft skills
With ____________, certain employees are given the right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price.
stock options
Goal-setting theory
suggests that employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging but achievable. 1. Goal Should Be Specific 2. Goals Should Be Challenging but Achievable 3. Goals Should Be Linked to Action Plans 4. Goals Need Not Be Set Jointly to Be Effective 5. Feedback Enhances Goal Attainment
Expectancy theory
suggests that people are motivated by two things: (1) how much they want something and (2) how likely they think they are to get it. 1. Expectancy: is the belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance. 2. Instrumentality: is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired. 3. Valence: is value, the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or a reward.
All of the following are advantages to group decision making EXCEPT:
superiors can dominate or intimidate the group
Macro works on an assembly line building complex machines. His job is adding the protective coating to the component parts. Because he does not perform all the tasks needed to complete the machine, Marco has low ________________.
task identity
The three core characteristics that help an employee to experience the meaningfulness of work are skill variety, task significance, and ____________________.
task identity
The tree rules of an effective speech are ________________, say it, and tell them what you said.
tell them what you're going to say
The information that is shared in the communication process is called _______________________.
the message
Active listening is ________________.
the process of actively decoding and interpreting verbal messages.
All of the following are components of the best incentive compensation plans EXCEPT:
the rewards must be paid on a weekly basis
Communication
the transfer of information and understanding from one's person to another.
The 88 million people born between 1997 and 1997, called Millennials, have also been dubbed the "Always-On" generation because _____________.
they are accustomed to spending 8 or more hours a day looking at screens
The ______________ reading strategy has these five steps: rate reason to read; question and predict answers; survey the big picture; skim for main ideas; and summarize.
top-down
Reinforcement theory
which attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated.
Assumptions of the rational decision making model
1. Complete information, no uncertainty. 2. Logical, unemotional analysis. 3. Best decision for the organization.
Effective listening
1. Don't rush to respond. 2. Judge content, bot delivery. 3. Ask questions, summarize remarks. 4. Listen for ideas. 5. Resist distractions, show interest. 6. Give a fair hearing.
Which of the following are types of listening styles?
1. Empathetic 2. Evaluative 3. Appreciative 4. Comprehensive
Eight norms of the millennial or internet generation
1. Freedom: the desire to experience new and different things. 2. Customization: the desire to have personalized products and choices. 3. Scrutiny: not taking "facts" and authority figures at face value. 4. integrity: trust in people, products, and employers is important. 5. Collaboration: relationships are of key importance. 6. Entertainment: keep things moving and interesting. 7. Speed: instant feedback is expected. 8. Innovation: impatience for new and different user experiences.
Maslow's Hierarchy needs
1. Physiological Needs: these are the most basic human physical needs, in which one is concerned with having food, clothing, shelter, and comfort and with self-preservation. 2. Safety Needs: these needs are concerned with physical safety and emotional security, so that a person is concerned with avoiding violence and threats. 3. Love Needs: once basic needs and security are taken care of, people look for love, friendship, and affection. 4. Esteem Needs: after they meet their social needs, people focus on such matters as self-respect, status, reputation, recognition, and self-confidence. 5. Self-Actualization Needs: the highest level of need, self-actualization is self-fulfillment the need to develop one's fullest potential, to become the best one is capable of being.
According to the hierarchy of needs, in order for Josephine to seek fulfillment of her love needs, she must first satisfy which of the following needs?
1. Safety 2. Physiological
Communication process
1. Sender: encodes messages, selects medium (e.g, telephone). 2. Message: is transmitted through a medium (e.g, telephone). 3. Receiver: decodes the message, decides if feedback needed. 4. Receiver expresses reaction, or feedback, through a medium.
Common decision making bias and their definition
1. The Availability Bias: managers use information readily available from the memory to make judgements. 2. The Representatives Bias: the tendency to generalize from a small sample or a single event. 3. The Confirmation Bias: is when people seek information to support their point of view and discount data that do not. 4. The Sunk-Cost Bias: is when mangers add up all the money already spent on a project and conclude it is too costly to simply abandon it. 5. The Anchoring & Adjustment Bias: the tendency to make decisions based on an initial figure. 6. The Overconfidence Bias: is the bias in which people's subjective confidence in their decision making is greater than their objective accuracy. 7. The Hindsight Bias: is the tendency of people to view events as being more predictable than they really are. 8. The Framing Bias: is the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them. 9. The Escalation of Commitment Bias: whereby decision makers increase their commitment to project despite negative information about it.
Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model is composed of three major elements. Identify those elements from the list below.
1. Three psychological states 2. Five core job characteristics 3. Work outcomes
Tips for better e-mail handling:
1. Treat all e-mail as confidential. 2. Be careful with jokes and informality. 3. Avoid sloppiness, but avoid criticizing others sloppiness. 4. When replying, quote only the relevant portion. 5. Not every topic belongs on the e-mail.
Rank the steps in the simple model of motivation from the beginning (at the top) to end (at the bottom).
1. Unfulfilled need 2. Motivation 3. Behaviors 4. Rewards 5. Feedback
Identity the disadvantages brought about by the digital age.
1.Too many emails 2. Cell-phone abuse 3. Loss of security 4. Lack of privacy
Applying the job Characteristics Model requires which of the following?
1.Determine whether job redesign is appropriate 2.Diagnose the work environment to see whether a problem exists 3. Consider how to redesign the job
Which of the following are downsides of the social media?
1.Leaving the wrong impression 2. Distracting
Herzberg's two-factor theory focuses on which of the following types of factors?
1.Motivating 2. Hygiene
According to research evidence, managers may spend upward of __________ of their time in a typical workday communicating.
81%
Group decision making and its disadvantage
Advantages 1. Greater pool of knowledge 2. Different perspectives 3. Intellectual stimulation 4. Better understanding of decision rationale 5. Deeper commitment to the decision Disadvantages 1. A few people dominate or intimidate 2. Groupthink 3. Satisficing 4. Goal displacement
Job Characteristics Model
Job characteristics model: consists of (a) five core job characteristics that affect (b) three critical psychological states of an employee that in turn affect (c) work outcomes-the employee's motivation, performance, and satisfaction. 1. Skill Variety: describes the extent to which a job requires a person to use a wide range of different skills and abilities. 2. Task Identity: describes the extent to which a job requires a worker to perform all the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end. 3. Task Significance: describes the extent to which a job affects the lives of other people, whether inside or outside the organization. 4. Autonomy: describes the extent to which a job allows an employee to make choices about scheduling different tasks and deciding how to perform them. 5. Feedback: describes the extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job.
The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are called ____________________.
Motivation
Identify the needs described by McClelland as being the basis for motivation.
Need for affiliation Need for achievement Need for power
Which one of the following concepts is defined as the physiological or psychological deficiencies that arose behavior?
Needs
Increasing the number of similar tasks in job enlargement is likely to have which of the following disadvantages?
No lasting positive effect on job performance
____________________ communication consists of messages sent outside of the written or spoken word.
Nonverbal
Identity which item is NOT a safety need according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
The need to develop one's full potential
According to the acquired needs theory, the desire to be responsible for other people, to influence their behavior or to control them, is the need for __________.
power
The need for _______________ is described as the desire to be responsible for other people, to influence their behavior.
power
Decision making style
reflects the combination of how an individual perceives and responds to information. 1. Directive Style: have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are oriented toward task and technical concerns in making decisions. 2. Analytical Style: have a much higher tolerance for ambiguity and are characterized by the tendency to overanalyze a situation. 3. Conceptual Style: have a high tolerance for ambiguity and tend to focus on the people or social aspects of work situation. 4. Behavioral Style: is the most people oriented of the four styles.
The value or importance a worker assigns to the possible reward offered for performing a task well is called __________.
valence
