Modeling/Simulation

5 Visual display

Visual displays provide the visual stimulus to the user

1 Virtual Simulation

Where actual players use simulated systems in a synthetic environment. Examples are for flight simulation, education where avatars are employed or medical simulation using human patient simulators.

Trademarks

Word, name, symbol or device (logo, sound, color, etc. )

1 Game Theory

Game theory is the study of strategic decision making. Specifically, it is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers." An alternative term suggested "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is interactive decision theory. Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science, and biology. Today, however, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and has developed into an umbrella term for the logical side of decision science, including both humans and non-humans (e.g. computers, animals).

1 Serious Games

Games that simulate real-world events or processes to solve problems. These games can be used for law enforcement, medical applications and other simulations.

6. PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge)

Guide to present a set of standards, terminology, and guidelines for project managers.

Rule 7

Help keep flame wars under control

5. First Training Device

Human Patient Simulator

5 Haptic display

These displays provide sense of touch to the user Haptic technology. This type of output is sometimes referred to as force feedback.

5 Voice/sound recognition

This form of interaction may be used either to interact with agents within the simulation (e.g., virtual people) or to manipulate objects in the simulation (e.g., information). Voice interaction presumably increases the level of immersion for the user.

5. Miller Curves

Transfer of training increased non-linearly with an increase of fidelity (realism) an accordingly, the cost of the system increased non-linearly with that increase of fidelity.

TER (Training Effectiveness Ratio)

(Yo-Yx)/X Yo= Profieciency of the operational system to achieve a level of criterion performance Yx= Time in the operational system X= Time on the simulator

6 ILS (Integrated Logistic Support)

-A composite of the elements of design and support necessary to provide for the effective support of the system for its programmed life cycle. -A management approach to plan and develop optimized support for systems in order to assure the right availability throughout the life cycle.

2 Ralph Henry Baer

-Father of Video Games -Developer, inventor, and engineer

2 Working with the Hardware

-Initially programming the hardware required intimate knowledge of the target H/W • From machine code/assembly language • Towards independence from target H/W • And to the mature compiler tools we use today

3. Vector

-Made of geometric shapes -Mathematically calculated -Logos, print work, posters, brochures -Resolution is independent -.pdf, .ai, .eps, .dxf

3 Raster

-Made up of pixels/bitmap -RGB -Resolution dependent (PPI) -Results in pixelation

3 Visual Styling

-More than just how things are supposed to look. -Significant impact on rendering, on animation techniques, and overall production complexity.

Trade Secrets

Business/Technical Information (formulas, patterns, programs, methods, etc.)

1 Business Ethics

A form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.

2 Waterfall software development model

A sequential design process, used in software development processes, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of conception, initiation, analysis, design, construction, testing, production/implementation and maintenance.

1 Physical Model

A smaller or larger physical copy of an object

2 Game Engine

A software framework designed for the creation and development of video games.

3 Blend Motion

Blending motion to create a realistic animation.

1 Requirements Traceability Matrix

A sub-discipline of requirements management within software development and systems engineering. Requirements traceability is concerned with documenting the life of a requirement and providing bi-directional traceability between various associated requirements. It enables users to find the origin of each requirement and track every change that was made to this requirement.

6. Project

A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result. Can be tangible or intangible.

1 Live Simulation

A type of simulation that typically involves humans and/or equipment and activity in a setting where they would normally operate.

1 Quality Assurance

A way of preventing mistakes or defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering solutions or services to customers; which ISO 9000 defines as "part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled".

1 Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)

A way to quantify and measure how reliable a product or component , usually measured in tens of thousands of hours. It is the number of hours accumulated by a system or equipment divided by the number of failures experienced over that period of time.

1 Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)

A way to quantify and measure the maintainability of a product or component. MTTR is calculated by measuring the time to complete maintenance actions over a period of time, adding them up and calculating the mean value in minutes or hours.

1 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

A work breakdown structure (WBS) is depicted on a chart in which the critical work elements, called tasks, of a project are illustrated to portray their relationships to each other and to the project as a whole.

2 Video games

Computer- or microprocessor-controlled games.

Rule 2

Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life.

1 High Level Architecture (HLA)

A general purpose architecture that allows computer simulations to communicate with each other regardless of the platform or geographic locations. For military applications, flight simulators can operate with shipboard simulators and ground force simulators together on the same simulated environment.

2 Agile software development model

A group of software development methods in which solutions evolve through collaboration between self-organizing, cross-functional teams. It promotes adaptive planning, evolutionary development, early delivery, continuous improvement, and encourages rapid and flexible response to change.

1 Virtual Reality

A hypothetical three-dimensional visual world created by a computer; user wears special goggle and fiber optic gloves etc., and can enter and move about in this world and interact with objects as if inside it.

5 Simulator Building Blocks

1)Trainee Station (cockpit area in a flight simulator) 2)Computational System (computer or family of computers) 3)Visual System ( image generator, displays and data bases) 4) Instructor/Operator Station ( Controls scenarios, inserts malfunctions, etc.) 5) Aural System ( communications, engine noises, alarms, sensors, environmental noises, etc.) 6)Motion System (platform, g-seat/g-suit, motion seat, seat shaker) 7)Control Loader ( stick rudder forces in flight simulator) 8) Interface Hardware and Software (enables computers and other hardware/software to communicate)

1 Intellectual Property

A legal term that refers to creations of the mind. Intellectual property can be protected through patents, trademarks or copyrights.

1 Synthetic Modeling

Constructed from extant, autonomous software components whose existence and purpose are independent of the underlying model they comprise.

5 Vestibular display

These displays provide a sense of motion to the user Motion simulator.

1 Environmental Model

A numerical model, parametric model, or database designed to produce an accurate and consistent data set for one or more parameters that characterize the state of the natural environment. The environmental simulation is a simulation that depicts all or part of the natural or man made environment of a system; for example, a simulation of the radar equipment and other tracking devices that provide input to an aircraft tracking system. It includes weather, terrain, sea states and all natural conditions.

1. Augmented Reality

An enhanced image or environment as viewed on a screen, head-mounted, or other display, produced by overlaying computer-generated images, sounds, or other data on a real-world environment.

6 11 ILS Elements

-Reliability and Maintainability -Design Interface - Maintenance Planning - Supply Support -Support and Test Equipment -Manpower and Personnel -Training and Training Support -Technical Data and Publications -Computer Resources Support -Facilities -Packaging, Handling and Transportation

Game Engine Core Functionality

-Rendering engine for 2D and 3D graphics -Physics engine of collision detection -Sound, scripting, animation -Artificial intelligence -Networking -Streaming -Memory management

5. Edward Link

-Simulator pioneer -Developed the first simulator used in WWII

Integrated Product Teams (IPT)

-Used throughout government. -Includes stakeholders, developers, contractors, management, and customers.

1 Systems Engineering

An interdisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on how to design and manage complex engineering systems over their life cycles.

The Agile Manifesto

1. Customer satisfaction by early and continuous delivery of useful software 2. Welcome changing requirements, even late in development 3. Working software is delivered frequently (weeks rather than months) 4. Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers 5. Projects are built around motivated individuals, who should be trusted 6. Face-to-face conversation is the best form of communication (co-location) 7. Working software is the principal measure of progress 8. Sustainable development, able to maintain a constant pace 9. Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design 10. Simplicity—the art of maximizing the amount of work not done—is essential 11. Self-organizing teams 12. Regular adaptation to changing circumstance

6. Project Manager Responsibilities

1. Initiating - defining a new project (or a new phase of a project) 2. Planning - establishing the scope of a project 3. Executing - the processes performed to complete the work 4. Monitoring and Controlling - tracking, reviewing and regulating the project 5. Closing - finalizing all activities to formally close the project

1 Peer-to-Peer Model

A decentralized communications model where each party have similar capabilities acting as both client and server on a shared network and either party can imitate a communication session.

1 Deductive, inductive, or floating

A deductive model is a logical structure based on a theory. An inductive model arises from empirical findings and generalization from them. The floating model rests on neither theory nor observation, but is merely the invocation of expected structure.

1 Physical Fidelity

A degree to which device looks, sounds, and feels like actual an environment.

1 Deterministic vs. probabilistic (stochastic)

A deterministic model is one in which every set of variable states is uniquely determined by parameters in the model and by sets of previous states of these variables; therefore, a deterministic model always performs the same way for a given set of initial conditions.

1 Discrete vs. continuous

A discrete model treats objects as discrete, such as the particles in a molecular model or the states in a statistical model; while a continuous model represents the objects in a continuous manner, such as the velocity field of fluid in pipe flows, temperatures and stresses in a solid, and electric field that applies continuously over the entire model due to a point charge.

1 Static vs. dynamic

A dynamic model accounts for time-dependent changes in the state of the system, while a static (or steady-state) model calculates the system in equilibrium, and thus is time-invariant. Dynamic models typically are represented by differential equations.

1 Technology Entrepreneurship

An investment in a project that deploys specialized individuals and assets that are intricately related to advances in specific and technological knowledge for the purpose of creating and capturing value for a firm.

Patents

Any new and useful process, machine, improvements. A Patent will grant the right to exclude others.

Rule 10

Be forgiving to other people's mistakes

1 Incubation (Business) Phase

Business incubation provides a nurturing, instructive and supportive environment for entrepreneurs during the critical stages of starting up a new business. The goal of incubators is to increase the chance that a start-up will succeed, and shorten the time and reduce the cost of establishing and growing its business. If successful, business incubators can help to nurture the companies that will form the true creators of a region's or nation's future wealth and employment.

6. Scope Management

Contract includes a Statement of Work (the work required to complete the project). The Project Manager will subdivide the project work into smaller, more manageable components which is called a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). This analysis, along with project management software tools, enables the manager to develop reasonable time and cost estimates for executing the work to the customer's satisfaction.

6 Cost Management

Cost management includes planning, estimating, budgeting, financing, funding and controlling costs so that the project can be completed within the approved budget.

5 Discrete Event Simulation

Discrete event simulation is an important system analysis technique. A discrete event simulation (DES) manages events in time.

Rule 9

Don't abuse your power

3 Facial Animation

Emotions, thoughts, and other aspects can be expressed on the face.

6 Risk

Every project has some risk in design, development or delivery and support. Risks can be in scope, schedule and/or cost. The Project Manager must assess that risk in order to develop reasonable cost and schedule estimates.

Rule 5

Make yourself look good online

1 Explicit vs. implicit

If all of the input parameters of the overall model are known, and the output parameters can be calculated by a finite series of computations (known as linear programming, not to be confused with linearity as described above), the model is said to be explicit. But sometimes it is the output parameters which are known, and the corresponding inputs must be solved for by an iterative procedure, such as Newton's method (if the model is linear) or Broyden's method (if non-linear)

1 Linear vs. Nonlinear

If all the operators in a mathematical model exhibit linearity, the resulting mathematical model is defined as linear. A model is considered to be nonlinear otherwise.

1 Client/Server Model

In the client-server model of computing, tasks are distributed between a service provider, called a server, and a service requester, or client. A core network computing concept for email exchange and web/database; protocols built around the client-server. i. HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol) ii. DNS (Domain Name System) iii. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) iv. Telnet (terminal emulation program that connects a PC to a server on the network)

Intellectual Property

Intangible creations of the mind protected by legal rights. Namely: • Trade Secrets, Copyrights, Patents, and Trademarks

1 Constructive Simulation

Involve humans and equipment that are both simulated.

1 Live Simulation

Involve real humans and/or equipment and activity in an actual setting

1 Virtual Simulation

Involve real humans with equipment that is partially, or completely, simulated.

5. Real Time Virtual Simulators

Is the use of 3D objects and environments to create immersive and engaging learning experiences.

Rule 3

Know where you are in cyberspace

5 Physical controllers

Physical controllers provide input to the simulation only through direct manipulation by the user.

1 Discrete Event Model Simulation

Manages events in time Models and simulates the operation of a system as a discrete sequence of events in time. Each event occurs at a particular instant in time and marks a change of state in the system. It is a valuable analysis tool for improving system effectiveness and efficiencies. Example: Model a queue, such as customers arriving at a bank to be served by a teller.

1 Mathematical Model

Mathematical models are usually composed of relationships and variables. Relationships can be described by operators, such as algebraic operators, functions, differential operators, etc. Variables are abstractions of system parameters of interest, that can be quantified.

1 Integrated Product Team (IPT)

Multidisciplinary group of people who are collectively responsible for delivering a defined product or process. IPTs are used in complex development programs/projects for review and decision making. The emphasis of the IPT is on involvement of all stakeholders (users, customers, management, developers, and contractors) in a collaborative forum. IPTs are created most often as part of structured systems engineering methodologies, focusing attention on understanding the needs and desires of each stakeholder.

6. Project Management Professional (PMP)

One of PMI's seven certifications.

1 Prototype

Original model like a sample on which to base future designs.

Copyrights

Original works of authorship (text, arts, recordings, etc.)

6 Department of Defense

Places emphasis on three factors: cost, schedule, and performance. Performance is a measure of how well the system should perform when compared to the Specification and Statement of Work (SOW).

1 Process Model

Process of the same structure that are classified together into a model.

1 Objected Oriented Programming

Programming language model organized around objects rather than "actions" or data rather than logic.

6. PMI (Project Management Institute) 1969

Provides a forum to exchange ideas, problems and solutions as well as standardization of project management practices as a whole.

6 Quality Management

Quality management is determining the quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities so the project will meet the customer's needs.

T-pose

Reference point

1 Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM)

Reliability is the probability that an engineering system will perform its intended function satisfactorily (from the viewpoint of the customer) for its intended life under specified environmental and operating conditions. Maintainability is the probability that maintenance of the system will retain the system in, or restore it to, a specified condition within a given time period. Availability is the probability that the system is operating satisfactory at any time, and it depends on the reliability and the maintain ability. Hence, the study of probability theory is essential for understanding the reliability, maintainability and availability of a system.

Rule 1

Remember the Human

Rule 8

Respect other people's privacy

Rule 4

Respect other people's time and bandwidth

5 Aural display

Several different types of audio systems exist to help the user hear and localize sounds spatially. Special software can be used to produce 3D audio effects 3D audio to create the illusion that sound sources are placed within a defined three-dimensional space around the user.

Rule 6

Share expert knowledge

5 Systems Engineering

Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary approach to manage the technical realization of a successful program. Systems engineering processes provide technical insight into the holistic status of the program.

Netiquette (Network Etiquette)

The "proper" way to communicate online.

6 Logistics Support

The support of a simulator is crucial in making sure that the system is available when it is needed. It takes a lot of planning and coordination to provide the support assets as required.

1 Integrated Logistics Support (ILS)

The composite of the elements of support necessary to assure the effective and economical support of a system or equipment at all levels of maintenance for its programmed life cycle. The elements of support are as follows: 1. Design Interface (Reliability, Maintainability and Availability) 2. Maintenance Planning 3. Manpower and Personnel 4. Training and Training Support 5. Technical Data and Publications 6. Packaging, Handling and Transportation 7. Computer Support Resources 8. Site Preparation and Facilities 9. Support and Test Equipment 10. Supply Support 11. Logistics Information

3 Cinematography

The composition, lighting, and sequencing of our moving images have a huge impact on storytelling.

1 Functional Fidelity

The degree to which the simulated functions coincide with functions of the parent system (aircraft, railroad train, ship, etc.) Functional fidelity does not require the simulator to look exactly like the parent system whereas "physical fidelity" does require a "look alike".

1 Link Blue Box

The first modern pilot trainer invented by Edwin Link of Binghamton, NY. The trainer, pneumatically operated, was used extensively in World War II to train US and allied pilots.

6 Communication for Project Managers

The free flow of information within a project is vital to performance. Project teams can include members from diverse cultural and organizational backgrounds and effective communication creates a bridge among diverse team members .

1 Risk Mitigation

The identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks (defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives) followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. Risk management's objective is to assure uncertainty does not deflect the endeavor from the business goals.

1 Simulation

The imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time.

5. Simulation

The imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time. May be used because the real system cannot be engaged; it may not be accessible; dangerous or unacceptable to engage; being built or does not exist.

1 Mixed Reality

The merging of both real and virtual worlds to produce new environments and visualizations where physical and digital objects co-exist and interact in real time.

5 Body tracking

The motion capture method is often used to record the user's movements and translate the captured data into inputs for the virtual simulation.

2. Moore's Law

The number of components in an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. Helps Explain the Advancement of Technology Which Benefits • Processing speed • Disk capacity • Memory capacity

1 Project Management

The process and activity of planning, organizing, motivating, directing and controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals in scientific or daily problems.

1 Objected Oriented Design

The process of planning a system of interacting objects for the purpose of solving a software problem. It is one approach to software design. An object contains encapsulated data and procedures grouped together to represent an entity.

6 Schedule Management

The schedule is also a very important factor and includes close time management to ensure timely completion of the project. This includes an estimate of how long the project will take and what resources are needed to complete the job.

2 Moving Towards Adopting Commercial Practices

• Tailor processes to developer's best practices • Leverage on evolving and maturing development standards and methods • Application under development determines the approach

2 Evolution of Languages

• Languages used to develop DoD applications numbered over 400 • Different languages for different problems • Focus now is more of extensions to the more recent languages; C++

2 Process Models

• Originally ads-hoc development • Adoption of disciplined approach introduce less defects, meaning less rework • SEI's CMMI establishes levels of maturity • ISO 9001 establishes quality standards for software products

2 Development Methods have Evolved

• Structured Analysis / Structured Design • Object Oriented • Agile

2 Variation of Approaches have Evolved

• Waterfall* • Evolutionary (incremental, spiral, agile...)**

2 Language Standardization/Extensions

• Wrappers/Plug-ins • Math Libraries/Special Functions/Reuse • Reusable standards/components • Maintenance on Legacy Systems Still Biggest Cost; Fortran, Pascal, Jovial, Ada...