Modern Studies

Devolved Powers

* Education - Current Minister is John Swinney - Deals with the SQA, early years, school standards, and closing the attainment gap FOR EXAMPLE: Back when Mike Russell was secretary for education, there was a law introduced which would require english students to pay up to 9000 pounds more than they were to make way for scottish pupils * Health and Wellbeing - Current minister is Shona Robinson - Deals with things like drugs policy, public health, dentistry, and adult care and support FOR EXAMPLE: In 2014, prescriptions made free by Nicola Sturgeon * Justice (law and order) - Current is Michael Matheson - Tackling anti-sectarianism, prisons, liquor licensing FOR EXAMPLE: Under Kenny Macaskill, single police force formed

Responsibilities of Americans

* To use their vote - Can be seen as a part of the American dream (get future you want) - Be an active member of American society and do what you feel is best and choose who you feel could best represent you - Without this, you don't have a right to complain FOR EXAMPLE: Declare Yourself set up in 2004 by Norman Lear and did a lot of work in the lead up to the 2011 election. Main message was to do road trips and PSAs on which they informed the American youth that not voting was like "silencing yourself" with photoshoots. The said their main aim was to "project hope to inspire Americans to participate in civic activism, to exercise their rights and to vote". * To respect rights of belief and opinions of others and not incite hatred or violence - Commercial speech regulated to make sure it isn't misleading or fraudulent - Speech that constitute libel is also looked down upon - Incitement of suicide forbidden - Fighting words prohibited- words which, if said to an ordinary citizen would by common knowledge be known to provoke a violent reaction or "direct personal insult" FOR EXAMPLE: In 2017, Michelle Carter in a juvenile court was found guilty of manslaughter. She was exempt from first amendment protection as incitement of suicide didn't come under free speech Case of Snyder vs Phelps, where it was ruled 8-1 by SCOTUS that the actions of members of the westboro baptist church were outrageous but it couldn't actually take away protection because of special protection of free speech. Memorial was never touched. They picketed a gay man's son's funeral (Matthew Snyder US marine) with signs saying "Thank God for dead soldiers". SCOTUS ruled they caused incomparable distress. * To use weapons only in self defense and to stay within laws imposed in states - Some need a license or permit to purchase or possess firearms - Some need firearms to be registered with police or another law enforcement agency - Some states require a background check - People can only use deadly force in certain situations even for those who've enacted a castle doctrine (where they don't need to flee and can shoot) FOR EXAMPLE: NRA compiles about guns used in self defense scenarios. Found in Feb 2018 in Acworth Waffle House where there were 2 armed men who tried to rob the place until customer fired shots, hurting no one. BUT ABC news showed that chicago police arrested man at train station with loaded gun. Chicago Union station. Had swat gear and explosive residue so had clear intent to cause harm. Isaiah Malailua in March 2018

Drop out rates

- 17.6% for Hispanics 9.3% for blacks 5.2% for whites and 3.2% for asians

Young People Shoplifting

- 3rd largest crime by children and young people in 2016/17 was shoplifting at 11%. found by Youth Justice board/Ministry of Justice in gov.uk publication - Minor crime. In England and wales max of 6 months for theft of less than 200 pounds - In Scotland, would only be sent to JoP or Sherrif Court

Blacks (distribution)

- 41mill in US; 12% - 53% in the Southern States

Voluntary services help crime

- Help police in motives to prevent crime from happening and also giving support to those who are victims as a route before emergency services - Red Cross Volunteers staffed bus on Glasgow Central Station over festive period 2011 to help people who drank too much - Prevent alcohol related crimes - Refer them to help - Help victims of abuse who have run away

Immigration (Puerto Ricans)

- Over 5m in US; 1.5% of US - Can move legally, so more likely to be seen as American - Moved in search of a better life - Heavily concentrated on East Coast; Massechusets, Florida, etc - 1/3 in New York - 34% of Hispanic population in New York

Traffic Laws

- Second time caught under influence gets you losing possession of car. These cars are sold or destroyed - Maximum limit of alcohol in bloodstream reduced from 80mg to 50mg in every 100ml of blood - New careless driving laws, which came into force on 18 August 2008, allow courts to imprison drivers who cause death or serious injury by not paying due care and attention to the road or other road users. - Accidents involving drink driving have decreased over last 30 years

English Speaking

36% of Mexicans report speaking English less than very well, compared with 35% of all Hispanics, (pew 2010) <1% of whites struggle to speak english.

Female- Male MSPs?

45:84

Employment

December 2017 6.6% for blacks and 3.4% for whites December 2017 bureau of labour statistics

Alcoholism in Young People

Drinkaware found that 45% of 13 y/o pupils who has alcohol in the past week had been drunk at least once before - 79% do it to look cool in front of their friends and 64% said their friends pressure them into it. These were 11-15 y/o pupils

Greed Example

LSE's reading the riots shows a motivator for many was to steal things like TVs, not essential

Healthcare Insurance US

According to 2010 research by pew 34% of mexicans are uninsured compared to 16.3% of general population 1/5 blacks uninsured KFF shows in 2013 13% of whites were uninsured

Sexual Assault stats

Men perpetuated the majority of serious sexual assaults: 94.0% of those who had experienced serious sexual assault since the age of 16 said the offender was male. This proportion was higher for female victims than male victims, at 98.0% and 63.6% respectively. ( suppression of female sexuality)

Education

National Centre for Education Statistics found in 2010 52.8% of asians had at least a bachelor's degree while whites were at 33.2% Pew in 2010 found 9% of Mexicans and 13% of hispanics had one (25+) 2011 documentary tale of two schools showed high performing school in Rockville and poorer performing one in Wyandanch Free and reduced Lunches: 11% R vs 46% W Funding and resources: $230000 per student R vs $70000 W. High maintenance building with rich extracurricular opportunities (drama production) and technology and big lecture halls R vs career advisor overworked with multiple roles, no AP classes, students learnt from textbook. College enrollment: 89% 4 year enrolment R vs 21% Wyandanch Ethnic makeup: 77% white 8% black R vs 80% black 0% black

Difference between measuring crimes

SCJS: -People interviewed across scotland, 6000/year living in private households - Interviewer comes into house - Interview lasts 40 minutes - Allows different, emotional perspective - Crimes not reported to police - But doesn't cover crimes like crimes without a specific victim (like speeding), crimes without a victim to interview (homicide), and crimes against businesses (shoplifting) - Focus on victims FOR EXAMPLE: Mention walking alone stats, and partner abuse statistics, 12.4% scared it would make matters worse 28% didn't tell anyone (last 12 months), and 14.1% said they'd experienced at least one physical or psychological form of partner abuse since 16 From 2014/15. 16.8% who were sexually assaulted seriously from 16 said police were informed Within the last 12 months, 1.3% of respondents had experienced at least one form of less serious sexual offence Police Findings: - What is reported to the police - Compiled by scottish government FOR EXAMPLE: 1% of crime is homicide ; 25% of all crimes of dishonesty is shoplifting

All education policies

* Affirmative action * Every student succeeds act - States must test students annually in Maths and Reading grades 3-8, and once in high school - Scores reported according to student's race, income, ethnicity, disability, if english is their second language - Would help states look deeper into inequalities within education - Accused of "teaching to the test" - New law does not require states to set up teacher-evaluation systems * Race To The Top - $4.35 bill which rewards innovation and reforms - State funding depended on points they got - This depended on having great teachers and leaders, success factors, turning around lowest performing schools, developing common standards, developing high quality assessments - Provided extensive training opportunities - 8/10 grant winning states saw increase in graduation rates over a year, highest increase being in Florida; 4% rise

Powers of the Police

* Arrest - Can arrest someone if they have reasonable grounds to - Arrestable offences include serious offences like murder and rape as well as less serious ones like theft of motor vehicle - Can also be arrested for "non-arrestable" offences should you refuse to give your details when questioned for a summons, which demands an individual appears in court FOR EXAMPLE: Scotland Yard reports that at the Nottinghill Festival, 313 were arrested by the police. Crimes included being drunk and disorderly, assault on police, and possession of drugs * Stopping and searching - Can ask you where you are going and where you've been if they believe you are carrying drugs and/or an illegal weapon (this is a statutory search) - Patrol streets FOR EXAMPLE: In Scotland in 2010, 64/1000 people were stopped and searched * Power to direct traffic - Can deal with non-moving traffic that is causing an obstruction - In the power of traffic wardens - Exists under road traffic laws, regulations, and orders - Enforcing parking regulations, acting as "civic ambassadors" by giving directions and other useful information to the public - Offences could include disobeying a sign, or failing to stop after an accident FOR EXAMPLE: FPN (fixed penalty notices) are issued by police officers when someone parks where they shouldn't or speeds. 21 days to pay or challenge ticket

US black minority representation + participation

* Blacks are under-represented - They live in poverty and are socially and economically disadvantaged in a number of other ways, in terms of education, employment and the justice system too - A lot of this is because of discrimination from the white man's society which they feel nothing is being done about - They feel unimportant in the eyes of the government and that it is simply a white man's power game - A real disillusion and unconvinced by the idea of "democracy" - It is also harder those who do run to get funding to launch a big campaign, reinforcing belief that politics is not about equality and that those already high in social hierarchy are those always destined to win - Same for voting ideologies FOR EXAMPLE: According to Pew Research, on the 1st day in session of the 115th US congress, 50 members were black. This represents 9% of Congress, however, according to black demographics 13% of america is black. Whites make up 81% of congress, while 74% of america is white (American Community survey 2015) This could be because of the statistics showing that 27% of Blacks are in poverty vs 10% of whites HOWEVER: Black African Caucus in congress is influential and new representatives like Jamaican descent Kamala Haris. Tim Scott was also appointed in 2013 as senator of south carolina. In 2012 blacks actually voted more than whites. This was because in 2008 elections, Obama won and whites actually were the only group that gave a majority vote to John McCain. Pew finds drop in 2016 to 59.6% turnout despite the election having a record number for overall turnout. An explanation as neither candidate seemed to truly reflect the concerns of the black community: hilary although not conventional was a yale graduate and a former first lady, and trump was a man backed by the KKK

What Can Panel Do?

* CSO can be issues - They may be put in care; moving in with relatives or foster carers or in a children's home or secure accomodation - They could be put in a behavioural reform or secure accommodation FOR EXAMPLE: 10379 were on a CPO as of 31st March 2016. 3042 were made at Children's hearings * Electronic tag can be placed - Restricts a child's movements - Keep them in the community but teach + protect them [phrase answer so detainment is point and tag is just example] *Secure authorisation - This is when they are such a danger to themselves and others that they must be placed in secure accommodation - If they keep getting in trouble or go missing - Needs to be done straight away to a place they can't leave FOR EXAMPLE: This is interim CSO which is issued for 22 days with 2785 placed in 2015/16

Powers of the US president

* Chief Legislator - Proposes legislation to congress for new laws - Can veto a bill if he doesn't feel it's in the interest of the people - This can be overriden by senate and HoR with 2/3 majority - Can pass an executive order BUT congress can put a bill against it or scotus can block it FOR EXAMPLE: Donald Trump passed an executive order that was the first step in dismantling Obamacare. Opposition from Arizona senior senator John McCain Obama vetoed a law that was to allow the pipeline Keystone XL His veto was overturned to JASTA a law that would allow countries to be sued if they were thought to be linked with terrorism * Commander in chief of the US army - Head of national security - Can make treaties, declare war, but this needs complete senate approval FOR EXAMPLE: In 2010 Obama signed START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) between them and Russia. Reduced number of strategic missile launchers by half between both countries *Guardian of the constitution - Responsible for running of federal government - Has a duty to uphold decisions made by supreme court and appoints people to it FOR EXAMPLE: Rex Tillerson was announced as sacked as secretary of state and would be replaced with mike pompeo (march 2018)

Methods of Tackling Crime

* Community policing - Partnership formed between different groups like police, local authorities, social work etc as police and community work together to prevent crime - Must be visible, accessible, present, and readily identifiable were appropriate - They recognise most vulnerable individuals FOR EXAMPLE: Operation Laser in Fife reduced teenage drinking and crime by 11%.. Established presence on the streets. + Police build a rapport with community and keep people safe at a local level - Residents could be unwilling to report crime - When police come face to face, they may carry out biases 7 x more likely to be stopped and searched if you're black. *CCTV - Deters criminals - Records crime activity and convicts criminals FOR EXAMPLE: In Edinburgh, CCTV cameras lead to 1806 camera assisted arrests found in 2013 by scotsman +Makes people feel safe - Costs a lot of money and crime could just move elsewhere * Counter-terrorism - Is reserved to West Minister, but some aspects of preparation, prevention, and dealing with consequences are managed by Scottish government and local authorities - Activities must integrate into CONTEST strategy - Pursue, prevent, protect, and prepare - Make UK harder target through protective scurity - Improve resilience to cope with attacks - Prevent by countering factors which push and pull people into violent extremism and FOR EXAMPLE: During 2014 commonwealth games, glasgow increased security like perimeter fencing being put into place with airport style check-ups taking place in venues PREVENT of 2015 July criticised by teachers

How do people/political parties participate in politics

* Delivering leaflets to peoples' doors - Also known as canvassing - Can deliver leaflets which have candidates' names, a list of promises, and photo - While door-knocking, they can discuss certain issues - Show that party cares about all votes FOR EXAMPLE: In 2016 Conservative party members canvassed in Eastwood constituency on behalf of Ruth Davidson *Walkabouts - Parties meet the public in busy places and shake hands and engage in debate - This way they can build a rapport with the public and help to answer questions and clear misconceptions FOR EXAMPLE: Conservative party members in Bearsden cross before EU referendum, and supporters of No Thanks outside Bearsden train station * Putting up posters - Can feature party name, logo, and a striking slogan - Can help party get noticed by public through this spread of propaganda FOR EXAMPLE: In Aviemore, near polling stations during 2016 elections SNP posters up. Big billboard "Don't just wish for a better Scotland. Vote for one." * Voting * Campaigning with pressure groups

Ineffective pressure group methods

* Direct Action - When pressure groups break the law in a bid to get attention from the public and the government - They risk not being taken seriously, and being seen as nuicanses, and breaking the law brings legal consequences which stop them from further making their voices heard - It can actually give the groups a negative image FOR EXAMPLE: In 2011 50 members of Greenpeace went into the Headquarters of Cairn Energy in Edinburgh, and barricaded themselves in rooms, and so 17 ended up in court * Peaceful Protest - When pressure groups take a passive approach to their cause, and make as little noise and fuss as possible - The desired outcome of this is to gain them respect in the eyes of the public and the government - This is ineffective as their lack of actions don't convey the sense of urgency they need, so they're easy to ignore FOR EXAMPLE: Since 1982, the Faslane Peace Camp has been set up outside the base which holds nuclear trident submarines and people stay there in basic caravans as a way to peacefully protest against nuclear weapons, however Trident still exists * Often petitions - Reason is that petition may not get enough signatures to capture government's attention - With vast number of petitions and pressures on the government, its unlikely that in many of their forms (like e petitions), they are likely to take them seriously - It is only an appeal, government is not obliged to pay attention FOR EXAMPLE: A petition was launched to cancel Donald Trump's state visit to the UK, and although he didn't end up coming for other reasons, a state visit continued to be planned for

Ethnic Minorities

* Don't know language - May be difficulties in registering and understanding campaigns as many ethnic minorities don't speak english FOR EXAMPLE: Pollok got one of the lowest turnout rates at 45.5%. Have the highest level of indians and pakistanis in pollokshields. 7% over 3 in 2011 census said they couldn't speak english well, most of whom were ethnic minorities. * Don't feel a scottish identity - Politics doesn't concern as immigrants feel their home country is the one that matters to them - A disconnect - This could also be rooted in the xenophobia they often feel from others FOR EXAMPLE: Census showed 13% had no scottish identity. David Coburn compared Humza Yousuf to terrorist * Cultural pointing to other careers - Family disconnect - Discouraged by racism FOR EXAMPLE: Pakistani-origin doctors make up 4.6 per cent of all doctors in the UK. and Pakistan is one of the largest source countries of foreign young doctors in the UK. TWO MSPS; HUMZA YOUSUF, ANAS SARWAR RUNNING (MORE (GROWING SIGNIFICANCE OF EMS); POSITIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY (LESS RACISM) ; CONFIDENCE (CHANGE IN ATTITUDES W NEW GENERATION)

Effects of Crime

* Emotional/psychological impact - If witnessed or if you've been a victim of the crime - To deal with trauma, mental health services are often needed FOR EXAMPLE: SCJ found in 2014/15, 74% felt safe walking home in dark vs 67% of victims *Fines and Compensation - Damage done by criminals on community means rebuilding needs to be done - Insurance premiums may increase - Economic harm - Taxpayers affected - Businesses in the area come to harm, as less people wish to go there FOR EXAMPLE: After 2011 London Riots business owners lost 1000s in shock after fire set and things stolen and windows smashed - Cost taxpayer money, 5000 compensation claims which hurt businesses - "Letting Our Communities Flourish- A strategy for tackling serious organised crime in scotland by Scottish Government states fraud costs average taxpayer 330/year * Fragmented Society (revolving door) - As more reoffend they become increasingly detatched from society (labelling theory) - Unlikely to get jobs - Drugs in prison means lack of rehabilitation - Unlikely to have conformity to mainstream society - Families split up and communities incomplete are more dissapear - Worse for poor areas FOR EXAMPLE: reconviction stats ^^

Types of Bills

* Executive Bills - These come from the Scottish Government; proposed either by the cabinet ministers or the First Minister - Most common FOR EXAMPLE: As the Health Secretary, Nicola Sturgeon proposed the Alcohol Minimum Pricing bill in 2012 which was passed and just came into use * Committee Bills - Introduced by parliamentary committees within the scottish parliament - Pertain to specific area covered by that committee FOR EXAMPLE: Education, Culture and Sport Committee proposed a bill for a children's commissioner * Members bills - MSPs can propose 2 of these every parliamentary session - Often rely on cross party support FOR EXAMPLE: In 2010 Christine Grahame got Control of Dogs Bill passed which allowed local authorities to impose measures on people who failed to control a dangerous dog *Private Bills - Can be proposed by a person, company, group, and are sometimes called personal bills - Rarer and subject to different kind of scrutiny FOR EXAMPLE: In 2007 strathclyde passenger transport had a bill passed by scottish government that authorised the construction of a railway through a public space

Holyrood vs Westminster

* Funding received by Scotland is unfair and inadequate - Barnet Formula was devised to keep changes in spending in devolved nations proportionate to spending changes in England - Many believe this funding isn't being distributed in the appropriate manner FOR EXAMPLE: After a one billion block grant was given to DUP, Sturgeon expressed deep disappointment stating that spending on Northern Ireland would cost scotland 2.4 billion with David Mundell stating that he "can not support spending which is sought to subvert the Barnett rules. Sturgeon deemed the spending "grubby" * Clashes in attitudes in decisions made on devolved issues like defence - Scottish government doesn't have the power to decide on things to do with defence - SNP has been persistently vocal about its opposition to aggressive foreign policy - From Parliament to scottish MP, to churches and the general population, people are generally against the renewal of Trident - 58/59 Scottish MPs voted against the renewal of Trident - Still exists - CND was central to independence movement FOR EXAMPLE: After Syrian air strikes, which Sturgeon called "sickening" May said there was "no practicable" response to the situation although she didn't call a vote on it. Sturgeon said she cannot tolerate it. * Tension caused between Westminster and Holyrood as Scotland pushes for an increase in devolved powers despite current system set up in context of EU reform bill and brexit - Aim of May's repeal was to stop flow of regulation from Brussels - Didn't include detail on what would happen to devolved nations - Sturgeon said she'd refuse consent for EU withdrawal bill as it is, despite May stating it would be a "constitutional crisis" - Knows it as a "power grab" - Reflects persistent desire of scottish parliament to be given more power by westminster as they're unhappy with current system - Displayed by SNP's bid in 2015 to get powers like income tax, borrowing, and housing benefits - Resembles bid for independence too - Sense of scottish identity? FOR EXAMPLE: Scottish secretary David Mundell stated he hoped repeal bill could expand to give Scotland additional powers over things like fishing and farming. EU continuation bill passed 2nd stage in March. Looks to ensure there's no disruption to Scotland's laws after Brexit.

US Military 2

* Has used strength of military to have an impact on Afghanistan - Investment in armed forces combined with military wealth of resources can have hard spread of power OR - Help provide assistance and security - Soldiers can protect others and act as catalysts of development where troops are employed FOR EXAMPLE: From 2001 onwards, US had maintained presence in Afghanistan to capture or kill Al Qaeda members to remove islamic extremism. Billions of dollars invested into reconstruction. Operation Whalers let to Ahmad Shah being seriously wounded - He was a Taliban group leader, and they successfully disrupted the Anti Coalition Militia Activity - Has weakened Al Qaeda and since, Major General Asif Ghafoor has said Al Qaeda has been dismantled - Post 2012 plans to keep American troops there, said Clinton

Why Do People Join Pressure Groups

* If they have a personal connection with the issue - They feel emotionally drawn to the group and motivated by personal experiences to promote the group and its message to as many people as possible - They have personal needs they feel changes would fulfill - They want to speak out and raise awareness about their experiences FOR EXAMPLE: Teenager Ryan McLaughlin led campaign for Shine On Scotland after seeing his mother's struggle with MS. Raised awareness. Said there was no cure for his mum. Was motivated by seeing first hand the effects of vitamin d deficiency. * Allows people to participate in politics without running for elected office - May not have time, resources, or qualifications to run for elected office - Pressure groups mean they still have the power to influence decision making and they have a say about issues and areas of the law which concern them without having to acquire the status of a politically elected figure - Can affect change in a way free from corruption or pressure of internal petty politics FOR EXAMPLE: ASH is an anti-smoking pressure group whose campaigns have affected law, such as their campaign to have smoke free zones at the 2014 commonwealth games. Their members are regular people * Strength in numbers - A belief or idea could more easily be made into a reality with a large number of people in a pressure group than just one person on their own - Groups attract more attention FOR EXAMPLE: 2017 Say No To Racism led an Anti-Trump protest in Edinburgh which had over 5000 turning up, with the same belief and vision.

Types of Pressure Groups

* Insider groups - Have close links with the government; have an active role in decision making; usually don't break the law FOR EXAMPLE: EIS (Educational Institute of Scotland) * Outsider Groups - Don't have links with the government, and are excluded from decision making - Many resort to illegal methods to get attention FOR EXAMPLE: Fans Against Criminalisation * Cause groups - Interested in issues that help society as a whole - Membership is non-exclusive- open to anyone and everyone FOR EXAMPLE: Scottish SPCA, a pressure group for animal rights * Sectional groups - Groups of people largely concerned with their own interest - Membership is exclusive- only open to a particular group FOR EXAMPLE: Trade Union BMA, a group for doctors

How do Americans participate?

* Join a pressure group - In doing this, they can push for reforms of legislation - They're with like-minded people and are involved in a cause they feel passionate about FOR EXAMPLE: They can join the NRA, which claims to have around 5m members * They can join a political party and help in election campaign - If they believe in the vision for America, they may further their vision to others - Democrats and republicans are the parties present. Democrats want to expand opportunities for all americans and republicans generally stand for ideas of individualism and success, harbouring a preference for a healthy sense of capitalism. Mostly white-collar, middle class, college educated FOR EXAMPLE: In 2016 general elections, Hilary ran I'm With Her and Donald Trump ran "MAGA". I'm With Her endorsed by celebrities, thousands campaigned in rallies and attended speeches. This left a lasting message about progression, empowerment, and feminism. Gave birth to Onward Together, idea of brighter future for generations to come. Advancement of progressive values. * Voting in federal, state, and county elections - Federal govt voted for in presidential and half term elections - Controls national and international affairs - Vote in state elections to elect state governors and representatives to state assemblies - At local level, they can vote for sherrifs, tax collectors, judges, district attorneys, and dog catchers in county elections FOR EXAMPLE: US midterms to happen in November. 34/100 senate seats contested as well as all 435 seats in HoR

Scottish Courts

* Justice of the Peace Courts - Deals with minor issues like traffic offences like being drunk and disorderly or assaulting a police officer (with minimal bodily harm) - Only deals with summary cases and the judge is a magistrate (not legally qualified) and is advised by clerks - Maximum imprisonment is 60 days/ 2500 pounds FOR EXAMPLE: Paul Jessiman fined 540 pounds for injuring boy during moped collision * Sherrif courts - Deals with issues like theft, assault, possession of drugs - Can have solemn cases with sherrif present. He is a trained solicitor and a jury of about 15 people (majority of 8 needed to convict) - Judge questions law and jury questions fact and votes - Can also have summary cases without a jury - For solemn cases max is 5 years in jail or unlimited fine - For summary max is 12 months and 10,000 fine. FOR EXAMPLE: Perth Sherrif Court 2010 Jeffrey McLaughlin posted cannabis to Tracey Johnstone. 6 months in jail. * High Court - Deals with most serious offences like murder, rape, drug trafficking, culpable homicide -Only deals in solemn cases with highly trained QPs as lawyers, 15 men+women on jury and Lord Justice Clerk presides over it - Unlimited sentencing (life) FOR EXAMPLE: Organised crime gang jailed for 87 years 6 men who were convicted for cocaine distribution, possession of firearms, torture and other offences.

Disadvantages of Police Scotland

* Lack of accountability - Decentralised police are empowered by and answer to centralised authorities. They have less accountability than do decentralised police. - Neglect or bad practice not tackled as much - Less in touch with local areas FOR EXAMPLE: Chief Constable Stephen House is one person with whom little accountability is attached, so detached from local level because of centralised nature * Old system was good at recognising local needs and boosted community policing (good rapport) - Single force may not be able to keep up with needs of different local areas - Insert explanation of different policing techniques FOR EXAMPLE: Operation laser in 2010 PRE reform * Different areas will have different needs, so this can not be addressed at the same time - Rural areas vs urban areas, for example - Because of social or economic state of different areas, crime trends will be different - Can't look in this with an amalgamated police force FOR EXAMPLE: Aberdeen is concerned about beggars, Glasgow has issues with gang violence, rural areas concerned about theft of farm houses, with gov website encouraging rural neighbourhood watch

Youthand voting

* More young people are voting as they feel issues are increasingly relevant to them - Independence referendum - Many new changes which could have concerned their future like wars, foreign relations, trident - More progressive; reflects chn=anging ideologies - Opportunity to change things their way - 16-17s enfranchised; felt like their voice was heard - SNP allegiance; free tuition frees FOR EXAMPLE: 80% registered to vote and 75% yes for 16-17 y/os * More interested in campaigning for political parties - When mobilised, they feel more motivated - Feel like they would actually be listened - 16s-17s given vote, showing they're valued FOR EXAMPLE: 2011 Democratic Audit showed 10 of the interviewees had actively campaigned during the build up to the independence referendum 16s-17s * More running for elected office because of more positive role models - They're starting to see more people like them who they anticipate will speak about issues affecting youth - They feel inspired as they see success is possible - Wish to challenge old-fashioned ideologies FOR EXAMPLE: Mhairi Black SNP member 20 yr old MP; youngest ever

Methods used by media (+ effectiveness)

* Newspaper/ print media (effective) - Available to everybody - Doesn't need to be neutral; many have political biases - They cover election campaigns and back a party - Many also cover government decisions and display them in the way they want - They have an influence on the people who read them - Persuasive powers FOR EXAMPLE: In 2011, being heavily backed by The Sun, the SNP were Scotland's first majority government. Herald Scotland also released articles like "Voters don't give two hoots about independence, says SNP Westminster deputy Kirsty Blackman", showing her desire for the SNP as a party to be progressive and talk of a wide range of issues. Open up a conversation. * Television (effective) - Must be politically neutral - Is extremely widespread - BBC, ITV, STV, CHANNEL 4, and Channel 5 all have news bulletins as well as other political shows like Dispatches and Politics Now - Broadcast Leaders debates, allowing people to get access to most varied and balanced presentation of politics - Uses public's license fees so it must be a major part of public's access to news FOR EXAMPLE: During the 2014 referendum 34% said BBC1 was the most important news source, 13% said ITV, 5% said sky news. Collectively, this formed 52% of peoples' most important news sources. Before 2011 scottish elections there were 780,000 viewers, and many believe that Alex Salmond's performances got SNP victory However, bias has been detected. John Robertson of UWS's research showed a 3:2 bias in favour of No arguments on the TV. Also debate with Alaisder Darling was hailed as a success for Yes Scotland, yet yes was not voted. * New Media (ineffective) - This includes social media like Twitter and Facebook - Users and political figures have accounts with large followings through which a certain thing can be promoted - However it's not widespread like newspapers and TV - Also, people often only follow what they are interested in, influence is therefore little as they already have views formed, just use social media to strengthen and further broadcast them FOR EXAMPLE: Yes followers were most active on Twitter and but only 25% of population uses Twitter. Users follow users with similar views. 45% to 55%. Mostly young people use Twitter, and 16-17 vote was 71% Yes, while 65+ was 73% No.

US Political Influence 2

* On a global stage, US makes it opinions clear as a prominent member of the UN, on issues that would affect countries worldwide - As a founding member of the UN, it was the 1st international gov organisation US gave its support - Can use a veto to express a feeling - Complaint of anti-US and anti- Israel bias - Used veto a total of 43 times - America's presence at UN is very significant because of its status as a veto power - Abstention also created a discussion and makes known America's stance FOR EXAMPLE: Used veto to try and encourage negotiation between parties of Israel and Palestine in 2011 over a law regarding israeli settlements. It refused to condemn Israeli settlements in fear of both sides "hardening" as a response. The only one of 15 members of security council to do so. In 2016, US abstained allowing halting of israeli settlements. This shows their power to sway international decisions.

How can MSPs help

* Participate in activity in committees - MSPs consider bills at different stages - They are allowed to ask witnesses to appear before them to give evidence when deciding what they should do about a new law - The meet Tuesdays and Wednesdays mornings FOR EXAMPLE: In 2011, the Justice committee heard evidence from witnesses on planned laws to tackle sectarianism *Introducing member's bills - Allowed to introduce bills; 2 for every parliamentary session - Depend on cross-party support FOR EXAMPLE: In 2013, former MSP Margo Macdonald introduced a bill that would legalise assisted suicide in Scotland. *Debates and Motions - MSPs can take part in parliamentary debates or put forward motions that may be debated - Used my MSPs to propose a course of action, and motions can be about local, national, or international issues that affect Scotland FOR EXAMPLE: In 2016 June, Bill Kidd proposed a motion that the Scottish Parliament should congratulate Gregor Townsend on his appointment as the next head coach of Scottish rugby * Decision time voting - MSPs can vote on issues at 5pm on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays. - Usually done orally, but if there's a lot of disagreement,electronic voting is used - SNP needs support of MSPs from other parties to help them pass their laws FOR EXAMPLE: In November 2013, MSPs voted to pass the Referendum Bill which allowed the independence referendum to take place *Asking questions - MSPs can ask questions at General Question Time and First Minister's Questions - Both take place on a Thursday - In GQTs, cabinet secretaries are asked questions - FM has to defend decisions made by cabinet FOR EXAMPLE: In 2016 Kezia Dugdale asked about SNP's plans to fund extra childcare places *Surgeries - Places where MSPs can talk about devolved issues with constituents - They are usually within their constituencies on Mondays and Fridays FOR EXAMPLE: Bill Kidd runs a surgery in Knightswood Community Centre on the 1st Friday of the month at 2pm

Features of A Democracy

* People have the right to vote - Unlike dictatorships where people only vote for one person or party, and the results are often rigged due to a corrupt system, in a democracy we can vote for representatives - From a wide list of parties with varied views - Aim is that this results in proportionate and varied representation in Houses of Parliament FOR EXAMPLE: In 2016, 55.6% of voting population voted and Nicola Sturgeon won * Allowance of free speech - Means citizens are free to criticise their leaders and speak their minds without any fear that they will be prosecuted - In dictatorships, criticism is heavily punished FOR EXAMPLE: Offensive Behaviour at Football Matches Act was voted against in Parliament as it was seen as a threat to the notion of free speech we have as it tried to prohibit the singing of chants at football games * Right to demonstrate - Protesting by groups such as pressure groups to criticise and call for action from those in power is legal - In dictatorships, this may be looked down upon - Demonstrations typically consist of marching, waving banners, shouting to promote the cause and is a way for people to express their unhappiness and want for change FOR EXAMPLE: In 2017 over 5000 turned up for Say No to Racism March

Pros of Single Police Force

* Police can share ideas better - Merger of 8 police services - Includes Scottish Crime and Drug enforcement agency, scottish police services authority and scottish police college - Greater flow of ideas as they work as one - Still have local council authorities firmly in place to identify needs of different areas FOR EXAMPLE: Be Greater than a hater is a campaign launched by police scotland to combat hate crime, working with social media as well as schools across the country they've visited. Able to pick up on issues specific to all different regions * Duplication of services is not needed - Primary aim was to save money. 1.4 bill pounds over 15 years - Many were also taken out of the job as unified force was made. FOR EXAMPLE: Administration serivces were duplicated, which cost 40 mill pounds a year * More equal service across Scotland - Regional variations meant some regions' police forces were smaller than others - This could lead to a burden on some police officers as well as an inability to cope if crime level goes up - More prepared to tackle crime with a force that works together - Consistency of training FOR EXAMPLE: Before, Dumfries and Galloway had only a few hundred police officers, while Stirling had a huge police force

Powers and Role Of First Minister

* Power of patronage - Can elect MSPs usually the most loyal ones from their party to help them run the country - They're appointed of departments that relate to devolved powers of the Scottish Parliament - Also has power to reshuffle this cabinet whenever they feel fit - They appoint the solicitor general and lord advocate to run the legal sector - These are the most qualified law professionals for the jobs FOR EXAMPLE: Health secretary Shona Robinson and Lord Advocate is James Wolffe * Announcing the programme for Scotland - During their term as FM they set out their vision for the country and outlines some potential changes they plan to make to acheive them FOR EXAMPLE: In 2016, Nicola Sturgeon stated she wanted to make Scotland a country which was fairer with a greater quality of life for all. She focussed on the most needy and disadvantaged - Expanding care programme to under 65s - Removal of 1% cap on public sector jobs *Introducing executive bills - Can propose a new law or course of action to be made - Along with cabinet ministers FOR EXAMPLE: UK Withdrawal From The European Union Bill introduced by Nicola Sturgeon. A Bill for an Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision for Scotland in connection with the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU. * Representing Scotland abroad - FM can project the view of Scotland they wish to - Negotiate deals between countries - Defines nature of foreign relations FOR EXAMPLE: Nicola Sturgeon went on trip to America in 2017, on which she promoted trans-atlantic trade, and highlighted Scotland's entrepreneurship and innovation

Advantages of Prisons

* Prisoners are able to partake in worthwhile activities which aid rehabilitation while in a full environment which encourages reform - Courses can be given that help to give people skills which will make them less likely to commit crimes in the future - Things which can give them future career prospects, which has been shown to prevent reconviction as careers give people social ties (fork-lifting, joinery) - Also things to help with personality building like (anger management) FOR EXAMPLE: Tommy Sheridan's blog from Barlinnie showed he took comedy workshops in the Bar-L with comedians like Stuart Little, to help improve communication skills * Others are soft (not paying fines) * Keep people safe (concern with CPOs)

What Does Children's Panel Do

* Provides an environment where children are an active participator and their voices are heard - They are called if they're seen to have experienced parental neglect/abuse or if they live around dangerous people - If the child disagrees with the charges made, they can say or if they don't understand something being said - Puts them at the centre of what be a potentially scary process - Can fill out an all about me form to help them FOR EXAMPLE: SCRA and Young Scot made "A young person's guide to the children's hearings system" in 2011 and said you have the "right to speak and have your say", recommending they fill in an all about me form to help them acheive this. *Children are referred if there is a concern about them in any way, tackling both criminally and welfare concerns - SCRA receives reports - Arrange a hearing so they get a level of support - Don't jail; support - Other reasons for referral can be if they're beyond the control of their parents, if they abuse substances, if they don't go to school - Can be put under supervision of social worker - CSO will place them in care FOR EXAMPLE: SCRA statistical analysis of 2015/16 found no.1 reason for referral was lack of parental care, and this can be tackled through placing kid in care. 10379 kids put on CPO after 31st March 2016. 1120 referrals were BOTH offence AND care and protection *Is a safe environment for the child with support present - Can bring a friend, social worker, or teacher with them - Centred around child - Informal atmosphere - Panel made of volunteers who have experience and interest in children - Press attend but can't identify child - They don't see the system as penal but as a source of help FOR EXAMPLE: Young Scot documentary showed "you are the most important person there" and a panel member can ask someone to leave the room if they make the child uncomfortable -> panel members make decisions -> Social workers make recommendatins -> Children's reporter investigates case, writes grounds and arranges hearing

US Policies

* Providing monetary support through welfare payments to help sustain decent standards of living - Purpose is to give people enough help to afford basic needs, while incentivising the, to work - Is taken away after a period of inactivity - Helps people deal with day-to-day living costs FOR EXAMPLE: TANF. This is provided for only 5 years and two consecutive years without getting a job. Amount claimed varies from state to state and depends on family type and size. Average amount claimed per month for Mississippi is $153 * Make educational institutes implement diversity quotas in admission process - Takes into consideration and gives priority to student from minority background over equally qualified white students - This is absolutely to ensure that no discrimination or prejudice takes a place in the admission process, holding back ethnic minorities because of racism - Gives all races equal access and playing field to higher education - Certain racial groups like Black americans have higher poverty rates than the average american, this often hinders their chance of succeeding academically because of a lack of proper facilities in their schools. -This policy requires educators to therefore give such students a fair chance in their institutions, closing the educational gap between white america and those from racial minorities FOR EXAMPLE: Affirmative Action is a policy which has aimed to give equal access groups that have been under represented and historically oppressed. Without AA, Black and Hispanic population of UCB fell by 61%. With AA, the incoming freshman class of 2018 is the most non-white it has ever been, with 11.6% of students hispanic, and 14.6% being black. Significant because Harvard has a history of the student body being disproportionately upper class whites; as one of the most prestigious private universities in the country. * Widening access to healthcare - Represents effort to shift to more socialised healthcare - Employers must provide healthcare - Existing schemes strengthened - Young people can stay on their parents' scheme until 26 - Must take out healthcare or face a fine FOR EXAMPLE: ACA, or Obamacare introduced and under it, Medicare and Medicaid expanded to cover more people. Medicare is healthcare for the elderly and certain young people with disabilities. Some of the things covered by medicare like hospital insurance may be paid premium free is taxes paid for a certain length of time. Medicaid is healthcare assistance for low income individuals and no co-payment can be asked for basic services like x-ray or hospital inpatient visits. Vox survey found 79% Medicaid enrollees very/somewhat satisfied with coverage under Obamacare

All poverty policies

* SNAP - Providing families in absolute poverty with the means to afford basic supplies, reducing economic inequality - Mitigates effects of poverty on basic standard of living - Ensures everyone has access to necessary resources - Makes inequality less drastic - Average claimed a month is $134.29. - Does not cover the cost of other expenses and doesn't take into account how hard it is for people who live in the inner city to find affordable food - NAS finds "By failing to account for the fact that SNAP participants, like other households, need to purchase value-added foods that save preparation time, the current value of the SNAP allotment substantially limits the flexibility and purchasing power of SNAP benefits" * TANF * ARRA - Creating nationwide reforms for risk protection and creating opportunities through investment to kickstart economic growth and pull people out of poverty - Investing in creating job opportunities - Cutting taxes - Providing job training]- Stimulus - Allowed people access to create wealth and create their own future - Brought whole economy up - ARRA was a $787 bill stimulus package which increased support given through existing programmes and invested millions into creating job opportunities bringing millions out of poverty - In 2010 unemployment rate was 9.6% and it's estimated that without ARRA, it would've been nearer 11.5 %

Role of committees

* Scrutinise government proposals - Committees play a significant role in the law making process and are involved in the first two stages: going through the Bill in more detail and proposing amendments FOR EXAMPLE: In 2012, the Justice Committee scrutinised a bill proposing to reform police and fire services and eventually agreed with it in principle * Conducting Enquiries -Committees conduct enquiries, and in doing so, they may call witnesses or go on fact finding visits to research an issue - So far over 250 inquiries have taken place FOR EXAMPLE: In 2012 the Economy, Energy, and Tourism community conducted an inquiry into the Scottish government's green energy targets and Donald Trump came to show his views on the impact of wind farms on Scotland * Gathering evidence - When taking a proposed change into account, committees often need to hear evidence from witnesses on a certain issues - They can give testimonies on issues in person or through video conferencing for people living in remote locations FOR EXAMPLES: Over 50 people gave evidence for Margo Macdonald's assisted suicide bill

Weakness of Children's Hearing System

* Slow and ineffective to implement change - Gap between social work and health resources after referral - 14 month wait for psychologist - Children don't get the help they need in time FOR EXAMPLE: 25% of supervision aren't put into effect * Can be hard for children to understand - Despite there being others present to help and a jargon buster available online, some believe its hard for them to connect with process - Takes away from purpose FOR EXAMPLE: ScotCen "Views of Experiences of the Children's Hearings System" got viepoints. 10 year old said "I don't really understand the meetings" and Foster carer said "sometimes the jargon's just a bit too much for these younger kids to understand". One said in Children's Parliament vid "feel like you want to cry" because of the amount of things "thrown" at them by the panel * Children not able to negotiate what happens to them- feels like a punishment - Once decision is made vulnerable young children feel they must comply with it (although an appeal is a possibility, the apparent finality of the situation gives them a sense they're being threatened) FOR EXAMPLE: Children's Parliament: Children's experiences of the Scottish Hearing System children reported 7-15. one said "it's hard when they agree something you don't want to be agreed"

Responsibilities of Pressure Groups

* Stay within law - Not disrupt people or organisations - This is direct action; most done by outsider groups - A last resort - But damages their image FOR EXAMPLE: Greenpeace activists * Represent the majority of their members - Launch campaigns in line with what their members see to be the most pressing issues in society - Respect their loyalty to the group FOR EXAMPLE: Mumsnet, a pressure group to do with child welfare, launched a campaign against the sexualisation of young girls through the fashion industry and popular media, and this was supported by many of their members who voiced their concerns about this and their experiences through the online forum * Tell police and council when and where demonstrations take place - So not to disrupt people or take place FOR EXAMPLE: Crufts dog show interrupted by peta members, who tried to take the dog, taken out by security

Immigration policy

* Taking a "show me your papers" approach and asking for proof of legal immigration status to try and bring justice to illegal immigration - Anyone can turn in another person in an institution who they feel is an illegal immigrant - Routine stops - This is to stop it after it's happened - Can be seen as targeting people and as racist - People won't come forward FOR EXAMPLE: SB4 in Texas worked similarly, and was temporarily blocked by a federal judge who said it would "erode public trust" and make Texas "less safe". This was Orlando Garcia

Rights of Pressure Groups

* They can use media to spread their message * The can criticise the government - Part of freedom of speech FOR EXAMPLE: Stand Up To Racism is a group vocal about its disapproval of the government's treatment of migrants, recently brought to attention by Windrush immigrant scandal * They can raise money - Often registered charities - Many make monthly payment - To allow them to further their work through research, getting materials that allow them to hold protests, and find new ways to make their message promoted like production of posters FOR EXAMPLE: SSPCA is a pressure group also listed as charity which often encourages members to send monthly payments to allow them to provide animals with food, warmth, and shelter

Why ethnic minorities won't vote

* They don't feel represented by the people they see in parliament - it doesn't seem to be a system that benefits or includes them - voting would be futile FOR EXAMPLE: Not a single first minister that hasn't been to university (some going to very prestigious ones). An issue as many poor in Scotland who are less likely to attend university. * Feel like there is persistent inequality which is not getting solved - For those in society who feel ostricised/disenfranchised, politics doesn't seem to be making a reach out to them - They vote less, and the cycle of poverty often keeps generations like that - Connection between lack of education and lack of interest in politics - More to do like feed family FOR EXAMPLE: In 2016 shettleston and maryhill and springburn voted least and they are identified as deprived areas, with life expectancy in shettleston being notoriously low, in the mid-late 50s

Economic Impact 2

* Through funding of international organisations, aids their efforts worldwide - According to IMF 2017 stats, America is the 2nd richest country by GDP - UN carries out peacekeeping missions that promote stability in different parts of the world - Works on counter terrorism, human rights, and development - Like in pakistan observing ceasefire in Kashmir and Jammu FOR EXAMPLE: Spends $600 mill on UN/year (regular budget) 22% of UN yearly budget and $2.1 bill on peacekeeping budget

Why do we use media?

* To express our views - Using social media, we can express our opinions as well as newspaper columists - Individuals can interact and not have to be part of a biased organisation FOR EXAMPLE: #indyref was used by many to draw attention to the independence referendum and peoples' views on it. Presence on social media opened a discussion through which people could broadcast their views. * To scrutinise and look deeper into decisions - Media has analysts who will give their own, unique take on decisions made - We can therefore better understand issues and we are educated - Can expose fraudulent or corrupt practices, or a concern about priorities FOR EXAMPLE: "Robin McAlpine: Nicola Sturgeon is alienating the indy movement and trampling on decades of SNP foreign relation policy over Russia" to express unhappiness about Nicola Sturgeon supporting the plans of May and Johnson in terms of foreign relations with Russia. He called it "enthusiastic compliance with the establishment line" * To get informed/ inform the public - Quick updates about current affairs and events (notable events weather and sports) - News broadcasts from different channels - Correspondents from worldwide, and instant images and video footage and figures FOR EXAMPLE: The BBC news at Six talks about the latest national and international updates and events with 4.6mill views (BBC news in general)

Rights of Media

* To investigate what they see as wrong doing by public figures - Cover actions of celebrities which have provoked anger, or were seen to be inappropriate - Part of freedom of speech to criticise representatives; calling on them to make changes FOR EXAMPLE: Express published an article in 2017 which talked about Nicola Sturgeon's visit to US, during which she visited Stanford to talk about independence, saying it "provoked outrage" as it was funded by tax-payers * Report on what is happening - Not on only a local or national level, but in a global perspective too - Give public awareness about current and notable events, give a greater information on the cultural, political, and economic climate in which we live FOR EXAMPLE: BBC news, as talked about * Publish details of government spending - Must provide accountability - Transparency is essential for a properly functioning democracy - Ensure no corruption with taxpayers money FOR EXAMPLE: Full Fact publishes info on tax revenue and spending in scotland. 54 bill in 2015/16. Reasons for why Scotland spend more per head than in the rest of the UK., like the fact that things like water and sewage are fully public while in England they're private

Role of Police

* To maintain order - Specifically employed police at large gathering of people, which would become hotspots for crime and disruption - Reassures people and deters criminals - Makes sure people are safe and don't break the law FOR EXAMPLE: Armed police were deployed outside 2017 TRNSMT festival in Glasgow Green to fight anti-social behaviour * Prevent crime - Try to educate children from an early age on the dangers of falling into a life of crime - Tackling it before it happens - Introduce initiatives and public campaigns to inform people, working even on community levels FOR EXAMPLE: Blue light school discos are used in schools across Scotland to give a drug free area where children can have fun, preventing the chances of drug-related crime. It also normalises clean and lawful behaviour, preventing the skewing of their perception to think that drugs are needed to enjoy themselves The No Knives Better Lives campaign educated youths on the dangers of carrying a knife through peer educators * Detecting crime - Monitor and catch when crimes are comitted so justice can be restored - If crime is spotted soon, its easier to catch offenders - Do this through the use of technology and patrolling FOR EXAMPLE: The use of CCTV in Edinburgh got 1806 camera assisted arrests

Political Rights of US Citizens

* To participate in interest groups - They can be involved in a cause they feel passionate about - They push for reforms of legislation - They are with likeminded people who wish to spread the same message as them FOR EXAMPLE: The NRA is a pressure group which pushes for greater freedom with guns and for the 2nd amendment to be protected and claims to have around 5m members * Freedom of Speech - 1st amendment, and this outlines their right to say whatever they want provided it doesn't breach certain limits, like using "fighting" words, inciting suicide, or is to do with libel - Includes democratic right of expression and can criticise actions of government and freedom of religious practice FOR EXAMPLE: NFL players taking the knee before the playing of the national anthem to protest about racism * Standing for election - The can stand as a candidate for positions like President, State Governor, or member of congress - As an independent or as a part of party (democrat or republican) - Different levels of elections. - Federal govt voted for in presidential and half term elections - At local, they stand as sherrifs, tax collectors, judges, district attorneys, and dog catchers in county elections - In state elections they stand as State Governors or as representatives to state assemblies FOR EXAMPLE: In 2015, Donald Trump announced he was running for President of US as a republican candidate, and progressed through primaries, and in general elections he was elected as President in 2016.

Reasons to Vote

* To take advantage of the democratic system we have here in Scotland - In undemocratic countries around the world, when citizens can't vote, it often leads to corruption and injustice - Many developing countries don't have a stable political system so money is not spent on what the public wants - We should take advantage and be grateful for the democracy we have, therefore, and not voting would mean that the government can't spend on what would benefit society the most FOR EXAMPLE: 2012 russian rigging included ballot stuffing and putin claiming victory after 20% of votes counted. Dmitry Medvdev recognised the country's democratic system was not ideal saying its democracy should be "open, flexible, and complex" with "competitive elections" as president. * Have a say in the running of the country - Influence decision making this way - Can vote for the changes they believe in and choose who they feel represents them the best - Therefore the people in holyrood reflect the views of the public as best as possible FOR EXAMPLE: 29% labour vote labour 29% of seats * People in the UK have fought and died to get all people the right to vote -Remembering their sacrifice and struggle and take full advantage of the democratic right to vote and have a say we have that they died for FOR EXAMPLE: Emily Wilding Davison threw herself under the King's Horse in 1913 to draw attention go votes for women * If you don't vote, then you give up your moral right to complain about the government's decisions - This is because it was well within your power to have a say in stopping them, but you chose not to, so your apparent disappointment and anger loses legitimacy; it seems hypocritical FOR EXAMPLE: Political activist Cat Boyd heavily criticised for speaking out against the Brexit decision whilst not having actually used her vote in the EU referendum

Responsibilities of Media

* To tell the truth and represent things in an accurate manner - In what's seen to be post- truth era of media, a lot of the time, even news published in newspapers has been manipulated or exaggerated in a certain way - This is especially seen in social media activity of many political figures who wish to push their own ideas, and interpret and display satistics as they wish FOR EXAMPLE: Especially from the Tory party, concern rose about Scotland being the "highest taxed part of Scotland", displayed by headline on Scottish Daily Mail, and tweets such as that from Jamie Greene MSP, who said that his concern about high tax was justified by the fact that 374,000 scots paying higher becasue of a recent SNP budget. He did not draw, however, on the fact that this was a small proportion of scots as well as the fact that we don't have to pay for prescriptions of uni tuitions. * To be impartial when expected - Although tabloids often have political affiliations , broadsheets and public funded TV channels are expected to be impartial and give a balanced perspective on current issues * To allow public to have a broad view and full understanding on issues FOR EXAMPLE: John Robertson researcher from UWS criticised TV media for there being a 3:2 imbalance in presentation of No viewpoints in lead up to indy ref. * Respect right to privacy - Not hack into people's phones - Not take private information - Breach of security rules FOR EXAMPLE: Facebook came under fire after cambridge analytica took data from "personality screening" to send promotion for political campaigns

Military 3

* US drone strikes aim to take out potential dangers to world safety, yet can end up devastating a community - A struggle between targeting al Qaeda insurgency or innocent people - Hospitals and schools hit - In Zinjibar, BBC made a documentary where people said "The drones don't differentiate between people" FOR EXAMPLE: New America foundation shows a number of US drone strikes, tripled in Yemen 2011-2012 - An AQAP leader killed, in relation with USS Cole Bombings - BBC documentary showed a democracy campaigner, Farea al-Muslimani said "You're killing civilians for no reason - Raises tension in the country

Political Influence 3

* US immigration policies imposed on Mexico establishes position of power of US in context of migration and defines chances of migration and ease of it too. This shapes relations between two countries - For many years, America has been the place of migration for Mexicans - Reasons are to fulfil American dream and send remittences to family - Better access to opportunities and resources and services in a more developed country - Concerns that they are a drain on US resources and are changing American identity as well as the possibility of poor immigrants being trafficked into the area. Some are used for prostitution etc - US can therefore impose policies which restrict and take a harder line on migration in order to protect the US - Reduces the number considering to move, keeping standard of living where it is FOR EXAMPLE: In 2017, executive order passed to crackdown on immigration. Federal funding was stripped from sanctuary cities and to add thousands of officers to the border

Economic 3

* USAID (agency of US federal government) can help the economic development of developing countries through introducing programmes - Tries to get broad based economic growth in an area - Helps poor households to raise living standards, provides countries with resources to expand access to basic services - Gives people access to market - Improving infrastructure like roads, bridges, water supply etc FOR EXAMPLE: Development Credit Authority finances entrepreneurs - In Cambodia, they've worked to develop the agriculture agriculture sector - Emphasis on women-owned businesses and small and medium sized enterprises - Microfinance provided; loans given to help expand rice and green bean production - Will increase investment in agriculture sector

Effective pressure group methods

* Use of mass media - When pressure groups make use of television, radio, and newspapers to promote their causes - This is effective as it appeals using medium that will be seen and viewed regularly on a daily basis by the average person, so grabbing most peoples' attentions across the nation - Ensures message is widely spread FOR EXAMPLE: Fans Against Criminalisation, a group whose aim is to get the Offensive behaviour at football matches act repealed, waved banners during televised football matches which then gave them widespread recognition. As a result, MSPs have voted to scrap the act in Parliament * Petitioning the Scottish Parliament - Ordinary members of the public can send a petition to the Public Petitions Committee, as these can lead to changes in the law or used to further discussion and debate on the issue - Effective as it raises firm voice to Parliament who must at least consider the cause petitioned for. This way, pressure groups can attain a serious status in the parliament's eyes FOR EXAMPLE: "Shine On Scotland" campaign was lead by Ryan McLaughlin, a schoolboy who petitioned the Scottish Parliament to provide vitamin D tablets for all children and pregnant women to tackle the problem of MS. The Government promised to put in place an action plan to increase awareness about the importance of vitamin. *Rallies and Marches - These take place in a public place with large groups protesting a certain thing - Speakers talk FOR EXAMPLE: For Example, Stop Climate Chaos Coalition had over 500 people gather to demand a Strong Climate Change Bill, Stage One commenced days after after 30 MSPs came out to meet

Issues in Prison

*Drug issues - When in prison, flow of drugs still carries on - 70% of crimes are related to drugs - People use drugs to cope with stress of prison - People bank drugs inside of them, some through it over walls and pass it through the fence - They won't be rehabilitated - Problem actually worsened FOR EXAMPLE: In 2015/16 SPS annual report showed that in 2015/16 1133 inmates were disciplined for taking drugs in prison. Girls Behind Bars Theresa who cared about nothing but drugs and got weekly packages * Overcrowding - Many are put on remind because they want to be safe with carrying out justice - Prison: staff ration is therefore small - Any education, work, or health programmes aren't as meaningful - Conditions are unpleasant to live in FOR EXAMPLE: Barlinnie Prison said to be 45-50% over its capacity of 1000 prisoners and the Edingbirgh Evening News of 8/12/15 named Barlinnie Scotland's 2nd worst jail with 367 offences from start of 2013- time of publication. SPS shows it has 8000 admission/year * Recidivism - High re-offending rates - Because of atmosphere or labelling theory (are deviants) - Communities are increasingly fragmented - Revolving door - Can't be functioning citizens - Not given a job afterwards FOR EXAMPLE: 2014-15 gov.scot "Reconviction Rates in Scotland: 2014/15 Offender Cohort" shows 57% of those with a 6 months custodial are reconvicted within a year. It showed that offenders released from custodial sentence had 0.85 reconvictions per offender. Less than or equal to months had higher re-offending rates

Non-custodial punishment

*Fines - This is a monetary payback - It can be paid in full in the courts or in installments - Can be paid online, or through the post - Imprisoned if you fail to pay - Issues for minor crimes like traffic offences or breaches of the peace FOR EXAMPLE: Ford Kiernan charged 800 pounds for swearing at a bartender + allowed to still work and further issues don't occur The show he created and developed made a comeback 8th March 2018, career carried on with 8th season - May be seen as not an effective enough deterrent; as there's no immediate threat FOR EXAMPLE: 15.9% of fines 2014-15 to 2016/17 not paid. * Home Detention Curfew - Gives a plastic anklet with a microchip to track their activity - If curfew is violated, police are alerted - This happens to early releases or people on community sentences - Virtual prison, as it's a restriction of liberty FOR EXAMPLE: Tommy Sheridan was placed on a HDC after being jailed for perjury and released early + It's cost effective; and the measure of freedom they get gives them social integration minimising the risk of reoffending BBC finds sending someone to prison for a year costs 24000 pounds and tagging someone costs 2000. - Soft option as they can still be in public so not much rehabilitation is done 71% reoffend within 2 years * CPO - People are made to do manual labour -This is to help people in the community - Can range from 6 months to3 years - People can learn skills as they do so FOR EXAMPLE: In 2010 South Lanarkshire produced a documentary showing people completing CPOs, with some learning skills like woodwork and gaining aspirations + Gives them higher self esteem which will help them integrate in society better. People in documentary reported they learnt woodwork and had aspirations to study later. 42% re-conviction rate. In 2015-16 Michael Matheson said in a report that after promoting CPOs, reoffending rate was at a 17 year + Doesn't actually protect the public from them and is soft David cameron ordered that people on community sentences have it easy, so they should wear sobriety bracelets as a reflection of his concern. These are for those whose crime is alcohol related. This displays how at risk he feels others in the community could be because of alcoholism issues. *DTTO - Treatment programme including random day testing - Reduce drug related crimes as well as protecting society in the future - 70% of crimes are drug related FOR EXAMPLE: Dayna McLaughlin from the tv show The Scheme served DTTO for shoplifting and possession of heroin + This will get to the root of the issue Re-conviction rate has fallen by 14% over the last 8 years - Is costly and may not fully rehabilitate (2/3 reoffend). Dayna herself failed 2 screening tests. Partially relies on offenders own determination to end substance abuse issues.

Why do young people not vote

*They don't have the trust in politicians which is so important for new voters - If politicians seem to be untrustworthy this affects young voters quite negatively, as they then think this represents to wider political system - They are not inspired by these politicians so they don't believe politics could be a source of good for them FOR EXAMPLE: Tommy Sheridan may be an example; former MSP found guilty for perjury (dishonesty) in 2010 * They don't see representation in parliament - Few young people elected for positions - They also may feel they are excluded a lot of the time from party promises - Therefore they feel like politics is not for them - Embedded into this is societal attitudes towards young people FOR EXAMPLE: Maree Todd (minister for childcare and early saysRecent research suggests that young people today believe that others view them negatively simply because of their age. That has a real impact on their wellbeing and self-esteem." "Currently, too many young people do not feel equal or fairly treated. We know that equality of opportunity is denied to some because of poverty or because of their gender, sexual orientation and identity, disability or minority ethnic background - or because they are somehow different. We must change that. Sky Data show that 36% 18-24 voted in EU referendum. . Demos 2014 found EU least concerned young people * Don't know/can't understand it all - Have more pressing issues - Find it hard to keep up/understand therefore stay out of decision making FOR EXAMPLE: What Scotland Thinks published a poll that showed responses to question "Sometimes politics and government seem so complicated that young people find it difficult to understand what is going on?". And 58% agreed or strongly agreed

Immigration (Cubans)

- 1.79 in America - Moved to escape communist political leader - Political exiles - Most affluent of all hispanics - Mostly live in Florida, 70% of cuban americans live there, 1.4m in 2015

Effect of Alcoholism on Crime

- 1/2 of violent crimes were committed while offender was drunk - In 2013, James Killday stabbed his cousin Joseph Timmons 40 times while drunk with counsel McElroy saying "too much drink was taken"

Immigration (Mexicans)

- 35.8 million US as of July 2015 - 64% of Hispanic population - Come for American dream - Mostly live in western and southern states like Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona - Poorest group within Hispanics - 26% poverty rate

Immigration (Asians)

- 4% of US 13.1m - Came during California Gold rush to find employment - High academic performance - Settled in states like California, New York, Texas, and Hawaii - 14.7% of California is Asian

Effect of Deprivation on Crime

- 58% of those appearing in court after London Riots lived in one of the 20% most deprived areas of London (found by home office) - 42% were on free school meals (also found by home office) - Lack of facilities in area; 74% of young people interviewed in Dispatches 2008 said that more and better youth facilities would end violence in Glasgow - 5x more likely to die violently if you live in Glasgow than any other area in the UK - 14 gangs in 6^2 miles radius in Easterhouse and according to UK peace index, Glasgow is the most violent place in Britain - Understanding Glasgow finds 42.2% child poverty in Easterhouse

Gender and Crime

- 90% of offenders in London riots were male - 87% of youth crime is boys - In 2008-09 women constituted 15% of all convictions - In 2013 shoplifting accounted for 45% of all female indictable convictions. Found by ministry of justice in "Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System 2013" - Same source finds around 1600 women convicted for dishonest representation vs 1200 men and 3000 for false representation vs 2400-2500 men. - Could be because women feel obligation to provide for a family than men - Same finds that of offenders, 0-5% men convicted for cruelty or neglect to children vs 10-15% of women (more severe) - Look after children more; many have more responsibility over child

Young people participation

- Apathy as they don't feel they have an impact - They face other issues like uni, debts, getting a house- it's a high stress eventful period of their life. They have to deal with the registration process too FOR EXAMPLE: 46.1% of 18-29 y/o voted vs 70.9% of 65+. This could be because legistorm.com finds average age of congressmen is 59. additionally, David Hogg, an a gun law activist who speaks about student rights and empowerment of young people was still labelled as a "kid" with an "ego" by Bill Mitchell (pundit). HOWEVER: Increased turnout of 1.1% since 2012. This could be because of organisations like "Rock the Vote". This used celebrity spokespeople encouraging young people in collaboration with MTV through pop culture and PSAs.

US hispanic minority representation + participation

- Aren't enough hispanic role models to convince young hispanics that they have a chance and presence in the political system - There's a link between education and awareness of political system' politics and the economy can be complex to understand especially with little education to inform you about the general structure of the US - Additionally, for voting, it's hard for spanish speaking people to fill out the registration forms - The illegal immigrants (because of desperation) can not register for voting FOR EXAMPLE: According to same pew research there's 39 hispanic congressmen while the US hispanic population as of 2015 census was 17.6%. This includes Ted Cruz (republican texas senator) and Marco Rubio, junior senator for Florida HOWEVER: They have rising importance in the swing states as 23% of Florida is hispanic and their senator is of cuban origin. Florida has high cuban population because of its proximity to it Mixed with their growing significance, they feel they can achieve American dream through voting In 2016 hispanics had lowest voter turnout at 44.9%, but this was up from 21.1% in 2014 according to US elections project

Contacting MSPs

- CND ran a campaign to urge members to send an email to their constituency MSP to sign EDM 243 - Meant to address the underlying causes of regional insecurity and conflict on the Korean Peninsula - Promotes peaceful co-operation - Refrain from using isolating military techniques

US Political Influence (Skripal)

- Can express discontent (what they've done to Russia) - Signals a lack of support for other countries' actions - Can express disapproval for corruption or dishonesty - Status as superpower makes it a force to be reckoned with, reinforced by its ability to condemn nations FOR EXAMPLE: March 2018 after suspected Russia to be behind poisoning of Sergei Skripal and daughter in Salisbury nerve agent attack, 60 russian intelligence officers were removed. 48 from russian embassy and 12 from the UN headquarters in New York. Felt they were a threat to national security. Harms Russia's standing as an emerging superpower. Reputation harmed by whole ordeal. Incentivises them to change

US Economic Influence 1

- Has impacted China through trade policies and limiting of trading goods - Currently, China is an emerging superpower because of low costs of production and efficiency in the area - Often 1st choice for US importers - US worries about loss of localised jobs - Ideology present to "put America first" as China's significance is trying to be lowered - Could harm China's status and output FOR EXAMPLE: There are new tarrifs on Chinese imports in 2018 to push prices up - Worth up to $50 bill. He also accused them of grand scale theft of "intellectual property" - Harms worldwide name as innovative nation with efforts to progress in technology - China's Silicon Valley has 17 tech hubs to transform manufacturing tech

Sexual crimes

- Includes crimes like prostitution, rape, attempted rape, sexual assault, possessing indecent pictures of children - In a way that is non consensual or encourages exploitation of people - 2015/16 police findings show a rise since 2014/15 of 7% - 4% of all crimes - Rape and attempted rape made up around 1/5 of recorded sexual crimes EXAMPLE: Police began investigation into Anthony d'Offray of sexual harassement, as many women who worked with him came up in January 2018. These include malicious messages sent. British art designer.

Crimes of Dishonesty

- Includes crimes like theft, shoplifting, fraud, and typical white collar crimes - These are crimes commited by middle-upper classes, often by employees who work in office and sales and people of "respectability" - Includes crimes like fraud, bribery, and money laundering - Decreased by 9% since 2014/15, and is 47% of all crime - Most common is other theft (apart from motor vehicle, shoplifting, and theft by OLP) FOR EXAMPLE: The Serious Fraud Office has opened an investigation into the Capita Oak Pension and Henley Retirement Benefit self-invested personal pensions (Sipps), as well as other storage pod investment schemes. Amount totalled to 120mill pounds. Get people to send money abroad and put money in high risk investment. May 2017.

Non- Sexual Crimes of Violence

- Includes offences like robbery, attempted murder and other serious assault, homicide, abduction etc - To harm other people non-sexually - 2015/16 police findings show a rise since 2014/15 and is 3% of all crimes in Scotland - Most common is attempted murder and serious assault at 59% - Most vulnerable tend to be young males, 8.7% of 16-24 males were victims as compared to 1.8% of females EXAMPLE: in 2015 Alexander Pacteau murdered a young Irish student, Karen Buckley

Advantages of AMS

- Makes elections more proportional and MSPs accurately represent Scottish people's views (big parties CAN'T dominate) - Formula is used to calculate results of regional votes, gives more weight to votes for smaller parties and less to those from bigger, more popular parties, giving smaller party voters more of a voice. while stopping the more popular parties from dominating as opposed to how votes for smaller parties are basically ignored under FPTP FOR EXAMPLE: in 2011 Labour got 29% of the vote and 37 MSPs elected (around 29% of the seats) - Maintains link between constituent and constituency MSP - Constituencty MSP name listed on ballot paper - You know who you are voting for - Good rapport established FOR EXAMPLE: People in Anniesland know their constituency MSP is SNP's Bill Kidd - Helped smaller parties to win seats - Makes voices actually heard - More space left for smaller parties in regional votes - Not disadvantaged; actually helped FOR EXAMPLE: Green Party currently has 6 MSPs, more than can be said about the UK parliament which has 1 green MSP TBA PUT ETHNIC MINORITIES UP PARTY LIST

Responsibility of Free Speech

- Mark Heechan, comedian posted a youtube video called "M8 Yer Dug's a Nazi", in which he filmed his girlfriend's dog do a nazi salute, watch one of Hitler's speeches, and respond to the phrase "Gas the Jews" - For this, he went to Airdre Sherrif Court for being "grossly offensive" in Airdre Sherrif Court - 800 pounds fine for it

Disadvantages of AMS

- Stops us getting majority government - Formula disadvantages big parties and stops them from dominating - Harder for them to pick up regional seats - A majority government is unlikely - Different, conflicting views from a minority or coalition government - Hard to pass laws without opposition or gridlock FOR EXAMPLE: Government of 2007-2011 was minority SNP government and so it was difficult to pass laws like those on budgets. - By elections not held when regional MSP retires or dies - Political views of area may have changed - Undemocratic as they don't have a say about who represents them now FOR EXAMPLE: When Bashir Ahmad died in 2009, Anne McLaughlin was then his replacement - Can't actually know who you vote for in regional vote - Controlled by party list - Public doesn't know its order and therefore, we don't - Can lead to manipulation due to petty politics - Even most popular may not be elected - Can lead to disengagement because of perceived lack of democracy FOR EXAMPLE: For 2016 election , Tories revealed party list. Anthony Newman 9th in list for Central scotland. No matter how popular, may well not be elected. First three on list elected (margaret macdonald, alison haris, and graham simpson) but he wasn't.

US Military Influence 2

- US influenced Syrian rebel activity through an active funding and arming of groups to help overthrow ISIL - To aid fight against ISIL, a terrorist organisation that grew out of al-Qaeda in Iraq and seized control as part of sectarian insurgency - Made clear plans to overtly train and equip syrian rebels against ISIL - Many troops sent to train and equip - John Alley, Obama's convey to the coalition against ISIS made clear their plan to train, equip with latest weapons systems and to protect them (200 trained) - A continuous support helped them to overthrow ISIL FOR EXAMPLE: It was US backed and led coalition of Syrian Kurdish and Arab fighters (under Trump) that carried out an aerial intensive bombardment on Raqqa.De facto capital of IS activity, where things like public executions occurred. - Secured Victory for Syrian Democratic forces.

US women participation + representation

- Women see sexism in media so are discouraged from running for elected positions - The traditional view of women is that they are better suited to looking after children and keeping themselves within a domestic sphere. For many women, politics isn't seen as within the parameters of their world FOR EXAMPLE: 104/535 congressmen are women, while women are just 51% of US population. Partly because of sexism in media even towards women most high up. On March 15th 2016 Clinton won 5 primaries yet Brit Hume tweeted "What's she mad at" saying she was "shouting angrily" in victory speech. This reflects the silence of impassioned women for years. HOWEVER: More new women in politics like Kamala Harris and Nancy Peloise (speaker, highest congressional rank of any female politician in US history served 2007-2011 Change with feminist movement and more role models

Reasons people would be victims

- Women sexual assault - Young males violent crime (biggest victimised by violent crime was young males at 8.7% vs old females at 0.3%) - Poor people gang violent

Alcohol tackling laws

-Alcohol minimum pricing brought into effect May 1st - 50p min price per unit - Nicola Sturgeon acknowledged this wouldnt solve the problem on its own, but it a law wasn't introduced, then she knew Scotland's issues with alcoholism would become more serious - 2% increase every year on hospital stays for alcoholism - Over 3/4 of murders committed under influence of alcohol - 2010-2011 19% increase in murder rates - From 2009, it's an offence punishable by fine up to 5000 pounds and/or a prison sentence of up to 3 months

Conflicts between american right and responsibility

1. Free speech is in the 1st amendment and so there should be no backlash when people express their views, and its unconstitutional to try to limit freedom of speech. Uproar after incident with Matthew Snyde';s grave as memorial was never touched 2. As America is a democracy, it should allow democratic freedom of expression, falling under 1st amendment. Many people would have an issue with moral/civil idea of a compulsion to vote. At an event in Cleveland, Obama said it would be transformative if everyone voted and he got a lot of criticism for it. Fox News Andrew Napolitano said it would be "totalitarian impulse" to suggest everyone should have to vote. 3. All calls for an increase in regulation have the NRA as a staunch critic, who believe its a right to have full use if a firearm as mentioned in the 2nd amendment. They think increasing concern will lead to downright ban. Spent $40mill in 2008, $10 mill against Obama. He was vocal about increasing gun limitations, spoke about requiring mandatory checks at gun shows. They said he'd be the most "anti-gun president in US history"

North Dakota vs New York marriage laws

14 for north dakota 17 for new york

Illegal Immigration

2017 pew preliminary report shows that in 2015 51% of illegal immigrants were Mexicans

Poverty Rates US

27% for blacks and 10% for whites according to 2014 US census bureau 25% for hispanics

Stats for drugs offences

27.3% of men reported taking an illicit drug at some point in their lives in comparison to 17.2% of women As compared to 6.0% of all adults, 8.9% of those living in 15% most deprived areas reported illicit drug use in the last year