Models of Addiction: Finals Questions

% of revenues of state lotteries and casinos from problem gamblers

$6.7 billion. 30-40% of the revenues of casinos and state lotteries are from problem and pathological gamblers.

# of youth who are problem gamblers according to Christian Science Monitor

1 in 20 youth

What are the demographics that best describe the typical problem shopper?

31 year old female

Based on interviews/measures taken of those in recovery from sexual addiction, the process of recovery is a _______ process

5 years

What are the rates of mental health treatment for military veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan?

50%

If someone exhibits symptoms after a traumatic event consistent with a trauma reaction, they are diagnosed with _____ for the first 30 days then ____ after 30 days.

Acute Stress Disorder/PTSD

93% of the sex addicts in Carnes' studies were:

Caucasian

Types of workaholics

Defeatist. The defeatist denies himself pleasure. ... Saboteur. The saboteur loses things he values... or at least used to value. ... Punisher. This is the one of the most common causes of workaholism. ... Martyr. Misery loves company personifies this behavior.

Dittmar (2005): types of items that problem shoppers buy

Dittmar notes that compulsive buying gets manifested in the purchase of personal consumer goods such as clothes and appearance-related products rather than everyday household and grocery shopping.

Orzack (1999) identified FRAMES, a treatment approach for compulsive Internet users. The "E" refers to:

Empathy

Undergoing a trauma of any kind makes one more likely to experience a trauma in the future.

False

Wan and Chiou (2007) found that online game addicts were more likely to be extrinsically motivated to play online games as compared to non-addicts.

False

Orzack (1999) FRAMES

Feedback: assess person's use and validate need for help. Responsibility: person responsible for changing behavior. Advice: patient and therapist work on goals to determine healthy/unhealthy use. Menu: person monitors use and thoughts/feelings Empathy: affirm efforts and not scold for slips. Self-efficacy: person learns that they can use computer for work and avoid other uses.

Whang, Lee and Chang (2003) personality characteristics

Found that Internet addicts had dysfunctional social behavior (tried to escape from reality via the Internet and sought intimacy via the Internet). Internet addicts were more likely to access the Internet when stressed out by work or depressed. When comparing the three groups, Internet addicts reported the highest degree of loneliness, depressed mood and compulsivity. Internet addicts seemed more vulnerable to interpersonal dangers- were more likely to feel unusually close to strangers.

Who was the first researcher to describe compulsive buying and noted it as one manifestation of "oniomania", a disorder that resulted in compulsive behavior.

Kraepelin (1915)

Materialism over time: increased or the same?

On the rise: The author notes that there is a current cultural shift toward materialism, with younger cohorts putting greater emphasis on buying and on being more comfortable carrying debt. Materialistic values (acquisition of goods is a central life goal, a prime indicator of success, and is key to happiness and self-definition).

Beard (2002) % of employees' Internet use was business -related

One company found that only 23% of employees' Internet use was business related. 30% of companies have terminated employees due to inappropriate Internet use.

Results of the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study showed that as ACE score increased:

Participants were more likely to experience depression Participants were more likely to attempt suicide Participants were more likely to have chronic health problems

Schneider (1994): types of cybersex users: all problems?

Primary types: Appropriate recreational users, Inappropriate recreational users, Discovery group, Predisposed group, Lifelong sexual compulsives: Subtypes: stress-reactive: use sex on the Internet to relieve high stress levels, depressive: use sex on the Internet to escape from depression in daily life. Fantasy, Person uses online activities to retreat into fantasy and fiction.

Proposed subtypes of problem gamblers (Iancu, 2008)

The Impulsive Type, The Obsessive-Compulsive Type, The Addictive Subtype

The American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers found that preoccupation with work is one of the top four reasons for divorce.

True

primary sexual addiction- factors to rule out?

When sexual compulsivity exists, need to rule out the following: i. General medical condition ii. Substance-induced? iii. Due to a psychotic illness or mood disorder? iv. Personality disorders:

Leung (2004) found that the "typical" Net-gener who is Internet addicted is:

a young female student

Kraeplin (1915) oniomania

described oniomania with the specific element of "compulsiveness". He classified compulsive buying as one of the "impulsive insanities alongside kleptomania and pyromania.

Whang, Lee and Chang (2003) studied Internet addicts in Korea and classified Internet addicts as having:

greater degrees of depression, loneliness, and compulsivity

Vallerand et al. (2005): harmonious versus obsessive passion

harmonious passion: a spontaneous internalization of an activity into an individual's identity. People with this enjoy their passion and feel cheerful about it. obsessive passion: a controlled internalization of an activity or object into a person's identity. People with this are controlled by their object of passion. They will feel fanatical over it and will become angry, anxious or unable to concentrate on other activities if disturbed while playing.

Casino style gambling:

is legal in all states but two

Black (1998) compared the psychiatric status of compulsive shoppers and a community sample and found they were:

more likely to exhibit Major Depressive Disorder, other mood disorders and were more likely to have more than one psychiatric disorder

The current DSM-V diagnosis for Internet/Gaming addiction is:

no diagnosis is given

Women: Gambling

one-third of problems gamblers but only 2-4% of those in treatment

What are the factors that must be ruled out in order to diagnose someone with primary sexual addiction (i.e., not something else is underlying)?

personality disorder, psychiatric disorder, general medical condition

_____ workaholics initiate work at a high level but complete it at a low level.

savoring

When is relapse for sexual addiction most likely in recovery?

second six months of recovery

A powerful assessment tool regarding sex addiction in which the person logs their desires to be sexual, how often they do, and the circumstances related to their behavior is known as:

self-monitoring

Addicted exercisers are more likely to exercise for _______ whereas normal exercisers exercise for:

stress reduction/health, well being and social enjoyment

Contrary to earlier studies, Leung (2004) found that:

the amount of time someone has used the Internet is unrelated to addiction.

Hamer and Karageorghis: % of exercising population that is estimated to be addicted

vary widely from 2-3% to 20-30% of the exercising population

Reasons that exercise addicts exercise: increase positive feeling versus stress reduction

viewed exercise as "positive affect enhancer" and a "negative affect reducer." One can be a "negative runner" who runs to reduce stress or a "positive runner" who runs to increase positive feeling. Literature supports the fact that people exercise for both reasons. Some research indicates that addicted exercisers are more likely to exercise for stress reduction whereas normal exercisers do so for health, well-being and social enjoyment.

Name the median amount gambled per month by problem gamblers and pathological gamblers.

$400/$2000

___ out of ___ people who experience a heart attack will develop PTSD

1 out of 8

Dittmar (2005) estimates that anywhere from ______% of the United States population engages in compulsive buying.

1-10%

Women are ______ of problem gamblers but they make up only 2-4% of those in treatment.

1/3

Of women in the United States who are living with an intimate partner, what percent reported incidents of SEVERE physical violence including punching, kicking and choking?

11.6%

Support groups for gambling: based on what model

12-Step Group: Gamblers Anonymous. Disease Model is the conceptual basis for treatment.

Parsons (2005) % of online gamers that are addicts

15% of online game players meet criteria for addiction.

National Gambling Impact Study: # of Americans who gamble

2 to 11 %

According to the Christian Science Monitor (2006), 1 in ______ youth are problem gamblers.

20

Hamer and Karageorghis (2007) found that estimates of those who are exercise dependent vary widely but can be up to ______% of the exercising population.

20-30%

Beard (2002) reported that some companies who installed monitoring devices on their employees regarding their use of the Internet found that ______ % of their Internet use was business -related.

23

According to Carnes (1991), what is the percentage of the U.S. population that is sexually compulsive?

3-6

Greenfield (1999) found that _____% of those who use the Internet for sexual reasons become compulsive:

6%

% of Internet users who develop a problem with their use? Leung (2004)

6% of users of the Internet develop some problems with this

What percent of Internet users develop a problem with their use?

6-8

________ of addicted gamblers contemplate suicide and ______ actually attempt, making it the addictive disorder with the highest suicide rate.

70% - 20-40%

Gambling addicts and suicide

70% of addicted gamblers contemplate suicide and 20 to 40% actually attempt.

Black (2001) said that 2-8% of the United States population has issues with shopping/spending and ______% are female.

80-95%

Casino style gambling

900 casinos in 29 states; casino or casino-style gambling is legal all but two states- has made gambling much more socially acceptable for both men and women. (Utah and Hawaii)

According to Carnes (1991), the top contributing factor to sex addiction (abuse category with the highest percentage of contribution) was:

Emotional abuse

People who exercise are likely to do so to increase positive affect and reduce negative affect. Research has found that:

Exercise addicts are more likely to exercise to reduce negative affect.

Prescription medications are unnecessary in treating sex addiction as there is no biological basis for compulsive sexual behavior.

False

Robinson and Kelley (1998) found that children of workaholics had a genetic predisposition to workaholism.

False

Studies have shown that treatment for exercise addicts is rarely successful.

False

Sex addiction and gender: statistics the same for men and women?

Male to female ratios: 4:1

MMORPG's stand for:

Massive multi-player online role play games

Recommended treatments for exercise addiction

Medical status: assess the person's physical functioning. Nutritional status: Assess their eating habits and encourage healthy eating. Eating disorder behaviors. Body image and self-esteem. Motivation: Cognitions and skills: Athlete-specific issues.

A term derived from Greek that has been used to describe sexual excess in women is known as:

Nymphomania

The first author to identify workaholism as a disease was:

Oates

Who first coined the term "workaholic"

Oates

How are men and women different re: gambling....reasons and incidence of?

a. Men are much more likely to be pathological gamblers. Approximately one third of problem gamblers are women but in treatment, they are only 2 to 4% of the population. b. Women gamble to escape: talk about being hypnotized or in a "trance." Lesieur (1987) found that two major reasons that women gamble: to escape from memories of parental upbringing and to escape from troubled husbands and loneliness. Women are "escape" gamblers while men are "action" gamblers. Men are more likely to have developed an expertise in "skill games" such as poker, horses or sports that provide action as well as escape.

According to Vallerand et al. (2003) _______ passion is a spontaneous internalization of an activity whereas ______ passion is a controlled internalization of an activity or object into a person's identity.

harmonious/obsessive

warning signs of Internet addiction

i.preoccupation with the Internet ii.using increasing amounts of time online iii.failed attempts to control one's use of Internet iv.jeopardized relationships v.lying behavior vi.escape from problems.

Wan and Chiou (2007): intrinsic versus extrinsic

intrinsic (coming from inside) or extrinsic (coming from outside): found that online game addicts were more likely to be intrinsically motivated in playing the games.

Robinson and Post (1997) found that higher scores on work addiction were related to:

less effective problem solving, lower communication, less affective involvement

When it comes to gambling, women are:

likely to gamble to escape

Dittmar (2005) noted that those with high materialism (and therefore a tendency to buy) also have:

low self-esteem, dissatisfaction with life, low subjective well-being and poor psychological adjustment