MNGT Exam 2 Sumners
If a store manager only hires shift supervisors who have four-year college degrees, even though experienced cashiers without a four-year degree can be excellent supervisors, _ may be occurring.
Discrimination
What type of structure does this organization have?
Divisional
Human Capital
Economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, and skills as the top factor in maintaining success
On-the-job training (OJT):
Experienced employee is asked to train a new employee
3 critical innovation strategies for changing products and technologies
Exploration Cooperation Innovation roles
Three Innovation strategies for new products and technologies
Exploration, cooperation and innovation roles
Brand Hiring:
Focuses managers on applicant's jobs skills and performance rather than educational credentials, appearance, or prior experience
Staff Authority:
Includes to right to advise, recommend, and counsel in the staff specialists area of expertise (No power, advisor role)
Conscious Bias:
Individual understands they have it. Results in intentional behavior may manifest as physical and verbal harassment or other issues
idea champions, new venture teams, skunkworks, new venture fund
Innovation Roles
Non-directive interview:
Interviewer asks broad, open-ended questions and lets the applicant talk freely
Project Manager
Is responsible for coordinating the activities of several departments for the completion of a specific project
Human resource planning
Is the forecasting of HR needs and the projected matching of individuals with expected vacancies
Training
Is typically used to refer to teaching people how to perform tasks related to their present jobs
Your Manager has____ when he has the right to tell you what to do at work and hold you accountable for it
Line Authority
Compensation:
Money paid to employees as a reward system
Group has power over implementation. Group will lose out in the change.
Negotiation Approach
Divisional Structure:
Occurs when departments are grouped together based of similar organizational outputs
Refreezing
Occurs when individuals acquire new attitudes or values that are rewarded to them by the organization
Changing
Occurs when individuals experiment with new behavior and learn new skills to be used in the workplace.
Disruptive Innovation:
Refers to innovations in products or services that typically start small and end up completely replacing an existing product and service technology for producers and consumers (Netflix vs Blockbuster)
Consolidated OmnibusBudget Reconciliation Act(COBRA)
Requires continued health insurance coverage (paid by employee) following termination
Family and Medical Leave Act
Requires employers to provide up to 12 weeks paid leave for childbirth, adoption, or family emergencies
Affirmative Action
Requires that an employer take positive steps to guarantee equal employment opportunities for people within the protected groups
When your manager assigns you a task, you have the ____ to carry out the task as assigned.
Responsibility
The smartphone, which essentially put a computer in people's pockets, is an example of _ because it has replaced other technologies.
a disruptive innovation
Neurodiversity
describes the way in which an individual may learn and process information differently such as ADHD, autism, dyslexia, and dyspraxia
Flat Structure
has a wide span, is horizontally dispersed and has fewer hierarchical levels.
Tall Structure
has an overall narrow span and more hierarchical levels
Relational Coordination:
is frequent and timely problem-solving communication carried out through employee relationships of shared goals, shared knowledge, and mutual respect
Open Innovation:
means extending the search for and commercialization of new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry.
Centralization:
means that decision authority is Located near the top of the organization
Virtual Network Structure:
means that the firm subcontracts most of its major functions to separate companies and coordinates their activities from a small organization at headquarters
Americans with Disabilities Act
prohibits discrimination against the disabled
Vocational Rehabilitation
prohibits discrimination based on physical or mental disability
Civil Rights act, Title VII
prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin or sex
Re-engineering:
radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service, and speed
Family and Medical Leave Act
Allows leave for care or family member or yourself
Large-group Intervention
Approach brings together participants from all parts of the organization to discuss problems or opportunities and plans for change. (fast, wants ti move at a rapid pace)
Skunkworks
Are a separate, small and informal highly autonomous, and secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas (developed by Lockheed Martin)
Selection Process:
Employers assess the applicant's characteristics in an attempt to find a fit between the job and the applicant's characteristics
Bottom-up approach:
Encourages flow of ideas from bottom branches of employees to the executives
The law requires that men and women be paid the same for the same work
Equal Pay act
Top Management Support;
Especially important when changes involve multiple departments or resources are being reallocated
Occupational Safety andHealth Act (OSHA)
Establishes mandatory safety and health standards in organizations.
-Creativity -Bottom-up approach -Internal contests -Idea incubators
Exploration
OSHA
Introduced worker protection
Participation
Involves users and potential resisters in designing the change
Product Change
Is a change in the organization's product or service output
Technology Change
Is a change in the organization's production process, how the organization does its work
Stereotyping
Rater places the employee in a class or category based on one or a few characteristics
The Scaler Principle:
Refers to a clearly defined line of authority in the organization that includes all employees.
The highest level of Coordination is
Relational Coordination
Horizontal Linkage model
Shows that the research, manufacturing, and sales, and marketing departments within an organization simultaneously contribute to new products and technologies
Extreme Interviewing:
Tests job candidate's ability to handle problems, cope with change, think on their feet, and work well with others
Job Description:
This is the summary of specific tasks, duties, and responsibilities of a job
Social Learning:
This means learning informally from others by using social media tools
Survey feedback
begins with a questionnaire distributed to employees, the results of which are used to identify and solve problems
Organizational Structure
is defined as the set of formal tasks assigned to individuals and departments
Humans don't like change. Especially when it affects
our jobs
Coordination
refers to adjusting and synchronizing the diverse activities among different individuals and departments
Cultural Taxation:
Additional workload generated for members pr underrepresented groups due to requested participation in DE&I efforts
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act(HIPAA)
Allows employees to switch health insurance plans when changing jobs and get the new coverage regardless of preexisting health conditions; prohibits group plans from dropping a sick employee.
Training development
Appraisal
Wages and salary Labor relations Termination
Benefits
A crisis exists. Initiators clearly have power. Other implementation techniques have failed.
Coercion approach
The Matrix Approach
Combines aspects of both functional and divisional structures simultaneously, in the same part of the organization
Change is technical. Users need accurate information and analysis to understand change.
Communication, education approach
People change
Concerns just a few employees
Horizontal coordination mechanisms Customers, partners open innovation
Cooperation
Decentralization:
Decision authority is pushed downwards to lower organizational levels
Covering
Defensive behavior when a workplace promotes assimilation rather than inclusion
Sexual Harassment will be considered
Discrimination
Talent Management
Emerged as a central topic of concern not only for human resource managers but all managers
ERISA
Employee retirement income security act is passed to protect retirement plans
Imposter syndrome:
Feeling that success is due to luck and not hard work or skill, leads people to feel unfit in current role
Permanent Teams
Groups of employees who are organized in a way similar to a formal department
job analysis forecasting recruiting selecting
HRM Planning
Patient Protection andAffordable Care Act(PPACA)
Imposes a fee on firms with 50 or more employees if the government subsidizes their employees' health care coverage; prevents insurers from denying coverage based on preexisting conditions or charging women more than men.
Collaboration
Joint effort between people from two or more departments to produce outcomes that mean a common goal or shared purpose that is greater than what can be achieved working alone
Coercion
Managers use their formal power to force employees to change
Employment tests:
May include cognitive ability tests, physical ability tests, inventories, and other assessments
Performance appraisal process:
Observing and assessing employee performance, recording the assessment, and providing feedback to the employee
The law protects from a variety of hazards, including exposure to toxic chemicals and excessive noise levels
Occupational safety and health act
Training
One of the most frequently used approaches to changing people's mindsets
: You would study a business's ____ to see a visual representation of its vertical structure, including the chain of command?
Organizational Chart
Users need to feel involved. Design requires information from others. Users have power to resist.
Participation approach
Recruiting
Performing activities or practices that define the characteristics of applicants to whom selection procedures are ultimately applied
Equal Pay Act
Prohibits sex differences in pay for substantially equal work.
Civil rights act
Provides compensation for intentional discrimination
Crowdsourcing
Refers to using the internet to let hundred of thousand of people contribute to the innovation process
Panel interviews:
The candidate meets with several interviewers who take turns asking questions
Division of Labor:
The degree is the degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into separate jobs
Authority
The duty to perform the task or activity as designed
Responsibility
The duty to perform the task or activity as designed
Team-based structure
The entire team organization is made of horizontal teams that coordinate their work ad work directly with customers to accomplish the organization's goals
Inclusion
The extent to which a person feels welcomed, supported, and valued
Matching Model:
The organization and the individual attempts to match the needs, interests, and values that they offer each other
Delegation
The process that managers use to transfer authority and responsibility to positions below them in the hierarchy
Ambidextrous approach:
This Means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and for the systematic implementation of innovations
Idea Incubator:
This is a mechanism that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the company can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics
Departmentalization
This is the basis for grouping positions into departments and departments into the total organization
Accountability
This means that the people with authority and responsibility are subject to reporting and justifying task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command
Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS):
This method helps overcome errors
Change involves multiple departments or reallocation of resources. Users doubt legitimacy of change.
Top management support approach
The Chain of Command
Unbroken line of authority that links all employees in an organization and shows who reports to whom
New-venture team:
Unit separate from the rest of the organization that is responsible for developing and initiating major innovation
Negotiation
Uses formal bargaining the win acceptance and approval of a desired change
360 Feedback:
Uses multiple raters including self-rating, as a way to increase awareness of strengths and weaknesses
Organizational Chart:
Visual representation of an organizational structure
Employee Resource Group (ERG):
Voluntary groups for employees who share a particular diversity dimension. Can be joined if you have a shared affinity with one group or just as an "ally"
Idea champion
a person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization
Functional Structure:
activities are grouped together by common function from the bottom to the top of the organization
Employer Brand:
aim is to make the organization a well-known and desirable place to work
COBRA
allows for a continuation of coverage of insurance after leaving a company for being fired for up to 18 months
Change agent
an OD specialist who performs a systematic diagnosis of the organization and identifies work-related problems
Internship:
an arrangement where inters exchange low-cost or free labor for the opportunity to explore where a career is appealing or to gain experience in a particular field
Team Building:
enhances the cohesiveness and success of organizational groups and teams
Realistic Job Previews (RJPs):
give applicants all pertinent an realistic information about the job and organization
Organizational Development (OD)
is a planned systematic process of change. Uses behavioral science knowledge and techniques to improve the organization's health and effectiveness
Corporate University:
is an in-house training and education facility that offers broad=based learning opportunities
Organizational Change
is the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization
Unfreezing
makes people throughout the organizational change and the need for change
Discrimination
occurs when hiring and promotion are made based on criteria that are not job relevant
Culture Change
pertains to the whole organization and is not easy
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
prohibits age discrimination and restricts mandatory retirement
New Venture Fund:
provides financial resources from which individuals or teams can draw to develop new ideas, products, or businesses
Creativity
refers to the generation of ideas that meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization
Task force
temporary team designed to solve a problem involving serval departments
Job Analysis:
the process of gathering and interpreting information about the duties, tasks, and responsibilities of a job
herefore, when you implement a change in implementation, be aware that people resist change and you must
use techniques that can overcome resistance and make employees buy in
Forced ranking:
Controversial ranking that limits # of good rating people can get
Cross-Functional Team:
This consists of employees from various functional departments who are responsible for meeting as a team and resolve mutual problems.
Structured Interviews;
use a set of standardized questions that are asked of every applicant so comparisons can be easily made
Common DE&I Metrics
-Gender diversity -Race diversity -SHRM Empathy index -Retention Rates for -diverse employees -Diversity or external stakeholders
The strategic approach to Human resource management has 3 key elements
1. All managers are involved in managing human resources 2. Employees are viewed as assets. Employees give a company a competitive edge 3. HRM is a matching process. Integrating the strategy and goals of a company with the correct approach to managing human capital
Rebecca works for a company that has clearly defined lines of authority. Each employee knows that he or she has authority and responsibility for a distinct set of tasks. Employees are also aware of the company's reporting structure as well as successive management levels all the way to the top. Rebecca's company follows which principle?
Scaler
Equality
State of fairness
Innovation by acquisition
Strategy recognizes the innovation that happens with young small companies rather than established firms
Organizing
The Development of organizational resources to achieve strategic goals. (Strategy defines what to do, and organizing defines how to do it)
Unconscious Bias:
The individual is unaware of the boas, but may not be overtly aware of the action, but it still informs the decision-making process and behavior
Halo Effect:
The manager gives an employee the same rating in all dimensions even if their performance is good or some and poor in others
The span of management
The number of employees reporting to a supervisor and determines how closely a supervisor can monitor subordinates
Development
This means teaching people broader skills that will be useful in present and future jobs. Mainly used for future jobs
Line authority:
This means that people in Management positions have the formal authority to direct and control immediate subordinates (You have to listen because I have this title)
Application form:
used to collect information about the applicant's education, previous job experience, and other background characteristics
Communication and education
used when solid information about the change is needed by users and others who may resist implementation